Pub Date : 2023-04-07DOI: 10.1093/ornithology/ukad007
Laura N Vander Meiden, D. Shizuka, Allison E. Johnson
ABSTRACT Avian mixed-species flocks are ubiquitous across habitats and a model for studying how heterospecific sociality influences the behavior and composition of animal communities. Here, we review the literature on mixed-species flocks and argue that a renewed focus on individual-level interactions among flock members can transform our understanding of this iconic, avian social system. Specifically, we suggest that an individual perspective will further our understanding of (1) how inter- and intraspecific variation in flock participation links to fitness costs and benefits, (2) the implications of familiarity between individuals in structuring mixed-species flock communities, and (3) how social roles within mixed-species flocks are related to social behavior within and across species. We summarize studies that use an individual perspective in each of these areas and discuss knowledge from conspecific social behavior to posit more broadly how individuals may shape mixed-species flocks. We encourage research approaches that incorporate individual variation in traits, relationships, and social roles in their assessment of mixed-species flocking dynamics. We propose that the analysis of individual variation in behavior will be particularly important for explicitly identifying fitness outcomes that led to the evolution of mixed-species flocks, which in turn affect community structure and resilience. LAY SUMMARY Across the world, many birds form mixed-species flocks that serve as information centers, facilitating foraging, and anti-predation behaviors for multiple species. Such social groups provide a prime example of how sociality can extend beyond species boundaries. Most research on this topic focuses on species-level questions (e.g., how different species fill different roles in the flock) without accounting for the importance of individual-level traits and relationships in mixed-species flocks. We argue that an increased focus on the individuals in mixed-species flocks is needed to understand how flock participation is linked to the evolution of traits and behaviors, how social relationships matter in interactions between species, and to reveal hidden social structure at the level of ecological communities. We demonstrate how techniques such as social network analysis can be used in conjunction with experiments and observations of individuals to explore the importance of individual variation and social recognition in the social dynamics of mixed-species flocks. RESUMEN Las bandadas de aves de especies mixtas son omnipresentes en todos los hábitats y un modelo para estudiar cómo la sociabilidad heteroespecífica influye en el comportamiento y la composición de las comunidades animales. Aquí revisamos la literatura sobre bandadas de especies mixtas y argumentamos que un enfoque renovado en las interacciones a nivel individual entre los miembros de la bandada puede transformar nuestro entendimiento de este icónico sistema social aviar. Específicam
鸟类混合种群在栖息地中普遍存在，是研究异种社会性如何影响动物群落行为和组成的模型。在这里，我们回顾了关于混合物种群的文献，并认为重新关注群体成员之间的个体层面的互动可以改变我们对这种标志性的鸟类社会系统的理解。具体来说，我们建议个体视角将进一步加深我们对以下问题的理解:(1)群体参与的种间和种内变化如何与适应度成本和收益相关联;(2)构建混合物种群体群体中个体之间熟悉程度的影响;(3)混合物种群体中的社会角色如何与物种内部和物种间的社会行为相关。我们总结了在这些领域中使用个体视角的研究，并讨论了来自同种社会行为的知识，以更广泛地假设个体如何塑造混合物种群。我们鼓励将个体特征、关系和社会角色的差异纳入混合物种群体动态评估的研究方法。我们认为，个体行为差异的分析对于明确识别导致混合物种群进化的适应度结果尤其重要，而适应度结果反过来又会影响群落结构和恢复力。在世界范围内，许多鸟类组成混合物种群，作为信息中心，促进了多物种的觅食和反捕食行为。这样的社会群体为社会性如何超越物种界限提供了一个绝佳的例子。关于这一主题的大多数研究都集中在物种水平的问题上(例如，不同的物种如何在群体中扮演不同的角色)，而没有考虑到混合物种群体中个体水平特征和关系的重要性。我们认为，需要更多地关注混合物种群体中的个体，以了解群体参与如何与特征和行为的进化联系在一起，物种之间的相互作用如何影响社会关系，以及在生态群落水平上揭示隐藏的社会结构。我们展示了社会网络分析等技术如何与个体实验和观察相结合，以探索混合物种群体社会动态中个体变异和社会识别的重要性。resume Las bandadas de aves de species mixas as无所不在的as todos los hábitats通过modelo para estudiar cómo la sociabilidad heteroespecífica影响到el comcomamiento la composición de Las communades animales。Aquí revisamos la literatura sorbre bandadas de species mixtas y argumententque unenfoque renovado en las interacciones a niveles个人中心los miembros de la bandada puede transformer nuestorentendimiento de este icónico sistema social aviar。Específicamente, sugerimos que una perspectiva individual mejorarnestra comprensión de (1) cómo la variación interespecífica e intraespecífica en la participación de la bandada se relaciona con los costos y beneficios de la aptitud biológica，(2) las implicaciones de las relacaciones familiares entre individual en la estructuración de las communades de bandadas de specimixas; (3) cómo los roles sociales dentro de las bandadas de specimixas están relationships conel comcomamiento social denicentre specias。Resumimos洛杉矶工厂化,utilizan una perspectiva个人在una de这些地区y analizamos el conocimiento del comportamiento社会conespecifico对位postular de manera mas amplia科莫洛杉矶individuos含量formar bandadas de especies mixtas。Alentamos los enfoques de investigación que incorporas la variación个人en los rasgos, las亲属通过los roles sociales en su evaluación de la dinámica de las bandadas de especies mixtas。支持发展的方式方式análisis de la variación个人的方式方式comcomamiento服务，特别重要的方式相同的方式explícitamente .结果是一个新的方式方式biológica que condujeron和la evolución de las bandadas de speciesmixtas，通过la resiliencia de la communidad影响结构。
{"title":"Studying individual-level interactions can transform our understanding of avian mixed-species flocks","authors":"Laura N Vander Meiden, D. Shizuka, Allison E. Johnson","doi":"10.1093/ornithology/ukad007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ornithology/ukad007","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Avian mixed-species flocks are ubiquitous across habitats and a model for studying how heterospecific sociality influences the behavior and composition of animal communities. Here, we review the literature on mixed-species flocks and argue that a renewed focus on individual-level interactions among flock members can transform our understanding of this iconic, avian social system. Specifically, we suggest that an individual perspective will further our understanding of (1) how inter- and intraspecific variation in flock participation links to fitness costs and benefits, (2) the implications of familiarity between individuals in structuring mixed-species flock communities, and (3) how social roles within mixed-species flocks are related to social behavior within and across species. We summarize studies that use an individual perspective in each of these areas and discuss knowledge from conspecific social behavior to posit more broadly how individuals may shape mixed-species flocks. We encourage research approaches that incorporate individual variation in traits, relationships, and social roles in their assessment of mixed-species flocking dynamics. We propose that the analysis of individual variation in behavior will be particularly important for explicitly identifying fitness outcomes that led to the evolution of mixed-species flocks, which in turn affect community structure and resilience. LAY SUMMARY Across the world, many birds form mixed-species flocks that serve as information centers, facilitating foraging, and anti-predation behaviors for multiple species. Such social groups provide a prime example of how sociality can extend beyond species boundaries. Most research on this topic focuses on species-level questions (e.g., how different species fill different roles in the flock) without accounting for the importance of individual-level traits and relationships in mixed-species flocks. We argue that an increased focus on the individuals in mixed-species flocks is needed to understand how flock participation is linked to the evolution of traits and behaviors, how social relationships matter in interactions between species, and to reveal hidden social structure at the level of ecological communities. We demonstrate how techniques such as social network analysis can be used in conjunction with experiments and observations of individuals to explore the importance of individual variation and social recognition in the social dynamics of mixed-species flocks. RESUMEN Las bandadas de aves de especies mixtas son omnipresentes en todos los hábitats y un modelo para estudiar cómo la sociabilidad heteroespecífica influye en el comportamiento y la composición de las comunidades animales. Aquí revisamos la literatura sobre bandadas de especies mixtas y argumentamos que un enfoque renovado en las interacciones a nivel individual entre los miembros de la bandada puede transformar nuestro entendimiento de este icónico sistema social aviar. Específicam","PeriodicalId":19617,"journal":{"name":"Ornithology","volume":"47 1","pages":"1 - 12"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78367479","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-30DOI: 10.1093/ornithology/ukad013
Natalia G. Rosciano, Angela R. Stahl, M. Polito
ABSTRACT The use of stable isotopes of sulfur (δ34S) to infer avian diets, foraging habitats, and movements is relatively uncommon, resulting in a lack of information on patterns of δ34S incorporation in avian tissue. In a controlled study of Gentoo Penguins (Pygoscelis papua), we found that diet-tissue isotopic discrimination factors (Δ34Sdiet-tissue) differed among egg components and feathers synthesized from a common diet, ranging from –0.4 to –1.7‰. We also found that methodical choices such as lipid extraction and prey tissue selection influenced calculated Δ34Sdiet-tissue values. Specifically, Δ34Sdiet-tissue values were lower (i.e., more negative) when calculated using whole fish relative to fish muscle and lipid-extraction biased egg yolk, but not fish tissue, δ34S values. The Δ34Sdiet-tissue values obtained for Gentoo Penguins fed a marine fish diet were generally lower than those reported for freshwater fish consumption by Double-crested Cormorants (Phalacrocorax auritus), the only other bird species in which Δ34Sdiet-tissue has been quantified. We found support for the hypothesis that tissue Δ34Sdiet-tissue values are inversely related to dietary δ34S values in birds, similar to what has been observed in mammals. Given this relationship, the discrimination factors reported here for Gentoo Penguins may be broadly applicable to other avian species with a similar marine diet. Finally, we provide recommendations for future studies seeking to quantify Δ34Sdiet-tissue in avian tissues and guidance to allow for greater application of sulfur stable isotope analysis in ornithological research. LAY SUMMARY Stable isotope analysis of sulfur can provide new discoveries on birds' diets and migration patterns if we gain a better understanding of how isotope values in bird tissues are related to those in their diets. We measured the difference in sulfur stable isotope values between Gentoo Penguins diets and their eggs and feathers in a controlled study. We found that the offset in sulfur isotope values from diets differed among tissues and is influenced by the choices researchers make when selecting and analyzing their samples. The difference in sulfur stable isotope values between diets and bird tissues is related to the isotope values of the diet itself, which can help researchers studying other birds in the absence of similar controlled studies. We provide recommendations for future research and guidance to promote the increased use of sulfur stable isotope analysis in bird studies. RESUMEN El uso de isótopos estables de azufre (δ34S) para inferir las dietas, los hábitats alimenticios y los movimientos de las aves es relativamente poco común, lo que genera una falta de información sobre los patrones de incorporación de δ34S en el tejido de las aves. En un estudio controlado de Pygoscelis papua, encontramos que los factores de discriminación isotópica de la dieta y los tejidos (Δ34Sdieta-tejido) diferían entre los componentes del huevo y las pluma
利用硫的稳定同位素(δ34S)来推断鸟类的饮食、觅食栖息地和运动相对罕见，导致缺乏有关δ34S在鸟类组织中结合模式的信息。在巴布亚企鹅(Pygoscelis papua)的对照研究中，我们发现在同一种饮食中合成的蛋成分和羽毛的饮食-组织同位素区分因子(Δ34Sdiet-tissue)在-0.4 ~ -1.7‰之间存在差异。我们还发现，系统的选择，如脂质提取和猎物组织选择影响计算Δ34Sdiet-tissue值。具体来说，当使用全鱼计算时，相对于鱼肌肉和脂肪提取偏向的蛋黄，Δ34Sdiet-tissue值更低(即更负)，而不是鱼组织的δ34S值。以海鱼为食的巴布亚企鹅获得的Δ34Sdiet-tissue值通常低于双冠鸬鹚(Phalacrocorax auritus)食用淡水鱼的报告值，双冠鸬鹚是唯一量化了Δ34Sdiet-tissue的其他鸟类。我们发现，鸟类的组织Δ34Sdiet-tissue值与饮食δ34S值呈负相关，这与在哺乳动物中观察到的情况类似。鉴于这种关系，本文报道的巴布亚企鹅的歧视因素可能广泛适用于其他具有类似海洋饮食的鸟类物种。最后，我们为未来的研究提供了建议，以寻求量化鸟类组织中的Δ34Sdiet-tissue，并指导硫稳定同位素分析在鸟类学研究中的更大应用。如果我们能更好地了解鸟类组织中的同位素值与它们的饮食中的同位素值之间的关系，那么硫的稳定同位素分析可以为鸟类的饮食和迁徙模式提供新的发现。在一项对照研究中，我们测量了巴布亚企鹅饮食和它们的蛋和羽毛之间硫稳定同位素值的差异。我们发现饮食中硫同位素值的偏移量因组织而异，并受到研究人员在选择和分析样本时所做选择的影响。饮食和鸟类组织之间硫稳定同位素值的差异与饮食本身的同位素值有关，这可以帮助研究人员在缺乏类似对照研究的情况下研究其他鸟类。本文为今后的研究提供了建议和指导，以促进硫稳定同位素分析在鸟类研究中的应用。resume El uso de isótopos建立de azuure (δ34S) para inferir las dietas, los hábitats alimenticios y los movimientos de las aves es relativamente poco común, los que generuna falta de información sobre los patrones de incorporación de δ34S en El tejido de las aves。En un estudio controlado de Pygoscelis papua, encontramos que los factorres de discriminación isotópica de la dieta y los tejidos (Δ34Sdieta-tejido) diferían de los components del huevo y las plumas sinintetizadas a partite de una dieta común, En un rango de - 0,4 a- 1,7‰。tamambien - contrcontres es elecciones metodológicas、como - extracción de lípidos和la - selección del tejido de la presa、influeron - los valores calculados de Δ34Sdieta-tejido。Específicamente, los valores de Δ34Sdieta-tejido fueron más bajos(即más负的)cuando se calcularon usando el pez entero comparado con el músculo del pez, y la extracción de lípidos generó un sesgo en los valores de δ34S de las muestras de de los huevos, pero no de las del tejido del pez。洛杉矶英勇deΔ34 sdieta-tejido obtenidos de individuos de p巴布亚alimentados初步饮食德派克马里诺女性总体上mas在更年期之后fueron浅滩,洛杉矶informados对位una饮食consistente en派克德阿瓜甜酒consumida为什么Phalacrocorax auritus, la unica一部分especie德大街en la, se ha cuantificadoΔ34 sdieta-tejido。Encontramos apoyo a la hipótesis de que los valores de Δ34Sdieta-tejido están invversamente relados conlos valores de δ34S de la dieta de las aves, de manera similar alo que se ha observado en los mamíferos。Dada esta relación, los factores de discriminación informados aquí para . P.巴布亚(巴布亚岛)，适用于其他品种的增订产品和类似产品。最后，brindamos建议:para futuros esturos que busquen quantificar Δ34Sdieta-tejido en los tejidos de las aves y proporcionamos orientación para permitr una mayor aplicación del análisis de isótopos建立de azure en la investigación ornitológica。
{"title":"Sulfur isotopic discrimination factors differ among avian tissues and diets: Insights from a case study in Gentoo Penguins","authors":"Natalia G. Rosciano, Angela R. Stahl, M. Polito","doi":"10.1093/ornithology/ukad013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ornithology/ukad013","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The use of stable isotopes of sulfur (δ34S) to infer avian diets, foraging habitats, and movements is relatively uncommon, resulting in a lack of information on patterns of δ34S incorporation in avian tissue. In a controlled study of Gentoo Penguins (Pygoscelis papua), we found that diet-tissue isotopic discrimination factors (Δ34Sdiet-tissue) differed among egg components and feathers synthesized from a common diet, ranging from –0.4 to –1.7‰. We also found that methodical choices such as lipid extraction and prey tissue selection influenced calculated Δ34Sdiet-tissue values. Specifically, Δ34Sdiet-tissue values were lower (i.e., more negative) when calculated using whole fish relative to fish muscle and lipid-extraction biased egg yolk, but not fish tissue, δ34S values. The Δ34Sdiet-tissue values obtained for Gentoo Penguins fed a marine fish diet were generally lower than those reported for freshwater fish consumption by Double-crested Cormorants (Phalacrocorax auritus), the only other bird species in which Δ34Sdiet-tissue has been quantified. We found support for the hypothesis that tissue Δ34Sdiet-tissue values are inversely related to dietary δ34S values in birds, similar to what has been observed in mammals. Given this relationship, the discrimination factors reported here for Gentoo Penguins may be broadly applicable to other avian species with a similar marine diet. Finally, we provide recommendations for future studies seeking to quantify Δ34Sdiet-tissue in avian tissues and guidance to allow for greater application of sulfur stable isotope analysis in ornithological research. LAY SUMMARY Stable isotope analysis of sulfur can provide new discoveries on birds' diets and migration patterns if we gain a better understanding of how isotope values in bird tissues are related to those in their diets. We measured the difference in sulfur stable isotope values between Gentoo Penguins diets and their eggs and feathers in a controlled study. We found that the offset in sulfur isotope values from diets differed among tissues and is influenced by the choices researchers make when selecting and analyzing their samples. The difference in sulfur stable isotope values between diets and bird tissues is related to the isotope values of the diet itself, which can help researchers studying other birds in the absence of similar controlled studies. We provide recommendations for future research and guidance to promote the increased use of sulfur stable isotope analysis in bird studies. RESUMEN El uso de isótopos estables de azufre (δ34S) para inferir las dietas, los hábitats alimenticios y los movimientos de las aves es relativamente poco común, lo que genera una falta de información sobre los patrones de incorporación de δ34S en el tejido de las aves. En un estudio controlado de Pygoscelis papua, encontramos que los factores de discriminación isotópica de la dieta y los tejidos (Δ34Sdieta-tejido) diferían entre los componentes del huevo y las pluma","PeriodicalId":19617,"journal":{"name":"Ornithology","volume":"1 1","pages":"1 - 9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79584453","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-20DOI: 10.1093/ornithology/ukac057
José R Ramírez-Garofalo
{"title":"Vagrancy in Birds","authors":"José R Ramírez-Garofalo","doi":"10.1093/ornithology/ukac057","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ornithology/ukac057","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19617,"journal":{"name":"Ornithology","volume":"32 1","pages":"1 - 2"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86947964","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-02-27DOI: 10.1093/ornithology/ukad004
E. Derryberry, A. Luo
The Anthropocene has seen the rapid decline of bird populations. Indeed, a recent analysis of songbird abundance in North America indicates that populations are one-quarter smaller (~3 billion fewer birds) than a half-century ago (Rosenberg et al. 2019). This shocking decline should be a calling to all ornithologists to turn their attention to conservation and management. A good starting point, Songbird Behavior and Conservation in the Anthropocene, aims to provide a behavior-focused management framework for beginners and practitioners alike. We found it exciting to read a book that explicitly focuses on the role that behavior plays in informing conservation and management strategies. An understanding of behavior is important for examinations of how animals solve problems in their environment, and there are certainly a lot of problems for songbirds to solve in the Anthropocene. From rising temperatures to multi-modal sensory pollution to habitat fragmentation and degradation, songbirds are navigating a rapidly changing environment. Understanding behavioral responses to these unprecedented challenges is key to informing management strategies. And yet, behavioral biologists often lag behind other fields in addressing how animals solve these challenges (Buchholz et al. 2019). This book does an excellent job providing an overview of what is known (and needs to be known) about songbird behavior in the context of the conservation challenges of the Anthropocene. The editor of the book, Darren S. Proppe, is himself a behavioral ecologist who not only studies the behavioral responses of birds to noise pollution, but also considers the resulting impact of noise and the transportation network on bird populations (Kociolek et al. 2011; Proppe et al. 2013). He is well-positioned to gather what is known about the role of behavior in the function and ecology of songbirds living in the Anthropocene. Proppe has selected an expert team of authors to generate each chapter. For instance, Todd Freeberg, along with Kimberley Mathot and Sue Ann Zollinger, provide an excellent primer on animal personality and its role in driving microevolution. They then continue to make a compelling argument for why animal personality is an important topic of study for conservation. They describe evidence for personality-related settlement patterns of songbirds in disturbed environments, such as the tendency for more aggressive Great Tits (Parus major) to settle more disturbed areas (Sprau and Dingemanse 2017) and biased dispersal of highly aggressive Western Bluebirds (Sialia mexicana) on the invasion front of a landscape altered by logging and then by human provisioning of nest boxes (Duckworth and Badyaev
人类世见证了鸟类数量的迅速减少。事实上，最近对北美鸣禽丰度的分析表明，与半个世纪前相比，鸣禽的数量减少了四分之一(约少了30亿只)(Rosenberg et al. 2019)。这种令人震惊的下降应该是对所有鸟类学家的一个呼吁，把他们的注意力转向保护和管理。《人类世中的鸣禽行为与保护》是一个很好的起点，旨在为初学者和从业者提供一个以行为为中心的管理框架。我们发现读一本明确关注行为在保护和管理策略中所起作用的书是令人兴奋的。对行为的理解对于研究动物如何在其环境中解决问题是很重要的，在人类世，鸣禽当然有很多问题需要解决。从气温上升到多模式的感官污染，再到栖息地的破碎和退化，鸣禽正在快速变化的环境中导航。了解对这些前所未有的挑战的行为反应是告知管理策略的关键。然而，行为生物学家在研究动物如何应对这些挑战方面往往落后于其他领域(Buchholz et al. 2019)。这本书做了一个很好的工作，概述了在人类世的保护挑战背景下，关于鸣禽行为的已知(和需要知道的)。该书的编辑Darren S. Proppe本身就是一名行为生态学家，他不仅研究了鸟类对噪音污染的行为反应，还考虑了噪音和交通网络对鸟类种群的影响(Kociolek et al. 2011;Proppe et al. 2013)。他很好地收集了人类世生活的鸣禽的行为在功能和生态中的作用。普罗普已经选择了一个专家团队的作者来生成每一章。例如，托德·弗里伯格、金伯利·马索特和苏·安·佐林格就动物个性及其在推动微观进化中的作用提供了一本极好的入门书。然后，他们继续提出令人信服的论点，说明为什么动物个性是保护研究的一个重要主题。他们描述了鸣禽在受干扰环境中与个性相关的定居模式的证据，例如更具攻击性的大山雀(Parus major)倾向于在更受干扰的地区定居(Sprau和Dingemanse 2017)，以及高度攻击性的西部蓝鸟(Sialia mexicana)在入侵前因伐木和人类提供巢箱而改变的景观中有偏见地分散(Duckworth和Badyaev)
{"title":"Songbird Behavior and Conservation in the Anthropocene","authors":"E. Derryberry, A. Luo","doi":"10.1093/ornithology/ukad004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ornithology/ukad004","url":null,"abstract":"The Anthropocene has seen the rapid decline of bird populations. Indeed, a recent analysis of songbird abundance in North America indicates that populations are one-quarter smaller (~3 billion fewer birds) than a half-century ago (Rosenberg et al. 2019). This shocking decline should be a calling to all ornithologists to turn their attention to conservation and management. A good starting point, Songbird Behavior and Conservation in the Anthropocene, aims to provide a behavior-focused management framework for beginners and practitioners alike. We found it exciting to read a book that explicitly focuses on the role that behavior plays in informing conservation and management strategies. An understanding of behavior is important for examinations of how animals solve problems in their environment, and there are certainly a lot of problems for songbirds to solve in the Anthropocene. From rising temperatures to multi-modal sensory pollution to habitat fragmentation and degradation, songbirds are navigating a rapidly changing environment. Understanding behavioral responses to these unprecedented challenges is key to informing management strategies. And yet, behavioral biologists often lag behind other fields in addressing how animals solve these challenges (Buchholz et al. 2019). This book does an excellent job providing an overview of what is known (and needs to be known) about songbird behavior in the context of the conservation challenges of the Anthropocene. The editor of the book, Darren S. Proppe, is himself a behavioral ecologist who not only studies the behavioral responses of birds to noise pollution, but also considers the resulting impact of noise and the transportation network on bird populations (Kociolek et al. 2011; Proppe et al. 2013). He is well-positioned to gather what is known about the role of behavior in the function and ecology of songbirds living in the Anthropocene. Proppe has selected an expert team of authors to generate each chapter. For instance, Todd Freeberg, along with Kimberley Mathot and Sue Ann Zollinger, provide an excellent primer on animal personality and its role in driving microevolution. They then continue to make a compelling argument for why animal personality is an important topic of study for conservation. They describe evidence for personality-related settlement patterns of songbirds in disturbed environments, such as the tendency for more aggressive Great Tits (Parus major) to settle more disturbed areas (Sprau and Dingemanse 2017) and biased dispersal of highly aggressive Western Bluebirds (Sialia mexicana) on the invasion front of a landscape altered by logging and then by human provisioning of nest boxes (Duckworth and Badyaev","PeriodicalId":19617,"journal":{"name":"Ornithology","volume":"55 1","pages":"1 - 2"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76605855","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-02-17DOI: 10.1093/ornithology/ukad009
Mariano J. Feldman, M. Mazerolle, L. Imbeau, N. Fenton
ABSTRACT Wetlands and predation in boreal ecosystems play essential roles throughout the breeding season for bird assemblages. We found a positive association of beaver activity and a negative influence of American red squirrels (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus) on bird assemblages. We used a multispecies hierarchical model to investigate whether bird communities differ between two major wetland habitats in boreal Canada: beaver ponds and peatland ponds. In addition to including variables such as forest cover and latitude, we adopted a structural equation model approach to estimate the occupancy of American red squirrels and its potential influence on bird communities. Using automated recording stations deployed at 50 ponds, we detected 96 bird species in 2018 and 2019. Bird species were grouped into four taxonomic guilds according to their habitat successional requirements: early successional species, late successional species, generalists, and wetland species. Beaver ponds harbored higher species richness, a pattern driven primarily by early successional species. The occupancy of almost a quarter of the species was lower in the presence of red squirrels. Late successional species responded positively to the cover of forest surrounding the pond. Our results highlight the value of considering acoustic data of red squirrels to quantify habitat quality in boreal forests. We conclude that beaver activity shapes bird assemblages through modification of their habitat, and that some bird guilds are associated negatively with the presence of American red squirrels. LAY SUMMARY Studies of bird assemblages and their responses to local and landscape factors in boreal landscapes can inform wetland conservation. The aim of our study was to assess how bird occupancy differed between two major pond types and responded to habitat, landscape factors, and potential predators in boreal assemblages in northeastern Canada. We detected 96 species using automated recorders deployed at 50 ponds in 2018 and 2019. Species richness was higher in beaver ponds than peatland ponds. Species richness was lower in the presence of red squirrel, a potential nest predator, and decreased with increasing latitude. Our results highlight the importance of beavers and factors associated with red squirrel presence in shaping bird assemblages in boreal landscapes. RÉSUME Les milieux humides et la prédation dans les écosystèmes boréaux jouent des rôles essentiels tout au long de la saison de reproduction pour les assemblages d'oiseaux. Nous avons trouvé une association positive entre les assemblages d'oiseaux et l'activité des castors, mais une association négative entre les assemblages d'oiseaux et la présence des écureuils roux d'Amérique (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus). Nous avons utilisé un modèle hiérarchique multi-espèces pour étudier si les communautés d'oiseaux diffèrent entre deux importants types de milieux humides du Canada boréal: les étangs de castors et les étangs de tourbières. Au-delà d
在整个繁殖季节，北方生态系统中的湿地和捕食对鸟类群落起着至关重要的作用。我们发现海狸活动与美洲红松鼠(Tamiasciurus hudsonicus)对鸟类组合的负面影响呈正相关。我们使用了一个多物种层次模型来研究加拿大北部两个主要湿地栖息地:海狸池塘和泥炭地池塘之间的鸟类群落差异。除了考虑森林覆盖和纬度等变量外，我们还采用结构方程模型方法来估计美洲红松鼠的占用率及其对鸟类群落的潜在影响。利用部署在50个池塘的自动记录站，我们在2018年和2019年检测到了96种鸟类。鸟类按生境演替要求可分为早期演替种、晚期演替种、通用型和湿地类4个分类类群。海狸池塘拥有更高的物种丰富度，这种模式主要是由早期演替物种驱动的。在红松鼠的存在下，几乎四分之一的物种的占用率降低了。晚期演替物种对池塘周围森林覆盖有积极的响应。我们的研究结果强调了考虑红松鼠声学数据对量化北方森林栖息地质量的价值。我们的结论是，海狸的活动通过改变它们的栖息地来塑造鸟类的组合，并且一些鸟类行会与美洲红松鼠的存在负相关。研究北方地区鸟类群落及其对当地和景观因素的响应可以为湿地保护提供参考。本研究的目的是评估加拿大东北部两种主要池塘类型的鸟类占比差异，以及对栖息地、景观因素和潜在捕食者的响应。2018年和2019年，我们使用部署在50个池塘的自动记录仪检测了96个物种。河狸池的物种丰富度高于泥炭地。物种丰富度在红松鼠(潜在的巢捕食者)存在时较低，并随着纬度的增加而降低。我们的研究结果强调了河狸和与红松鼠存在相关的因素在北方景观中形成鸟类组合的重要性。RÉSUME环境的湿度和环境的变化与环境的变化有关，与环境的变化有关，与环境的变化有关，与环境的变化有关，与环境的变化有关。现在，我们有了一个学会，我们有了一个学会，我们就有了一个学会，我们就有了一个学会，我们就有了一个学会，我们就有了一个学会，我们就有了一个学会，我们就有了一个学会，我们就有了一个学会，我们就有了一个学会，我们就有了一个学会，我们就有了一个学会，我们就有了一个学会，我们就有了一个学会，我们就有了一个学会，我们就有了一个学会，我们就有了一个学会，我们就有了一个学会，我们就有了一个学会，我们就有了一个学会，我们就有了一个学会，我们就有了一个学会。Nous avons utilis unmodere hisamrarchique multi- espires pour samutudier si les communauts samuise d'oiseaux different centre deux importents types de milieux humides du Canada(加拿大):les castors(加拿大)和les tourbi(加拿大)。在包含变量的过程中，我们发现了一个变化的过程，它告诉我们，在变化的过程中，我们发现了一个变化的过程，在变化的过程中，我们发现了一个变化的过程，在变化的过程中，我们发现了一个变化的过程，在变化的过程中，我们发现了一个变化的过程，在变化的过程中，我们发现了变化的过程。在2018年和2019年期间，所有公用事业单位都自动注册了50个和/或50个和/或30个;关于交换交换和交换交换的规定重新组合了关于交换交换和交换交换功能的规定:交换交换和交换交换的规定，交换交换和交换交换的规定，交换交换和交换交换的规定，交换交换和交换交换的规定。三个不同的交换条件，即交换交换条件下的交换条件，交换交换条件下的交换条件，交换交换条件下的交换条件，交换交换条件下的交换条件。我的职业生涯，我的职业生涯，我的职业生涯，我的职业生涯，我的职业生涯，我的职业生涯，我的职业生涯，我的职业生涯，我的职业生涯，我的职业生涯，我的职业生涯。Les es des de fin de succession ont前程有成有成的前程有成的前程有成的前程有成的前程有成的前程有成的前程有成。1 .没有任何一种情况下，如:(1)没有任何一种情况，如:(1)没有任何一种情况，如:(1)没有任何一种情况，如:(1)没有任何一种情况。我们的结论是，我们的活动，我们的活动，我们的活动，我们的活动，我们的活动，我们的活动，我们的活动，我们的活动，我们的活动，我们的活动，我们的活动，我们的活动，我们的活动，我们的活动，我们的活动，我们的活动，我们的活动，我们的活动，我们的活动，我们的活动，我们的活动，我们的活动，我们的活动，我们的活动，我们的活动，我们的活动，我们的活动，我们的活动，我们的活动，我们的活动，我们的活动，我们的活动，我们的活动，我们的活动，我们的活动，我们的活动。
{"title":"Beaver activity and red squirrel presence predict bird assemblages in boreal Canada","authors":"Mariano J. Feldman, M. Mazerolle, L. Imbeau, N. Fenton","doi":"10.1093/ornithology/ukad009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ornithology/ukad009","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Wetlands and predation in boreal ecosystems play essential roles throughout the breeding season for bird assemblages. We found a positive association of beaver activity and a negative influence of American red squirrels (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus) on bird assemblages. We used a multispecies hierarchical model to investigate whether bird communities differ between two major wetland habitats in boreal Canada: beaver ponds and peatland ponds. In addition to including variables such as forest cover and latitude, we adopted a structural equation model approach to estimate the occupancy of American red squirrels and its potential influence on bird communities. Using automated recording stations deployed at 50 ponds, we detected 96 bird species in 2018 and 2019. Bird species were grouped into four taxonomic guilds according to their habitat successional requirements: early successional species, late successional species, generalists, and wetland species. Beaver ponds harbored higher species richness, a pattern driven primarily by early successional species. The occupancy of almost a quarter of the species was lower in the presence of red squirrels. Late successional species responded positively to the cover of forest surrounding the pond. Our results highlight the value of considering acoustic data of red squirrels to quantify habitat quality in boreal forests. We conclude that beaver activity shapes bird assemblages through modification of their habitat, and that some bird guilds are associated negatively with the presence of American red squirrels. LAY SUMMARY Studies of bird assemblages and their responses to local and landscape factors in boreal landscapes can inform wetland conservation. The aim of our study was to assess how bird occupancy differed between two major pond types and responded to habitat, landscape factors, and potential predators in boreal assemblages in northeastern Canada. We detected 96 species using automated recorders deployed at 50 ponds in 2018 and 2019. Species richness was higher in beaver ponds than peatland ponds. Species richness was lower in the presence of red squirrel, a potential nest predator, and decreased with increasing latitude. Our results highlight the importance of beavers and factors associated with red squirrel presence in shaping bird assemblages in boreal landscapes. RÉSUME Les milieux humides et la prédation dans les écosystèmes boréaux jouent des rôles essentiels tout au long de la saison de reproduction pour les assemblages d'oiseaux. Nous avons trouvé une association positive entre les assemblages d'oiseaux et l'activité des castors, mais une association négative entre les assemblages d'oiseaux et la présence des écureuils roux d'Amérique (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus). Nous avons utilisé un modèle hiérarchique multi-espèces pour étudier si les communautés d'oiseaux diffèrent entre deux importants types de milieux humides du Canada boréal: les étangs de castors et les étangs de tourbières. Au-delà d","PeriodicalId":19617,"journal":{"name":"Ornithology","volume":"1 1","pages":"1 - 15"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74950897","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-02-16DOI: 10.1093/ornithology/ukad006
S. Jennings, Katie M. Dugger, G. Ballard, D. Ainley
ABSTRACT We conducted the first assessment of Adélie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) chick survival that accounts for imperfect resighting. We found that when chicks are larger in size when they enter the crèche stage (the period when both parents forage at the same time and chicks are left relatively unprotected), they have a higher probability of survival to fledging. We investigated the relationships between growth, crèche timing, and chick survival during one typical year and one year of reduced food availability. Chicks that hatched earlier in the season entered the crèche stage older, and chicks that both grew faster and crèched older entered the crèche at a larger size. These relationships were stronger in the year of reduced food availability. Thus, parents increased their chicks' chance of fledging if they provided sufficient food for faster growth rates and/or extended the length of the brood-guarding period. Early nest initiation (i.e., early hatching) provided parents with the opportunity to extend the guard period and increase chick survival. However, to extend the guard stage successfully, they must provide larger meals and maintain higher chick growth rates, even if just one parent at a time is foraging, which previous work has shown is not possible for all individuals. We show that the factors governing tradeoffs in chick-rearing behavior of Adélie Penguin parents may vary in accord with environmental conditions, a result from which we can better understand species' adaptations to environmental changes. LAY SUMMARY When raising dependent young, animals must balance how much to invest in guarding the brood versus finding food for them. These so-called tradeoffs can influence how well the current brood grows and survives to independence. During two breeding seasons, one typical and one apparently food limited, we related Adélie Penguin chick survival rates to how fast they grew and the timing of a critical transition in brood-rearing when chicks switch from being guarded continuously by a parent to being left alone while both parents forage at the same time. We found that with a combination of early hatching and fast-growing, chicks entered the unguarded (“crèche”) stage older and larger and, therefore, had a better chance of surviving to independence. Certain parents can manage tradeoffs to maximize breeding success even during unfavorable conditions. These results can help us understand how populations will respond to changing climate and habitats. RESUMEN Realizamos la primera evaluación de la supervivencia de los polluelos de Pygoscelis adeliae que consideran los re-avistamientos imperfectos. Encontramos que cuando los polluelos son más grandes en tamaño al momento de ingresar a la etapa de guardería (el período en el que ambos progenitores se alimentan al mismo tiempo y los polluelos quedan relativamente desprotegidos), tienen una mayor probabilidad de sobrevivir hasta emplumar. Investigamos las relaciones entre el crecimiento, el
摘要:我们首次评估了adsamlie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae)雏鸟的存活率。我们发现，当雏鸟进入crche阶段(父母双方同时觅食，雏鸟相对不受保护的时期)时，雏鸟的体型较大，它们存活到羽化的概率更高。我们研究了一个典型年份和一个食物供应减少年份的生长、产卵时间和雏鸟存活率之间的关系。在这个季节孵得更早的雏鸟进入cr阶段的年龄更大，而生长得更快、cr年龄更大的雏鸟进入cr阶段的体型更大。在粮食供应减少的年份，这些关系更为密切。因此，如果父母提供足够的食物以加快雏鸟的生长速度和/或延长护雏期，就会增加雏鸟羽化的机会。早期筑巢(即早期孵化)为父母提供了延长警戒期和提高雏鸟存活率的机会。然而，为了成功地延长警戒期，它们必须提供更多的食物并保持较高的雏鸟生长速度，即使一次只有一只父母觅食，但之前的研究表明，这对所有个体都是不可能的。研究表明，控制企鹅父母在哺育幼雏行为中权衡取舍的因素可能会随着环境条件的变化而变化，从而更好地理解物种对环境变化的适应。当饲养有依赖性的幼崽时，动物必须在保护幼崽和为幼崽寻找食物之间找到平衡。这些所谓的权衡会影响到现在的幼鸟的成长和独立生存的程度。在两个繁殖季节里，一个是典型的，另一个显然是食物有限的，我们把ad丽企鹅的幼崽存活率与它们的生长速度和育雏过程中一个关键转变的时间联系起来，在这个转变中，幼崽从一直由父母监护到父母同时觅食时独自一人。我们发现，在早期孵化和快速生长的双重作用下，雏鸟进入无人看护阶段时，年龄更大、体型更大，因此更有可能独立生存。即使在不利的条件下，某些父母也能进行权衡，以最大限度地提高繁殖成功率。这些结果可以帮助我们了解种群如何应对气候和栖息地的变化。resume . Realizamos la premierevaluación . de de la supervivencia . de los polluelos . de Pygoscelis . deleliae . de考虑与los re-avistamientos inperfectos。Encontramos que cuando los polluelos son más grandes en tamaño almomento de ingresar a la etapa de guardería (el período en el que ambos progenores se alimentent和almismo timempo y los polluelos quedand relativamente desprotegidos)， tienen una mayor probabilidad de sobrevivir hasta emplumar。调查与污染相关的关系，调查与污染相关的时间，调查与污染相关的时间，调查与污染相关的时间，调查与污染相关的时间，调查与污染相关的时间，调查与污染相关的时间，调查与污染相关的时间，调查与污染相关的时间，调查与污染相关的时间，调查与污染相关的时间。Los polluelos que naceron más temprano en la temporada entraron en la etapa de guardería más viejos, Los polluelos que creeron más rápido y comenzaron la guardería más viejos entraron a la guardería con un tamaño más grande。Estas relaciones fueron más fuertes en el año de menor disabilidad de alimentos。随后，两份文件的内容为:一份文件的内容为:一份文件的内容为:一份文件的内容为:一份文件的内容:一份文件的内容为:一份文件的内容:一份文件的内容:一份文件的内容:一份文件的内容:一份文件的内容:一份文件的内容:一份文件的内容:一份文件的内容:一份文件的内容:一份文件的内容:一份文件的内容:extendían一份文件的内容:duración一份文件的内容:período一份文件的内容:La iniciación temprana del nido(即eclosión temprana) brindó a los progenores La opportunidad de extender和período de guidado y umentar La supervivencia de los polluelos。罪禁运,para extender la etapa de小心con exito岁proporcionar食品是mas y mantener tasas de crecimiento de los polluelos mas阿特拉斯,incluso si独奏uno de los祖拉一旦esta在alimento瞧,没有可能para todos洛individuos,根据罗indicado为什么找工作前。最重要的是，植物的生长发育过程中，植物的生长发育过程中，植物的生长发育过程中，植物的生长发育过程中，植物的生长发育过程中，植物的生长发育过程中，植物的生长发育过程中，植物的生长发育过程中，植物的生长发育过程中，植物的生长发育过程中，植物的生长发育过程中，植物的生长发育过程中，植物的生长发育过程中。
{"title":"Faster growth and larger size at crèche onset are associated with higher offspring survival in Adélie Penguins","authors":"S. Jennings, Katie M. Dugger, G. Ballard, D. Ainley","doi":"10.1093/ornithology/ukad006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ornithology/ukad006","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT We conducted the first assessment of Adélie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) chick survival that accounts for imperfect resighting. We found that when chicks are larger in size when they enter the crèche stage (the period when both parents forage at the same time and chicks are left relatively unprotected), they have a higher probability of survival to fledging. We investigated the relationships between growth, crèche timing, and chick survival during one typical year and one year of reduced food availability. Chicks that hatched earlier in the season entered the crèche stage older, and chicks that both grew faster and crèched older entered the crèche at a larger size. These relationships were stronger in the year of reduced food availability. Thus, parents increased their chicks' chance of fledging if they provided sufficient food for faster growth rates and/or extended the length of the brood-guarding period. Early nest initiation (i.e., early hatching) provided parents with the opportunity to extend the guard period and increase chick survival. However, to extend the guard stage successfully, they must provide larger meals and maintain higher chick growth rates, even if just one parent at a time is foraging, which previous work has shown is not possible for all individuals. We show that the factors governing tradeoffs in chick-rearing behavior of Adélie Penguin parents may vary in accord with environmental conditions, a result from which we can better understand species' adaptations to environmental changes. LAY SUMMARY When raising dependent young, animals must balance how much to invest in guarding the brood versus finding food for them. These so-called tradeoffs can influence how well the current brood grows and survives to independence. During two breeding seasons, one typical and one apparently food limited, we related Adélie Penguin chick survival rates to how fast they grew and the timing of a critical transition in brood-rearing when chicks switch from being guarded continuously by a parent to being left alone while both parents forage at the same time. We found that with a combination of early hatching and fast-growing, chicks entered the unguarded (“crèche”) stage older and larger and, therefore, had a better chance of surviving to independence. Certain parents can manage tradeoffs to maximize breeding success even during unfavorable conditions. These results can help us understand how populations will respond to changing climate and habitats. RESUMEN Realizamos la primera evaluación de la supervivencia de los polluelos de Pygoscelis adeliae que consideran los re-avistamientos imperfectos. Encontramos que cuando los polluelos son más grandes en tamaño al momento de ingresar a la etapa de guardería (el período en el que ambos progenitores se alimentan al mismo tiempo y los polluelos quedan relativamente desprotegidos), tienen una mayor probabilidad de sobrevivir hasta emplumar. Investigamos las relaciones entre el crecimiento, el","PeriodicalId":19617,"journal":{"name":"Ornithology","volume":"260 1","pages":"1 - 11"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82959654","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-02-16DOI: 10.1093/ornithology/ukad008
L. Grieves, Lydia Balogh, T. Kelly, E. MacDougall-Shackleton
ABSTRACT Haemosporidian parasites are significant global drivers of avian disease and infections are affected by complex ecological and biological interactions. We quantified variation in haemosporidian infection prevalence of Plasmodium, Haemoproteus, and Leucocytozoon in 311 Song Sparrows (Melospiza melodia) from 2 breeding populations across years, seasons, age classes, and sexes, finding significant differences in infection prevalence across years, seasons, and sites, as well as sex differences in Leucocytozoon infection prevalence. We also found that birds were more likely to be infected with Plasmodium than Leucocytozoon and coinfections were more likely than expected. Many avian haemosporidian studies use data collected over a short period of time at one location, and few studies investigate multi-year infection dynamics across populations. However, such long-term studies are important because ecological factors can affect the distribution and prevalence of vector-borne pathogens like malaria. Because biological factors can also affect the likelihood of exposure to vector-borne pathogens, it is also important to determine how host traits influence infection dynamics. Our results demonstrate that the prevalence and composition of avian haemosporidian infections can be highly variable, making sampling regimes a key consideration when drawing conclusions from study results. To better understand the fitness consequences of haemosporidian infection in avian hosts, future work should take ecological and biological variation into account when evaluating the effects of infection on aspects of condition and quality, reproductive success, and survival. LAY SUMMARY Haemosporidia are widespread blood parasites that cause diseases in birds and other wildlife. We assessed factors that influence bird-specific haemosporidian infection in Song Sparrows by measuring variation in the prevalence of 3 genera of haemosporidian parasites in birds from 2 breeding populations across years, seasons, age groups, and sexes. We found significant differences in haemosporidian infection prevalence across years, seasons, and locations, and that males were more likely to be infected with one of the three parasites, Leucocytozoon. Birds were more likely to be infected with one group of parasites (Plasmodium), and infection with multiple types of parasites at the same time was more likely than expected by chance. We conclude that the prevalence and type of haemosporidian infections can be highly variable, making it important to consider how animal groups are sampled before making conclusions from any study. To better understand the impacts of haemosporidian infection in bird hosts, future work should take annual, seasonal, and host variation into account. RÉSUMÉ Les hémosporidies parasites sont d'importants vecteurs de maladies aviaires et les infections sont influencées par des interactions écologiques et biologiques complexes. Nous avons quantifié la variation de la préva
血孢子虫寄生虫是全球禽类疾病的重要驱动因素，感染受到复杂的生态和生物相互作用的影响。我们量化了311只宋麻雀(Melospiza melodia)在不同年份、季节、年龄和性别中疟原虫、嗜血杆菌和白细胞虫的血孢子虫感染流行率的变化，发现不同年份、季节和地点的感染流行率存在显著差异，白细胞虫感染流行率也存在性别差异。我们还发现，鸟类感染疟原虫的可能性高于白细胞原虫，合并感染的可能性高于预期。许多禽流感研究使用在一个地点短时间内收集的数据，很少有研究调查跨种群的多年感染动态。然而，这种长期研究很重要，因为生态因素可以影响疟疾等媒介传播病原体的分布和流行。由于生物因素也会影响接触媒介传播病原体的可能性，因此确定宿主性状如何影响感染动态也很重要。我们的研究结果表明，禽嗜血杆菌感染的流行率和组成可能是高度可变的，因此在从研究结果中得出结论时，采样制度是一个关键考虑因素。为了更好地了解血孢子虫感染对禽类宿主的适应性影响，在评估感染对条件和质量、繁殖成功率和存活率的影响时，未来的工作应考虑生态和生物变异。血孢子虫是广泛存在的血液寄生虫，在鸟类和其他野生动物中引起疾病。我们通过测量2个繁殖种群中3属血孢子虫寄生虫在不同年份、季节、年龄组和性别中的流行率变化，评估了影响雀鸟特异性血孢子虫感染的因素。我们发现，不同年份、季节和地点的血孢子虫感染率存在显著差异，男性更容易感染三种寄生虫中的一种，即白细胞。鸟类更有可能感染一种寄生虫(疟原虫)，同时感染多种寄生虫的可能性比预期的要大。我们的结论是，血孢子虫感染的患病率和类型可能是高度可变的，因此在从任何研究中得出结论之前，考虑如何对动物群体进行抽样是很重要的。为了更好地了解血孢子虫感染对鸟类宿主的影响，未来的工作应考虑到年度、季节和宿主的变化。RÉSUMÉ主要的病媒，寄生虫，重要的病媒，鸟类，感染，影响，相互作用，交叉作用，生物复合物。3 .遗传变异，遗传变异，遗传变异，遗传变异，遗传变异，遗传变异，遗传变异，遗传变异，遗传变异。我们已经找到了在患病率差异有de l 'infection排之间,les适用等网站,依照ainsi des差异les两性之间在流行de l 'infection Leucocytozoon。有三种不同的病例，分别是:传染性的、传染性的、传染性的、传染性的、传染性的、传染性的、传染性的和传染性的。多体型体型的人是重要的个体，多体型体型的人是重要的个体，多体型的人是重要的个体，多体型的人是重要的个体，多体型的人是重要的个体，多体型的人是重要的个体，多体型的人是重要的个体。重要的是，这些因素造成了长期的影响，这些因素造成了对疟疾的影响，这些因素造成了对疟疾的影响，而这些因素造成了对疟疾的影响。有些因素，如生物学因素，会影响感染的可能性，有些因素会影响致病因子，有些因素会影响感染的动态，有些因素会影响感染的动态，有些因素会影响感染的动态。no . 3 . a . 4 . a . 4 . a . 4 . a . 3 . a . 3 . a . 3 . a . 3 . a . 4 . a . 3 . a . 3 . a . 3 . a . 4 . a . 3 . a . 3 . 3 . a . 3 . 3 . 1 . a . 4 . 3 . 3 . 3 . 3 . 3 . 4 . 3 . 3 . 4 . 3 . 4 . 3 . 4 . 3 . 3 . 4 . 3 . 4 . 3 . 4 . 3 . 4 . 3 . 4 . 3 . 4 . 3 . 4 . 3 . 4 . 3 . 4 . 3 . 4 . 3 . 4 . 3。Pour miieux包括了以下几个方面的内容:1 .从遗传变异的角度来看，1 .从遗传变异的角度来看，1 .从遗传变异的角度来看，1 .从遗传变异的角度来看，3 .从遗传变异的角度来看，3 .从遗传变异的角度来看，3 .从遗传变异的角度来看，3 .从遗传变异的角度来看，3 .从遗传变异的角度来看，3 .从遗传变异的角度来看，3 .从遗传变异的角度来看，3 .从遗传变异的角度来看，3 .从遗传变异的角度来看，3 .从遗传变异的角度来看，3 .从遗传变异的角度来看，3 .从遗传变异的角度来看，3 .从生殖成功的角度来看，3 .从生存的角度来看。
{"title":"Haemosporidian infection prevalence varies temporally and spatially and Leucocytozoon infections are male biased in Song Sparrows","authors":"L. Grieves, Lydia Balogh, T. Kelly, E. MacDougall-Shackleton","doi":"10.1093/ornithology/ukad008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ornithology/ukad008","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Haemosporidian parasites are significant global drivers of avian disease and infections are affected by complex ecological and biological interactions. We quantified variation in haemosporidian infection prevalence of Plasmodium, Haemoproteus, and Leucocytozoon in 311 Song Sparrows (Melospiza melodia) from 2 breeding populations across years, seasons, age classes, and sexes, finding significant differences in infection prevalence across years, seasons, and sites, as well as sex differences in Leucocytozoon infection prevalence. We also found that birds were more likely to be infected with Plasmodium than Leucocytozoon and coinfections were more likely than expected. Many avian haemosporidian studies use data collected over a short period of time at one location, and few studies investigate multi-year infection dynamics across populations. However, such long-term studies are important because ecological factors can affect the distribution and prevalence of vector-borne pathogens like malaria. Because biological factors can also affect the likelihood of exposure to vector-borne pathogens, it is also important to determine how host traits influence infection dynamics. Our results demonstrate that the prevalence and composition of avian haemosporidian infections can be highly variable, making sampling regimes a key consideration when drawing conclusions from study results. To better understand the fitness consequences of haemosporidian infection in avian hosts, future work should take ecological and biological variation into account when evaluating the effects of infection on aspects of condition and quality, reproductive success, and survival. LAY SUMMARY Haemosporidia are widespread blood parasites that cause diseases in birds and other wildlife. We assessed factors that influence bird-specific haemosporidian infection in Song Sparrows by measuring variation in the prevalence of 3 genera of haemosporidian parasites in birds from 2 breeding populations across years, seasons, age groups, and sexes. We found significant differences in haemosporidian infection prevalence across years, seasons, and locations, and that males were more likely to be infected with one of the three parasites, Leucocytozoon. Birds were more likely to be infected with one group of parasites (Plasmodium), and infection with multiple types of parasites at the same time was more likely than expected by chance. We conclude that the prevalence and type of haemosporidian infections can be highly variable, making it important to consider how animal groups are sampled before making conclusions from any study. To better understand the impacts of haemosporidian infection in bird hosts, future work should take annual, seasonal, and host variation into account. RÉSUMÉ Les hémosporidies parasites sont d'importants vecteurs de maladies aviaires et les infections sont influencées par des interactions écologiques et biologiques complexes. Nous avons quantifié la variation de la préva","PeriodicalId":19617,"journal":{"name":"Ornithology","volume":"18 1","pages":"1 - 13"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90835614","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-22DOI: 10.1093/ornithology/ukad005
J. Hruska, Jesse Holmes, C. Oliveros, Subir B. Shakya, Philip Lavretsky, K. McCracken, F. Sheldon, R. Moyle
ABSTRACT Thoroughly sampled and well-supported phylogenetic trees are essential to taxonomy and to guide studies of evolution and ecology. Despite extensive prior inquiry, a comprehensive tree of heron relationships (Aves: Ardeidae) has not yet been published. As a result, the classification of this family remains unstable, and their evolutionary history remains poorly studied. Here, we sample genome-wide ultraconserved elements (UCEs) and mitochondrial DNA sequences (mtDNA) of >90% of extant species to estimate heron phylogeny using a combination of maximum likelihood, coalescent, and Bayesian inference methods. The UCE and mtDNA trees are mostly concordant with one another, providing a topology that resolves relationships among the 5 heron subfamilies and indicates that the genera Gorsachius, Botaurus, Ardea, and Ixobrychus are not monophyletic. We also present the first genetic data from the Forest Bittern Zonerodius heliosylus, an enigmatic species of New Guinea; our results suggest that it is a member of the genus Ardeola and not the Tigrisomatinae (tiger herons), as previously thought. Finally, we compare molecular rates between heron clades in the UCE tree with those in previously constructed mtDNA and DNA–DNA hybridization trees. We show that rate variation in the UCE tree corroborates rate patterns in the previously constructed trees—that bitterns (Ixobrychus and Botaurus) evolved comparatively faster, and some tiger herons (Tigrisoma) and the Boat-billed Heron (Cochlearius) more slowly, than other heron taxa. LAY SUMMARY We use genetic data from across the genome and produce a robust family tree for herons, which clarifies the relationships among subfamilies and genera. A comprehensive phylogeny of herons is lacking. As a result, their taxonomy is unstable and their evolutionary history is poorly known. Several species were found to be incorrectly classified, and we recommend appropriate taxonomic revisions. Comparisons of molecular evolution support previous studies. Bitterns have evolved comparatively faster, with some tiger herons and the Boat-billed Heron having evolved comparatively slower. RESUMEN Los árboles filogenéticos cuidadosamente muestreados y bien respaldados son esenciales para la taxonomía y para guiar los estudios de evolución y ecología. A pesar de una extensa investigación previa, aún no se ha publicado un árbol completo de las relaciones de las garzas (Aves: Ardeidae). Como resultado, la clasificación de esta familia sigue siendo inestable y su historia evolutiva sigue siendo poco estudiada. Aquí, tomamos muestras de elementos ultraconservados (EUCs) de todo el genoma y secuencias de ADN mitocondrial (ADNmt) de >90% de las especies existentes para estimar la filogenia de las garzas usando una combinación de métodos de máxima verosimilitud, coalescencia e inferencia bayesiana. Los árboles de EUC y ADNmt son en su mayoría concordantes entre sí, lo que proporciona una topología que resuelve las relaciones entre las cin
彻底采样和良好的支持系统发育树是必不可少的分类学和指导研究的进化和生态学。尽管之前进行了广泛的调查，但一个全面的苍鹭关系树(鸟:鹭科)尚未发表。因此，这个家族的分类仍然不稳定，他们的进化史仍然很少被研究。在这里，我们对90%以上的现存物种的全基因组超保守元件(UCEs)和线粒体DNA序列(mtDNA)进行采样，使用最大似然、聚结和贝叶斯推理方法的组合来估计鹭的系统发育。UCE和mtDNA树基本一致，提供了一种拓扑结构，解决了5个鹭亚科之间的关系，表明Gorsachius属、Botaurus属、Ardea属和Ixobrychus属不是单系的。我们还介绍了来自新几内亚神秘物种Zonerodius heliosylus的第一个遗传数据;我们的结果表明，它是Ardeola属的成员，而不是以前认为的Tigrisomatinae(虎苍鹭)。最后，我们比较了UCE树中苍鹭枝的分子率与先前构建的mtDNA和DNA-DNA杂交树中的分子率。我们发现，UCE树的速率变化与先前构建的树的速率模式相一致——与其他鹭类相比，麻鸦(Ixobrychus和Botaurus)的进化速度相对较快，而一些虎鹭(Tigrisoma)和船嘴鹭(Cochlearius)的进化速度较慢。我们利用来自整个基因组的遗传数据，为苍鹭建立了一个健全的家谱，澄清了亚科和属之间的关系。目前还缺乏苍鹭的全面系统发育。因此，它们的分类是不稳定的，它们的进化历史是鲜为人知的。一些物种被发现分类不正确，我们建议适当的分类修订。分子进化的比较支持先前的研究。海鸟的进化速度相对较快，而一些虎鹭和船嘴鹭的进化速度相对较慢。resume Los árboles filogensamicos cuidadosamente muestreados由bien respaldados on esenciales para la taxonomía由para guiuestuos de evolución y ecología。A pesar de una extensa investigación previa, aún no se ha publicado un árbol completo de las relaciones de las garzas (Aves: Ardeidae)。研究结果表明，通过研究进化历史，我们可以通过研究进化历史，研究进化历史，研究进化历史。Aquí， tomamos muestras de elementos ultra - conservados (EUCs) de todo el genoma y secuencias de ADN - concondrial (ADNmt) de >90% de las species存在para estimar la filogenia de las garzas usando una combinación de mamestras de máxima verosimilia, coalescencia和interencia bayesiana。Los árboles de EUC y ADNmt son ensu mayoría concordantes entre sí， lo que proporciona una topología que susuve as relacones entre las cino亚科de garzas, indica de garzas亚科与Gorsachius, botaus, Ardea和Ixobrychus no son monofil。tamamimans提交了关于太阳病的主要数据，una enigmática特别是在新几内亚;最新的研究结果表明，我们的研究结果表明，我们的研究结果表明，我们的研究结果表明，我们的研究结果表明，我们的研究结果表明，我们的研究结果表明，我们的研究结果是一致的。Por último，比较las tasas分子中心的clados de garzas en el árbol de EUC con aquellas de los árboles de ADNmt y de hibridación ADN-ADN结构previente。Mostramos que la variación de las tasas en el árbol de EUC确证了los patrones de las tasas en los árboles conformidos preamente - que Ixobrychus与boterus的进化比较más rápido y algunas garzas tigre (Tigrisoma) y Cochlearius más lento que otros taxones de garzas。
{"title":"Ultraconserved elements resolve the phylogeny and corroborate patterns of molecular rate variation in herons (Aves: Ardeidae)","authors":"J. Hruska, Jesse Holmes, C. Oliveros, Subir B. Shakya, Philip Lavretsky, K. McCracken, F. Sheldon, R. Moyle","doi":"10.1093/ornithology/ukad005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ornithology/ukad005","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Thoroughly sampled and well-supported phylogenetic trees are essential to taxonomy and to guide studies of evolution and ecology. Despite extensive prior inquiry, a comprehensive tree of heron relationships (Aves: Ardeidae) has not yet been published. As a result, the classification of this family remains unstable, and their evolutionary history remains poorly studied. Here, we sample genome-wide ultraconserved elements (UCEs) and mitochondrial DNA sequences (mtDNA) of >90% of extant species to estimate heron phylogeny using a combination of maximum likelihood, coalescent, and Bayesian inference methods. The UCE and mtDNA trees are mostly concordant with one another, providing a topology that resolves relationships among the 5 heron subfamilies and indicates that the genera Gorsachius, Botaurus, Ardea, and Ixobrychus are not monophyletic. We also present the first genetic data from the Forest Bittern Zonerodius heliosylus, an enigmatic species of New Guinea; our results suggest that it is a member of the genus Ardeola and not the Tigrisomatinae (tiger herons), as previously thought. Finally, we compare molecular rates between heron clades in the UCE tree with those in previously constructed mtDNA and DNA–DNA hybridization trees. We show that rate variation in the UCE tree corroborates rate patterns in the previously constructed trees—that bitterns (Ixobrychus and Botaurus) evolved comparatively faster, and some tiger herons (Tigrisoma) and the Boat-billed Heron (Cochlearius) more slowly, than other heron taxa. LAY SUMMARY We use genetic data from across the genome and produce a robust family tree for herons, which clarifies the relationships among subfamilies and genera. A comprehensive phylogeny of herons is lacking. As a result, their taxonomy is unstable and their evolutionary history is poorly known. Several species were found to be incorrectly classified, and we recommend appropriate taxonomic revisions. Comparisons of molecular evolution support previous studies. Bitterns have evolved comparatively faster, with some tiger herons and the Boat-billed Heron having evolved comparatively slower. RESUMEN Los árboles filogenéticos cuidadosamente muestreados y bien respaldados son esenciales para la taxonomía y para guiar los estudios de evolución y ecología. A pesar de una extensa investigación previa, aún no se ha publicado un árbol completo de las relaciones de las garzas (Aves: Ardeidae). Como resultado, la clasificación de esta familia sigue siendo inestable y su historia evolutiva sigue siendo poco estudiada. Aquí, tomamos muestras de elementos ultraconservados (EUCs) de todo el genoma y secuencias de ADN mitocondrial (ADNmt) de >90% de las especies existentes para estimar la filogenia de las garzas usando una combinación de métodos de máxima verosimilitud, coalescencia e inferencia bayesiana. Los árboles de EUC y ADNmt son en su mayoría concordantes entre sí, lo que proporciona una topología que resuelve las relaciones entre las cin","PeriodicalId":19617,"journal":{"name":"Ornithology","volume":"7 1","pages":"1 - 21"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89699457","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-11DOI: 10.1093/ornithology/ukad002
D. Ocampo, G. Barrantes, J. Uy
ABSTRACT Because studies of plumage coloration often focus on highly elaborate and conspicuous males, little is known about the factors driving the evolution of drab plumage in females of dichromatic species. We explored variation in the color properties of drab female plumage across subspecies of the Variable Seedeater (Sporophila corvina) and found a correlation between plumage brightness of male and female plumage patches. This correlation is consistent with the hypothesis that differences in plumage brightness among females result, at least partially, from a genetic correlation or shared developmental pathway with the more conspicuous male plumage traits that are shaped by sexual selection. Furthermore, we modeled the perception of female plumage using the avian visual system and found that most of the variation in color among females is undetectable by birds; therefore, it is unlikely for such variation to have evolved via direct sexual selection as a signal for recognition or assortative mating. Together, these results suggest that variation in S. corvina female color result from non-adaptive processes. However, we found a reduced variation on color of dorsal patches compared with that of ventral patches among females, which could be explained by natural selection on crypsis, reducing the variation on dorsal patches. Finally, we found little differences in plumage color between adult females and juveniles, which suggest selection for juveniles to resemble adult females possibly to reduce aggression from adult males. Additional within-population studies and behavioral experiments are needed to discern the evolutionary factors driving variation on S. corvina female color and its function. LAY SUMMARY We evaluated color variation among females of the Variable Seedeater, an avian species in which females show an overall brown-yellowish and relatively uniform coloration among populations, contrary to the highly variable and contrasting black and white males. Among adult females, color variation is unlikely to facilitate subspecies recognition and assortative mating. The variation in plumage brightness of female ventral patches may result from more relaxed selection compared to dorsal patches and from a shared feather developmental pathway with sexually selected male patches. Adult females did not differ from young individuals, which may allow young males accessing mates, roosting sites, and food, while avoiding aggression from older territorial males. RESUMEN Debido a que los estudios de coloración del plumaje a menudo se centran en machos con plumajes elaborados y llamativos, sabemos poco sobre los factores que impulsan la evolución del plumaje monótono en las hembras de especies dicromáticas. Exploramos la variación en las propiedades del color del plumaje en hembras de Sporophila corvina y encontramos una correlación entre el brillo de los parches del plumaje de machos y hembras. Esta correlación es consistente con la hipótesis de que las dif
由于对羽毛颜色的研究通常集中在高度精致和引人注目的雄性身上，因此对二色物种中雌性单调羽毛进化的驱动因素知之甚少。本研究探讨了不同亚种的变翅虫(Sporophila corvina)褐色雌羽的颜色特性变化，发现了雌雄羽斑的亮度之间的相关性。这种相关性与一种假设是一致的，即雌性羽毛亮度的差异，至少部分是由遗传相关或共同的发育途径造成的，雄性羽毛的特征更明显，是由性选择形成的。此外，我们利用鸟类视觉系统对雌性羽毛的感知进行建模，发现雌性羽毛的大部分颜色变化是鸟类无法察觉的;因此，这种变异不太可能通过直接的性选择进化而来，作为识别或分类交配的信号。总之，这些结果表明，黄花鱼雌性颜色的变化是由非适应性过程引起的。然而，我们发现雌虫背部斑块的颜色变化比腹侧斑块的颜色变化要小，这可能是自然选择对隐生的影响，减少了背部斑块的颜色变化。最后，我们发现雌成虫和幼成虫的羽毛颜色差异不大，这表明幼成虫选择与雌成虫相似，可能是为了减少来自雄成虫的攻击。进一步的种群内研究和行为学实验还需要进一步的研究来揭示黄花鱼雌性颜色变异及其功能的进化因素。摘要:我们评估了可变种鸟(Variable Seedeater)雌性的颜色变化，这是一种鸟类物种，雌性在种群中呈现出整体的棕黄色和相对统一的颜色，与高度变化和对比鲜明的黑色和白色雄性相反。在成年雌性中，颜色变化不太可能促进亚种识别和分类交配。雌性腹侧斑块的羽毛亮度变化可能是由于相对于背侧斑块的选择更为宽松，以及与性选择的雄性斑块有共同的羽毛发育途径。成年雌性与年轻个体没有区别，这可能使年轻雄性能够获得配偶、栖息地和食物，同时避免来自领地年长雄性的攻击。RESUMEN所对应,洛杉矶工厂化de coloracion del plumaje杂烩汤se centran en男子气概con plumajes elaborados y llamativos sabemos少尤其危险因素,impulsan la evolucion del plumaje monotono在拉斯维加斯hembras de especies dicromaticas。探索了variación，发现了斑马线的颜色，斑马线的颜色，斑马线的颜色，斑马线的颜色，斑马线的颜色，斑马线的颜色，斑马线的颜色，斑马线的颜色，斑马线的颜色，斑马线的颜色。Esta correlación es consistente con la hipótesis de que que as差异，因为他们的brillo del plumaje en enembras son resultado，所有menos paralmente, de una correlación genacimtica或una vía de desarrollo compartio conlos rasgos más显著的del plumaje de machos, que están influenciados por selección性。Además, modelamos la percepción del plumaje de las hembras usando el sistema visual de las hembras y descubrimos que, en su mayoría, la variación del color center hembras es intecteclepous las;可怜的保罗·坦托，我们的祖先很可能是进化者，也可能是进化者，也可能是进化者，也可能是进化者selección性进化者señal，也可能是进化者，也可能是进化者señal，也可能是进化者，也可能是进化者，也可能是进化者。Estos resulttados sugieren que la variación en el color de las hembras de S. corvina se debe一个无适应性的过程。Sin禁运，encontramos una menor variación del color en los parches dorsales en comparación con los ventrales entre las hembras, lo que podría明示贫穷selección natural reduciendo la variación en los parches dorsales。最后，encontramos poca differencia en la coloración entre las hembras adultas y los juvenile, lo cual consistent con selección en los juveniles porrecerse a hembras adultas, possible para reducir la agresión de los machos adultos。Más estudios dentro de la población通过experimitos de comcomiento son nectionesapardennir los factores evolutivos que impulse la variación del color de las hembras de S. corvina y su función。
{"title":"Female and male plumage brightness is positively correlated among populations of the dichromatic Variable Seedeater","authors":"D. Ocampo, G. Barrantes, J. Uy","doi":"10.1093/ornithology/ukad002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ornithology/ukad002","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Because studies of plumage coloration often focus on highly elaborate and conspicuous males, little is known about the factors driving the evolution of drab plumage in females of dichromatic species. We explored variation in the color properties of drab female plumage across subspecies of the Variable Seedeater (Sporophila corvina) and found a correlation between plumage brightness of male and female plumage patches. This correlation is consistent with the hypothesis that differences in plumage brightness among females result, at least partially, from a genetic correlation or shared developmental pathway with the more conspicuous male plumage traits that are shaped by sexual selection. Furthermore, we modeled the perception of female plumage using the avian visual system and found that most of the variation in color among females is undetectable by birds; therefore, it is unlikely for such variation to have evolved via direct sexual selection as a signal for recognition or assortative mating. Together, these results suggest that variation in S. corvina female color result from non-adaptive processes. However, we found a reduced variation on color of dorsal patches compared with that of ventral patches among females, which could be explained by natural selection on crypsis, reducing the variation on dorsal patches. Finally, we found little differences in plumage color between adult females and juveniles, which suggest selection for juveniles to resemble adult females possibly to reduce aggression from adult males. Additional within-population studies and behavioral experiments are needed to discern the evolutionary factors driving variation on S. corvina female color and its function. LAY SUMMARY We evaluated color variation among females of the Variable Seedeater, an avian species in which females show an overall brown-yellowish and relatively uniform coloration among populations, contrary to the highly variable and contrasting black and white males. Among adult females, color variation is unlikely to facilitate subspecies recognition and assortative mating. The variation in plumage brightness of female ventral patches may result from more relaxed selection compared to dorsal patches and from a shared feather developmental pathway with sexually selected male patches. Adult females did not differ from young individuals, which may allow young males accessing mates, roosting sites, and food, while avoiding aggression from older territorial males. RESUMEN Debido a que los estudios de coloración del plumaje a menudo se centran en machos con plumajes elaborados y llamativos, sabemos poco sobre los factores que impulsan la evolución del plumaje monótono en las hembras de especies dicromáticas. Exploramos la variación en las propiedades del color del plumaje en hembras de Sporophila corvina y encontramos una correlación entre el brillo de los parches del plumaje de machos y hembras. Esta correlación es consistente con la hipótesis de que las dif","PeriodicalId":19617,"journal":{"name":"Ornithology","volume":"5 1 1","pages":"1 - 13"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83418669","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：