Pub Date : 2020-11-30DOI: 10.4236/ojpchem.2020.104005
A. Juraev, Farhad A. Magrupov, M. Alimukhamedov, R. Adilov, M. M. Shokirova, Muqadam G. Ishmukhamedova
The technological properties of the curing conditions for unsaturated polyesters synthesized on the basis of the alcoholysis products of secondary polyethylene terephthalate and unsaturated polyesters used in the production of fiberglass pipes were studied. It is shown that unsaturated polyesters synthesized on the basis of alcoholysis products can completely replace imported resins of grades 196 and 196A in the production of fiberglass pipes.
{"title":"Studying the Curing Conditions of Unsaturated Polyesters from Secondary Polyethylene Terephthalate Alcoholysis Products","authors":"A. Juraev, Farhad A. Magrupov, M. Alimukhamedov, R. Adilov, M. M. Shokirova, Muqadam G. Ishmukhamedova","doi":"10.4236/ojpchem.2020.104005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/ojpchem.2020.104005","url":null,"abstract":"The technological properties of the curing conditions for unsaturated polyesters synthesized on the basis of the alcoholysis products of secondary polyethylene terephthalate and unsaturated polyesters used in the production of fiberglass pipes were studied. It is shown that unsaturated polyesters synthesized on the basis of alcoholysis products can completely replace imported resins of grades 196 and 196A in the production of fiberglass pipes.","PeriodicalId":19592,"journal":{"name":"Open Journal of Polymer Chemistry","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81671367","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-05-30DOI: 10.4236/ojpchem.2020.102002
Jomin Thomas
Bio plastics products have a rapid growing demand and market across the globe. Polymers synthesized from renewable resources have gained immense popularity, in numerous applications ranging from films, bottles, food packaging, drug delivery, bags to agriculture mulch films. Various naturally occurring resources available for starch and PLA extraction and the associated polymer processing techniques are discussed. Alongside some basic concepts on blown film extrusion, the modifications needed for such specialized polymer processing techniques are also explored, giving a comprehensive outlook on bioplastics. Special process analysis, for its application as films are discussed. In the current scenario, as the world aspires for environmental and polymer sustainability, Bioplastic products are of high value. The review article would be beneficial to those embarked on designing bio-plastics products from renewable resources.
{"title":"A Methodological Outlook on Bioplastics from Renewable Resources","authors":"Jomin Thomas","doi":"10.4236/ojpchem.2020.102002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/ojpchem.2020.102002","url":null,"abstract":"Bio \u0000plastics products have a rapid growing demand and market across the globe. \u0000Polymers synthesized from renewable resources have gained immense popularity, \u0000in numerous applications ranging from films, bottles, food packaging, drug \u0000delivery, bags to agriculture mulch films. Various naturally occurring \u0000resources available for starch and PLA extraction and the associated polymer \u0000processing techniques are discussed. Alongside some basic concepts on blown \u0000film extrusion, the modifications needed for such specialized polymer \u0000processing techniques are also explored, giving a comprehensive outlook on \u0000bioplastics. Special process analysis, for its application as films are \u0000discussed. In the current scenario, as the world aspires for environmental and \u0000polymer sustainability, Bioplastic products are of high value. The review \u0000article would be beneficial to those embarked on designing bio-plastics \u0000products from renewable resources.","PeriodicalId":19592,"journal":{"name":"Open Journal of Polymer Chemistry","volume":"254 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79775771","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-11-05DOI: 10.4236/ojpchem.2019.94010
A. Atakhanov, I. Turdikulov, Burhon Mamadiyorov, N. Abdullaeva, I. Nurgaliev, Yunusov Khaydar, S. Rashidova
Nanocellulose is a new class of derivatives of cellulose, which is characterized by high crystallinity, surface area, degree of dispersion, ability to decomposition by microorganisms and etc. There is high attention solving problems of obtaining nanocellulose and its application as high quality filler for polymers, biodegradable materials, additives for papers, clotting dispersion and etc. Obtaining of particles of nanosized nanostructure on the base cellulose, studying of processes of their formation, properties and creation nanotechnology on this basis give the chance to obtain materials with unique properties. In this work nanocellulose was obtained from cotton cellulose by hydrolysis with sulfuric acid, ultrasonic dispersion and microwave irradiation. The properties and structure of nanocellulose are investigated by AFM, IR-spectroscopic, X-ray methods. Nanocellulose has rod-like shape with sizes 50 - 300 nm in length and 10 - 40 nm in diameters and spherical shape with sizes 50 - 300 nm depending on the synthesis conditions of obtaining. Quantum-chemical methods have been used to calculate the electronic characteristics of nanocellulose; the change in the energy difference between HOMO and LUMO is shown, showing the change in reactivity and the manifestation of specific properties.
{"title":"Isolation of Nanocellulose from Cotton Cellulose and Computer Modeling of Its Structure","authors":"A. Atakhanov, I. Turdikulov, Burhon Mamadiyorov, N. Abdullaeva, I. Nurgaliev, Yunusov Khaydar, S. Rashidova","doi":"10.4236/ojpchem.2019.94010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/ojpchem.2019.94010","url":null,"abstract":"Nanocellulose is a new class of derivatives of cellulose, which is characterized by high crystallinity, surface area, degree of dispersion, ability to decomposition by microorganisms and etc. There is high attention solving problems of obtaining nanocellulose and its application as high quality filler for polymers, biodegradable materials, additives for papers, clotting dispersion and etc. Obtaining of particles of nanosized nanostructure on the base cellulose, studying of processes of their formation, properties and creation nanotechnology on this basis give the chance to obtain materials with unique properties. In this work nanocellulose was obtained from cotton cellulose by hydrolysis with sulfuric acid, ultrasonic dispersion and microwave irradiation. The properties and structure of nanocellulose are investigated by AFM, IR-spectroscopic, X-ray methods. Nanocellulose has rod-like shape with sizes 50 - 300 nm in length and 10 - 40 nm in diameters and spherical shape with sizes 50 - 300 nm depending on the synthesis conditions of obtaining. Quantum-chemical methods have been used to calculate the electronic characteristics of nanocellulose; the change in the energy difference between HOMO and LUMO is shown, showing the change in reactivity and the manifestation of specific properties.","PeriodicalId":19592,"journal":{"name":"Open Journal of Polymer Chemistry","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75716892","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-11-01DOI: 10.4236/ojpchem.2019.94008
S. Vineeth, Ravindra V. Gadhave, P. Gadekar
Bio-based nanomaterial is more attractive, due to its abundance, eco-friendliness and sustainability, when compared to the non-renewable toxic petrochemicals used in the wood adhesive sector. Recent studies on the formaldehyde emission by petrochemical binders in wood adhesives have attracted scientists for the research in biomaterial-based binders. In this aspect nanocellulose (NC) is one such material which has reinforcing ability and has natural binding properties. Conventional wood adhesive uses petrochemical-based binders and additives. Inclusion of nanocellulose in wood adhesive could drastically reduce the dependency on non-renewable petroleum sources. Even though wood adhesive uses NC for improving mechanical properties of the adhesive, usage is restricted because of its inability to enhance tackiness and adhesion compared with petrochemicals. Availability of free hydroxyl groups and feasibility for modification can be a potential way for functionalization of this nanomaterial. To improve adhesion properties and to make nanocellulose act as a functional filler, the crosslinking approach can be a possible solution. Enhancement of thermal properties with improved thermal degradation, water barrier properties of crosslinked films and enhanced mechanical properties especially in crosslinked poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA) matrix, which is one of the binders for wood adhesive discussed in this review paper proves the potential applicability of crosslinked NC. Hence by inclusion of NC in wood adhesive and crosslinking with the binder, both mechanical and performance properties are expected to enhance which will create a new world and possibilities for the bio-based eco-friendly wood adhesives. In this review paper, we have reviewed the crosslinking of nanocellulose to enhance the performance of wood adhesives.
{"title":"Chemical Modification of Nanocellulose in Wood Adhesive: Review","authors":"S. Vineeth, Ravindra V. Gadhave, P. Gadekar","doi":"10.4236/ojpchem.2019.94008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/ojpchem.2019.94008","url":null,"abstract":"Bio-based nanomaterial is more attractive, due to its abundance, eco-friendliness and sustainability, when compared to the non-renewable toxic petrochemicals used in the wood adhesive sector. Recent studies on the formaldehyde emission by petrochemical binders in wood adhesives have attracted scientists for the research in biomaterial-based binders. In this aspect nanocellulose (NC) is one such material which has reinforcing ability and has natural binding properties. Conventional wood adhesive uses petrochemical-based binders and additives. Inclusion of nanocellulose in wood adhesive could drastically reduce the dependency on non-renewable petroleum sources. Even though wood adhesive uses NC for improving mechanical properties of the adhesive, usage is restricted because of its inability to enhance tackiness and adhesion compared with petrochemicals. Availability of free hydroxyl groups and feasibility for modification can be a potential way for functionalization of this nanomaterial. To improve adhesion properties and to make nanocellulose act as a functional filler, the crosslinking approach can be a possible solution. Enhancement of thermal properties with improved thermal degradation, water barrier properties of crosslinked films and enhanced mechanical properties especially in crosslinked poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA) matrix, which is one of the binders for wood adhesive discussed in this review paper proves the potential applicability of crosslinked NC. Hence by inclusion of NC in wood adhesive and crosslinking with the binder, both mechanical and performance properties are expected to enhance which will create a new world and possibilities for the bio-based eco-friendly wood adhesives. In this review paper, we have reviewed the crosslinking of nanocellulose to enhance the performance of wood adhesives.","PeriodicalId":19592,"journal":{"name":"Open Journal of Polymer Chemistry","volume":"23 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83255189","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-10-17DOI: 10.4236/ojpchem.2019.94009
Fatma Dhieb, Adrián García, S. H. Tabatabaei, F. Mighri, A. Ajji
Crosslinking is a common practice to improve the barrier properties of polymers. In this study, Montmorillonite (MMT) was used with Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) to deposit nanocomposite coatings which were crosslinked with glyoxal (Gly) by Layer by Layer (LbL) on a PET substrate. Two crosslinking conditions were studied, under mild condition and with an acidic environment. Mild condition was useful to identify the reversibility steps and the optimum crosslinking times while the acidic environment was essential to investigate the crosslinking mechanism, by determining the permeability for different crosslinking times. PVA and PVA-MMT coatings showed a strong correlation between the permeability coefficients for different crosslinking times and the FTIR results.
{"title":"Study of the Crosslinking of PVA with Glyoxal in LbL Nanocomposites","authors":"Fatma Dhieb, Adrián García, S. H. Tabatabaei, F. Mighri, A. Ajji","doi":"10.4236/ojpchem.2019.94009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/ojpchem.2019.94009","url":null,"abstract":"Crosslinking is a common practice to improve the barrier properties of polymers. In this study, Montmorillonite (MMT) was used with Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) to deposit nanocomposite coatings which were crosslinked with glyoxal (Gly) by Layer by Layer (LbL) on a PET substrate. Two crosslinking conditions were studied, under mild condition and with an acidic environment. Mild condition was useful to identify the reversibility steps and the optimum crosslinking times while the acidic environment was essential to investigate the crosslinking mechanism, by determining the permeability for different crosslinking times. PVA and PVA-MMT coatings showed a strong correlation between the permeability coefficients for different crosslinking times and the FTIR results.","PeriodicalId":19592,"journal":{"name":"Open Journal of Polymer Chemistry","volume":"39 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78350721","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-10-17DOI: 10.4236/ojpchem.2019.94007
Ravindra V. Gadhave, P. Mahanwar, P. Gadekar
The aim of this study is to analyze the various compositions of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and starch blends. The blends have been cross-linked with glyoxal to enhance its properties. The hydroxyl groups of PVA and starch react with glyoxal via formation of acetal bonds; hence crosslinking could take place. The cross-linking of glyoxal is observed in various analytical methods such as DSC and FTIR. The cross-linked blends showed better thermal and mechanical properties. Viscosity, tensile shear strength, pencil hardness and ultimate stress were evaluated to estimate the changes due to cross-linking. It was observed that the cross-linking is directly proportional to starch, since the starch hydroxyl groups are easily accessible for reacting. The cross-linked blend showed better cohesion between its chains, thereby increasing glass transition temperature. It was reflected in the subsequent increase in tensile strength properties.
{"title":"Study on Various Compositions of Polyvinyl Alcohol and Starch Blends by Cross-Linking with Glyoxal","authors":"Ravindra V. Gadhave, P. Mahanwar, P. Gadekar","doi":"10.4236/ojpchem.2019.94007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/ojpchem.2019.94007","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this study is to analyze the various compositions of polyvinyl \u0000alcohol (PVA) and starch blends. The blends have been cross-linked with glyoxal \u0000to enhance its properties. The hydroxyl groups of PVA and starch react with \u0000glyoxal via formation of acetal bonds; hence crosslinking could take place. The cross-linking of glyoxal is \u0000observed in various analytical methods such as DSC and FTIR. The cross-linked \u0000blends showed better thermal and mechanical properties. Viscosity, tensile \u0000shear strength, pencil hardness and ultimate stress were evaluated to estimate \u0000the changes due to cross-linking. It was observed that the cross-linking is \u0000directly proportional to starch, since the starch hydroxyl groups are easily \u0000accessible for reacting. The cross-linked blend showed better cohesion between \u0000its chains, thereby increasing glass transition temperature. It was reflected \u0000in the subsequent increase in tensile strength properties.","PeriodicalId":19592,"journal":{"name":"Open Journal of Polymer Chemistry","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88601569","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-10-17DOI: 10.4236/ojpchem.2019.94006
S. Vineeth, Ravindra V. Gadhave, P. Gadekar
Bio-based materials open a new world of possibilities in every field due to its independence from the petrochemical origin. Moreover, concerns on environmental footprints and toxicity of synthetic adhesives made scientists investigate the utilization of biomaterials for wood adhesives. In this perspective, nanocellulose as a sustainable and cheap bio-nanomaterial provides a better alternative to conventional adhesive based on formaldehyde-containing condensation resins. Property of nanocellulose to act as both binders and as structural reinforcement in various adhesive systems adds to its potential. Besides by reducing the harmful emission of formaldehyde, it also can improve the mechanical properties and enhance performance of adhesives. This review paper aims to point out the potential application of nanocellulose based wood adhesives compared to petroleum-based conventional systems beyond renewability. New functionalities through structural modification in nanocellulose could bring a replacement with the synthetic adhesive systems which will play a significant role in future bio-economy.
{"title":"Nanocellulose Applications in Wood Adhesives—Review","authors":"S. Vineeth, Ravindra V. Gadhave, P. Gadekar","doi":"10.4236/ojpchem.2019.94006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/ojpchem.2019.94006","url":null,"abstract":"Bio-based \u0000materials open a new world of possibilities in every field due to its \u0000independence from the petrochemical origin. Moreover, concerns on environmental \u0000footprints and toxicity of synthetic adhesives made scientists investigate the utilization of biomaterials for wood \u0000adhesives. In this perspective, nanocellulose as a sustainable and cheap \u0000bio-nanomaterial provides a better alternative to conventional adhesive based on formaldehyde-containing condensation resins. Property of nanocellulose to act as both binders \u0000and as structural reinforcement in various adhesive systems adds to its \u0000potential. Besides by reducing the harmful emission of formaldehyde, it also can improve the \u0000mechanical properties and enhance performance of adhesives. This review paper \u0000aims to point out the potential application of nanocellulose based \u0000wood adhesives compared to petroleum-based conventional systems beyond \u0000renewability. New functionalities through structural modification in \u0000nanocellulose could bring a replacement with the synthetic adhesive systems \u0000which will play a significant role in future bio-economy.","PeriodicalId":19592,"journal":{"name":"Open Journal of Polymer Chemistry","volume":"52 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86761276","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-08-27DOI: 10.4236/ojpchem.2019.93005
Ravindra V. Gadhave, Praneeta Sheety, P. Mahanwar, P. Gadekar, Bilvesh J. Desai
Currently there has been a growing interest in substituting traditional synthetic polymers with biobased renewable polymers for adhesive applications. However, biobased renewable polymers such as starch suffer from few draw-backs like poor water resistance and mechanical strength. To become important potential alternatives of synthetic polymers, starch must have comparable physical, chemical, thermal and mechanical properties to that of synthetic polymers. To achieve this, starch has been modified by a series of crosslinkers like boric acid, citric acid, glyoxal, gluteraldehyde, etc. and silane modification. Silane modification by chloropropyl trimethoxysilane, γ-Methacryloxypropyl trimethoxy silane and vinyl trimethoxy silane is a suitable method to improve the performance in terms of mechanical and thermally. Silane forms covalent bonds with starch during starch modification resulted in enhanced shear strength and storage stability. A new research on biodegradable, renewable, environmentally friendly silane modification of starch-based wood adhesive that was prepared by reacting with various silanes. This paper, we reviewed silane as a modifying agent for starch-based wood adhesive.
{"title":"Silane Modification of Starch-Based Wood Adhesive: Review","authors":"Ravindra V. Gadhave, Praneeta Sheety, P. Mahanwar, P. Gadekar, Bilvesh J. Desai","doi":"10.4236/ojpchem.2019.93005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/ojpchem.2019.93005","url":null,"abstract":"Currently there has been a growing interest in substituting traditional \u0000synthetic polymers with biobased renewable polymers for adhesive applications. \u0000However, biobased renewable polymers such as starch suffer from few draw-backs \u0000like poor water resistance and mechanical strength. To become important potential \u0000alternatives of synthetic polymers, starch must have comparable physical, \u0000chemical, thermal and mechanical properties to that of synthetic polymers. To \u0000achieve this, starch has been modified by a series of crosslinkers like boric acid, citric acid, glyoxal, gluteraldehyde, etc. and silane modification. Silane modification by chloropropyl trimethoxysilane, γ-Methacryloxypropyl trimethoxy silane \u0000and vinyl trimethoxy silane is a suitable method to improve the performance in \u0000terms of mechanical and thermally. Silane forms covalent bonds with starch \u0000during starch modification resulted in enhanced shear strength and storage \u0000stability. A new research on \u0000biodegradable, renewable, environmentally friendly silane modification of \u0000starch-based wood adhesive that was prepared by \u0000reacting with various silanes. This paper, we reviewed silane as a modifying agent for starch-based wood adhesive.","PeriodicalId":19592,"journal":{"name":"Open Journal of Polymer Chemistry","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90551699","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-05-30DOI: 10.4236/OJPCHEM.2019.92004
Ravindra V. Gadhave, S. Srivastava, P. Mahanwar, P. Gadekar
Polyurethanes (PU) are a general class of polymers prepared by the polyaddition of isocyanates and hydroxyl group containing compounds. PU foams are formed via the reaction of poly-isocyanate and multi-functional hydroxyl compounds resulting in urethane linkages. The foams are formed in wide range of densities and maybe flexible, semi-flexible or rigid in structure. To control the foam structure, blowing agents are employed. These agents are introduced during foam formation through volatilization of low-boiling liquids or through the formation of gas due to chemical reaction. Additionally, surfactants, catalysts, etc. are used during the manufacturing of foams. PU, including PU foams, is one of the most important groups of materials today and hence, their recycling has been of great interest. Many methods of recycling PU are available and many more are being studied further. However, no method has seen large scale commercialization or is brought into regular practice. The objective of this review is to bring to light the various technologies available and their current status of development as well as newer upcoming methods that may be available in the future.
{"title":"Recycling and Disposal Methods for Polyurethane Wastes: A Review","authors":"Ravindra V. Gadhave, S. Srivastava, P. Mahanwar, P. Gadekar","doi":"10.4236/OJPCHEM.2019.92004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/OJPCHEM.2019.92004","url":null,"abstract":"Polyurethanes (PU) are a general class of polymers prepared by the polyaddition of isocyanates and hydroxyl group containing compounds. PU foams are formed via the reaction of poly-isocyanate and multi-functional hydroxyl compounds resulting in urethane linkages. The foams are formed in wide range of densities and maybe flexible, semi-flexible or rigid in structure. To control the foam structure, blowing agents are employed. These agents are introduced during foam formation through volatilization of low-boiling liquids or through the formation of gas due to chemical reaction. Additionally, surfactants, catalysts, etc. are used during the manufacturing of foams. PU, including PU foams, is one of the most important groups of materials today and hence, their recycling has been of great interest. Many methods of recycling PU are available and many more are being studied further. However, no method has seen large scale commercialization or is brought into regular practice. The objective of this review is to bring to light the various technologies available and their current status of development as well as newer upcoming methods that may be available in the future.","PeriodicalId":19592,"journal":{"name":"Open Journal of Polymer Chemistry","volume":"61 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91189216","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-05-07DOI: 10.4236/OJPCHEM.2019.92003
Ravindra V. Gadhave, S. Srivastava, P. Mahanwar, P. Gadekar
Biobased raw material like lignin used during manufacturing of wood and wood composite adhesive have been used extensively to replaced petro-chemical based adhesive because of their easy availability, low cost and biodegradability. Bio-based resources, such as lignin which is an abundant, constitute a rich source of hydroxyl functionality which is being considered as reactive raw material for the production of “adhesives”. Lignin is mainly used for production of wood and wood composite adhesives by blending with soy protein, grafting with another polymer and reacting with isocynates. In this review, lignin as suitable alternative raw material to conventional petroleum sourced materials used as a raw material for adhesives is discussed.
{"title":"Lignin: Renewable Raw Material for Adhesive","authors":"Ravindra V. Gadhave, S. Srivastava, P. Mahanwar, P. Gadekar","doi":"10.4236/OJPCHEM.2019.92003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/OJPCHEM.2019.92003","url":null,"abstract":"Biobased raw material like lignin used during manufacturing of wood and wood composite adhesive have been used extensively to replaced petro-chemical based adhesive because of their easy availability, low cost and biodegradability. Bio-based resources, such as lignin which is an abundant, constitute a rich source of hydroxyl functionality which is being considered as reactive raw material for the production of “adhesives”. Lignin is mainly used for production of wood and wood composite adhesives by blending with soy protein, grafting with another polymer and reacting with isocynates. In this review, lignin as suitable alternative raw material to conventional petroleum sourced materials used as a raw material for adhesives is discussed.","PeriodicalId":19592,"journal":{"name":"Open Journal of Polymer Chemistry","volume":"81 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76097609","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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