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Metabolic agricultural ethics: Violence and care beyond the gate 代谢农业伦理:门外的暴力与关怀
Pub Date : 2023-02-09 DOI: 10.1177/27539687231155224
George Cusworth
A substantial body of scholarship now exists describing an agricultural ethics of care. This work has integrated insight from feminist ethicists into research on food production, human–nature relations, and agricultural land use. As scholars elsewhere in the humanities have discussed, though, there is often a violence committed in care's name. In the case of food production and farming, I argue that the focus on affect, local multispecies relations and a proximal encounter-based ethics risks obscuring ethically significant and potentially violent food system dynamics that unfold beyond the farm gate. To better accommodate these remote yet important outcomes, I argue that scholars deploying an ethics of agricultural care should pay greater attention to the metabolisms of the farms, labs, nurseries, gardens, and allotments they study. Such an approach can accommodate those things that enter the case study site (fertilizer, animal feed, seed, etc.) and those things that leave it (vegetables, grain, pollution, etc.) as well the more-than-human transformations and interactions that take place within it. By being attentive to these material inflows and outflows, new ethical responsibilities emerge to act in the speculative hope that violence can be minimized, and care can flourish across a broader spatial range.
现在有大量的学术研究描述了农业伦理关怀。这项工作将女权主义伦理学家的见解整合到食品生产、人与自然关系和农业用地利用的研究中。然而,正如其他人文学科的学者所讨论的那样,经常有以关怀的名义实施的暴力行为。就粮食生产和农业而言,我认为对影响、当地多物种关系和基于近距离接触的伦理的关注有可能掩盖在农场大门之外展开的具有伦理意义和潜在暴力的粮食系统动态。为了更好地适应这些遥远但重要的结果,我认为,部署农业护理伦理的学者应该更多地关注他们研究的农场、实验室、苗圃、花园和分配的代谢。这种方法可以容纳那些进入案例研究地点的东西(肥料、动物饲料、种子等)和那些离开它的东西(蔬菜、谷物、污染等),以及在其中发生的超越人类的转变和相互作用。通过关注这些物质的流入和流出,新的道德责任出现了,在投机的希望中采取行动,暴力可以最小化,关怀可以在更广泛的空间范围内蓬勃发展。
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引用次数: 1
An emerging governmentality of climate change loss and damage 应对气候变化损失和损害的新兴治理方式
Pub Date : 2023-01-11 DOI: 10.1177/27539687221148748
Guy Jackson, Alicia N’Guetta, Salvatore Paolo De Rosa, M. Scown, Kelly Dorkenoo, B. Chaffin, E. Boyd
Loss and damage is the “third pillar” of international climate governance alongside mitigation and adaptation. When mitigation and adaptation fail, losses and damages occur. Scholars have been reacting to international political discourse centred around governing actual or potential severe losses and damages from climate change. Large gaps exist in relation to understanding the underlying power dimensions, rationalities, knowledges, and technologies of loss and damage governance and science. We draw from a Foucauldian-inspired governmentality framework to argue there is an emerging governmentality of loss and damage. We find, among other things, that root causes of loss and damage are being obscured, Western knowledge and technocratic interventions are centred, and there are colonial presupposed subjectivities of Global South victims of climate change, which are being contested by people bearing the brunt of the climate crisis. We propose future directions for critical research on climate change loss and damage.
损失和损害是继减缓和适应之后国际气候治理的“第三大支柱”。当缓解和适应失败时,就会发生损失和损害。学者们一直在对以治理气候变化造成的实际或潜在严重损失和损害为中心的国际政治话语做出反应。在理解潜在的权力维度、合理性、知识以及损失和损害治理与科学的技术方面存在着巨大的差距。我们从福柯式的治理框架中得出结论,认为存在一种新兴的损失和损害治理。我们发现,造成损失和损害的根本原因正在被掩盖,西方的知识和技术官僚的干预是中心的,气候变化的全球南方受害者的殖民预设主观性正在受到气候危机首当其冲的人们的质疑。我们提出了未来气候变化损失和损害关键研究的方向。
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引用次数: 6
Digital ecologies: Materialities, encounters, governance 数字生态:物质、遭遇、治理
Pub Date : 2022-12-26 DOI: 10.1177/27539687221145698
J. Turnbull, A. Searle, Oscar Hartman Davies, Jennifer Dodsworth, Pauline Chasseray-Peraldi, E. von Essen, Henry Anderson-Elliott
Digital technologies increasingly mediate relations between humans and nonhumans in a range of contexts including environmental governance, surveillance, and entertainment. Combining approaches from more-than-human and digital geographies, we proffer ‘digital ecologies’ as an analytical framework for examining digitally-mediated human–nonhuman entanglement. We identify entanglement as a compelling basis from which to articulate and critique digitally-mediated relations in diverse situated contexts. Three questions guide this approach: What digital technologies and infrastructures give rise to digital entanglement, and with what material consequences? What is at stake socially, politically, and economically when encounters with nonhumans are digitised? And how are digital technologies enrolled in programmes of environmental governance? We develop our digital ecologies framework across three core conceptual themes of wider interest to environmental geographers: (i) materialities, considering the infrastructures which enable digitally-mediated more-than-human connections and their socioenvironmental impacts; (ii) encounters, examining the political economic consequences and convivial potentials of digitising contact zones; (iii) governance, questioning how digital technologies produce novel forms of more-than-human governance. We affirm that digital mediations of more-than-human worlds can potentially cultivate environmentally progressive communities, convivial human–nonhuman encounters, and just forms of environmental governance, and as such note the urgency of these conversations.
数字技术越来越多地调解人类和非人类之间的关系,包括环境治理、监视和娱乐。结合非人类地理学和数字地理学的方法,我们提供了“数字生态学”作为分析框架,用于研究数字介导的人类与非人类的纠缠。我们认为纠缠是一个令人信服的基础,从中可以在不同的情境下阐明和批评数字媒介的关系。有三个问题可以指导这种方法:什么样的数字技术和基础设施会导致数字纠缠,会带来什么样的实质性后果?当与非人类的接触被数字化时,在社会、政治和经济方面会面临什么风险?数字技术如何被纳入环境治理项目?我们在环境地理学家更感兴趣的三个核心概念主题上开发了我们的数字生态框架:(i)材料,考虑到能够实现数字介导的超越人类的联系及其社会环境影响的基础设施;(ii)接触,研究数字化接触区的政治、经济后果和社会潜力;(三)治理,质疑数字技术如何产生超越人类的新型治理形式。我们确认,超越人类世界的数字媒介可以潜在地培养环境进步的社区,欢乐的人类与非人类相遇,以及公正的环境治理形式,因此注意到这些对话的紧迫性。
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引用次数: 3
The vulnerability of tropical peatlands to oil and gas exploration and extraction 热带泥炭地对石油和天然气勘探和开采的脆弱性
Pub Date : 2022-10-10 DOI: 10.1177/27539687221124046
I. Lawson, Eurídice N. Honorio Coronado, L. Andueza, L. Cole, G. Dargie, Althea L. Davies, N. Laurie, I. Okafor-Yarwood, K. Roucoux, Michael Simpson
Tropical peatlands store globally significant quantities of carbon and are ecologically and culturally important, but little is known about their vulnerability to oil and gas exploration and extraction. Here, we analyse the exposure of tropical peatlands to the activities of the petroleum industry and review what is known about the sensitivity of peatlands to these activities. We find that 8.3% (107,000 km2) of the total area of tropical peatlands overlaps with a 30-km buffer area around oil and gas infrastructure. Major areas of overlap include the Sumatra Basin (Indonesia), the Niger Delta (Nigeria) and the Putumayo-Oriente-Marañón Basin (Peru/Ecuador/Colombia). Documented environmental impacts include deforestation and habitat loss associated with the exploration and development of oil fields, and contamination from spills of oil and produced water (well brine). Peatlands, and the ecosystem services they provide, are sensitive to these impacts due to unique aspects of their ecology and hydrology, the easy spread of contamination by flowing water, the long-term storage of contaminants in peat, and the slow degradation of oil under anoxic, waterlogged conditions. Given the potential negative consequences for human health, resource security, biodiversity, and carbon storage, we propose a research agenda to provide an improved evidence base to support effective governance.
热带泥炭地在全球范围内储存着大量的碳,在生态和文化上都很重要,但人们对它们对石油和天然气勘探和开采的脆弱性知之甚少。在这里,我们分析了热带泥炭地对石油工业活动的暴露,并回顾了泥炭地对这些活动的敏感性。我们发现,8.3%(107,000平方公里)的热带泥炭地总面积与石油和天然气基础设施周围30公里的缓冲区重叠。重叠的主要地区包括苏门答腊盆地(印度尼西亚)、尼日尔三角洲(尼日利亚)和Putumayo-Oriente-Marañón盆地(秘鲁/厄瓜多尔/哥伦比亚)。记录在案的环境影响包括与油田勘探和开发相关的森林砍伐和栖息地丧失,以及石油和采出水(井盐水)泄漏造成的污染。泥炭地及其提供的生态系统服务对这些影响很敏感,因为它们具有独特的生态和水文特征、流动的水容易传播污染、泥炭中污染物的长期储存以及在缺氧和淹水条件下石油的缓慢降解。鉴于对人类健康、资源安全、生物多样性和碳储存的潜在负面影响,我们提出了一个研究议程,以提供一个改进的证据基础,以支持有效的治理。
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引用次数: 4
Ground truth: Finding a “place” for climate change 基本事实:为气候变化找一个“地方”
Pub Date : 2022-09-21 DOI: 10.1177/27539687221127035
S. Praskievicz
This review examines the interdisciplinary literature on the relationship between climate change and place. The concept of place is of interest to both humanistic geographers and environmental psychologists, who examine the ways in which individuals and groups interact with physical and cultural landscapes to form a sense of place and place attachments. As a multiscalar phenomenon that is global in its causes but local in its impacts, climate change presents several challenges to the concept of place. The relevant issues include 1) the extent to which climate-change impacts can be directly experienced, 2) the ways in which local place attachments can facilitate or impede adaptation to climate change, and 3) the grounding of climate-change mitigation in place. Drawing on literature from Earth science, human geography, and environmental psychology, the review explores how the global conceptualization of the environment prevalent in climate-change discourses can undermine notions of place, how deep connections to place can enhance the detection and attribution of climate change and contribute to climate resilience, and how climate activist movements reconcile the multiple spatial scales of climate change.
本文综述了有关气候变化与地点关系的跨学科文献。人文地理学家和环境心理学家都对地点的概念感兴趣,他们研究个人和群体与自然和文化景观相互作用的方式,以形成地点感和地方依恋。气候变化是一种多尺度现象,其成因是全球性的,但其影响是局地性的,它对地方概念提出了若干挑战。相关问题包括:1)气候变化影响的直接感受程度;2)地方依附关系促进或阻碍适应气候变化的方式;3)气候变化缓解的基础是否到位。利用地球科学、人文地理学和环境心理学的文献,本文探讨了气候变化话语中普遍存在的全球环境概念化如何破坏地点概念,与地点的深层联系如何增强气候变化的检测和归因,并有助于气候恢复力,以及气候活动家运动如何调和气候变化的多个空间尺度。
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引用次数: 1
Environmental geography and the inheritance of Western technoscience 环境地理学与西方技术科学的继承
Pub Date : 2022-09-21 DOI: 10.1177/27539687221124613
Jessica Lehman, Elizabeth Johnson
How has environmental geography grappled with the inheritances of Western technoscience? On one hand, as a discipline, we are now well aware of science's entanglements with imperial projects and racist logics, not to mention the omissions and silenced voices propagated by the ‘view from nowhere.’ On the other, it is difficult to imagine environmental geographies and politics that are not tethered to technoscience – however implicitly or transgressively. This paper offers a critical analysis for grappling with the inheritance of Western technoscience in environmental geography. We accomplish this by reading the work of Donna Haraway, Sylvia Wynter and their interlocuters together to posit a set of principles for the subdiscipline of environmental geography. In doing so, rather than review the engagements of environmental geographers with Western technoscience, we range outside the discipline for insights into responsibility, epistemic inheritances and world-making in the wake of violent legacies. Throughout, we take neither environmental geography nor Western technoscience as monolithic or univocal and instead follow specific threads of engagement and potential amplification. We see progress in environmental geography as inextricable from the subdiscipline's entanglement with technoscience, and therefore advocate for a relationship that is ultimately responsible for this inheritance through its transformation.
环境地理学是如何与西方科技遗产相结合的?一方面,作为一门学科,我们现在很清楚科学与帝国主义计划和种族主义逻辑的纠缠,更不用说“不知从何而来的观点”所传播的遗漏和沉默的声音。另一方面,很难想象环境地理学和政治与技术科学没有联系——无论多么含蓄或越界。本文提供了一个批判性的分析,以应对西方技术科学在环境地理学中的继承。我们通过阅读Donna Haraway, Sylvia Wynter和他们的对话者的作品来实现这一点,从而为环境地理学的分支学科设定了一套原则。在这样做的过程中,我们不是回顾环境地理学家与西方技术科学的合作,而是将范围扩展到学科之外,以深入了解责任、知识继承和暴力遗产之后的世界创造。在整个过程中,我们既不把环境地理学和西方技术科学视为单一的或单一的,而是遵循特定的参与和潜在放大的线索。我们认为,环境地理学的进步与该分支学科与技术科学的纠缠密不可分,因此,我们主张建立一种关系,通过其转变最终对这种传承负责。
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引用次数: 2
Resources are vexing! 资源令人烦恼!
Pub Date : 2022-08-29 DOI: 10.1177/27539687221117554
Gabriela Valdivia, Matthew Himley, Elizabeth Havice
Resource use and management are central concerns to environmental geography scholars, who have mobilized diverse approaches to examine the making, circulation, and socioecological effects of resources and resource systems. Informed by our reading of the resource geography literature and our experiences editing The Routledge Handbook of Critical Resource Geography, we reflect on the role of resources in the study of human–environment interactions. First, we outline what we mean by “critical” in critical resource geography and identify approaches scholars working in this area have taken to understand resources and the worlds that are created and undone through their production, circulation, consumption, and disposal. We then identify an aporia internal to critical resource geography that derives from the field's centering of a concept—“resources”—that is fundamentally linked to the colonial and capitalist subjugation of peoples and environments. Building from this, we propose an orientation for the field that recognizes critique to be the starting point of a collective effort to “unbound” the World of Resources with the aim of making what are now familiar resource-relations unacceptable.
资源利用和管理是环境地理学学者关注的中心问题,他们动员了各种方法来研究资源和资源系统的制造、循环和社会生态效应。通过阅读资源地理学文献和编辑《劳特利奇关键资源地理学手册》的经验,我们反思了资源在人与环境相互作用研究中的作用。首先,我们概述了在关键资源地理学中“关键”的含义,并确定了在这一领域工作的学者们所采取的方法,以理解资源和通过其生产、流通、消费和处置而创造和毁灭的世界。然后,我们确定了批判资源地理学内部的一种不安,这种不安源于该领域以“资源”为中心的概念,这一概念从根本上与殖民主义和资本主义对人民和环境的征服有关。在此基础上,我们为这个领域提出了一个方向,即承认批判是集体努力的起点,以“解开”资源世界的束缚,目的是使现在熟悉的资源关系变得不可接受。
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引用次数: 0
Reworking the political in digital forests: The cosmopolitics of socio-technical worlds 重塑数字森林中的政治:社会技术世界的世界政治
Pub Date : 2022-08-12 DOI: 10.1177/27539687221117836
Jennifer Gabrys, Michelle Westerlaken, Danilo Urzedo, Max Ritts, Trishant Simlai
Forests are increasingly central to policies and initiatives to address global environmental change. Digital technologies have become crucial components of these projects as the tools and systems that would monitor and manage forests for storing carbon, preserving biodiversity, and providing ecosystem services. Historically, technologies have been instrumental in forming forests as spaces of conservation, extraction, and inhabitation. Digital technologies build on previous techniques of forest management, which have been shaped by colonial governance, expert science, and economic growth. However, digital technologies for achieving environmental initiatives can also extend, transform, and disrupt these sedimented practices. This article asks how the convergence of forests and digital technologies gives rise to different socio-technical formations and modalities of “political forests.” Through an analysis of five digital operations, including 1) observation, 2) datafication, 3) participation, 4) automation, and 5) regulation and transformation, we investigate how the co-constitution of forests, technologies, subjects, and social life creates distinct materializations of politics–and cosmopolitics. By building on and expanding the concept of cosmopolitics, we query how the political is designated through digital forest projects and how it might be reworked to generate less extractive environmental practices and relations while contributing to more just and pluralistic forest worlds.
森林在应对全球环境变化的政策和倡议中日益发挥核心作用。数字技术已成为这些项目的重要组成部分,作为监测和管理森林储存碳、保护生物多样性和提供生态系统服务的工具和系统。从历史上看,技术在形成森林作为保护、采伐和居住空间方面发挥了重要作用。数字技术建立在以前的森林管理技术的基础上,这些技术受到殖民统治、专家科学和经济增长的影响。然而,实现环境倡议的数字技术也可以扩展、改变和破坏这些积淀的做法。本文探讨森林与数位技术的融合如何产生不同的社会技术形态与“政治森林”模式。通过对五种数字化操作(1)观察、2)数据化、3)参与、4)自动化和5)监管与转型)的分析,我们探讨了森林、技术、主体和社会生活的共同构成如何创造出政治和世界政治的不同物化。通过建立和扩展世界政治的概念,我们质疑如何通过数字森林项目来指定政治,以及如何重新设计政治,以产生更少的采开性环境实践和关系,同时为更公正和多元化的森林世界做出贡献。
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引用次数: 8
Border crossers: Feminist decolonial geography and climate change 越境者:女权主义的非殖民地理和气候变化
Pub Date : 2022-07-26 DOI: 10.1177/27539687221114887
Miriam Gay-Antaki
While more geographical studies around climate change incorporate gender in the climate debate, few of them explore the epistemological value of gendering climate knowledge, fewer, the potential of feminist decolonial climate knowledge. Using border thinking, this paper brings Feminist Science and Technology Studies, Decolonial Theory, and Feminist Political Ecology into conversation with human geography to stress how a Feminist Decolonial Geography is well suited to tackle climate change. This approach can trace the origin of dominant ideas around climate change and enunciate their location, challenging normative, disembodied, and universal claims. By delineating the power relationships that transform people into hierarchical categories, we can trace the socio-environmental relationships that also contribute to climate change. The identification of exclusionary structures and rules to participate in climate science and beyond can elucidate opportunities to create a more equitable knowledge base. Border crossers represent opportunities to expand our epistemological canon. To resolve the climate crisis, we must adopt the navigating and negotiating skills of border crossers, hybrid, and bilingual world travelers. An essential vantage point to resolve the climate crisis.
虽然围绕气候变化的地理研究越来越多地将性别纳入气候辩论,但很少有人探索性别化气候知识的认识论价值,更少人探索女权主义非殖民化气候知识的潜力。本文运用边界思维,将女性主义科学与技术研究、去殖民化理论和女性主义政治生态学与人文地理学进行对话,强调女性主义去殖民化地理学如何很好地适应应对气候变化。这种方法可以追溯有关气候变化的主流观点的起源,并阐明它们的位置,挑战规范性的、无实体的和普遍的主张。通过描述将人们划分为等级类别的权力关系,我们可以追踪导致气候变化的社会环境关系。确定参与气候科学及其他领域的排他性结构和规则,可以阐明创造更公平的知识库的机会。越境者代表着扩展我们的认识论经典的机会。为了解决气候危机,我们必须采用过境者、混血儿和双语世界旅行者的导航和谈判技巧。这是解决气候危机的重要优势。
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引用次数: 2
Waterscapes and hydrosocial territories: Thinking space in political ecologies of water 水景和水社会领地:水政治生态中的思维空间
Pub Date : 2022-07-03 DOI: 10.1177/27539687221106796
Silvia Flaminio, Gaële Rouillé-Kielo, Selin Le Visage
Over the past two decades, ‘waterscape’ and ‘hydrosocial territory’ have gained momentum in political ecologies of water. These concepts explore the material outcomes of the interplay of social and biophysical processes by building on two different core concepts of geography (‘landscape’ and ‘territory’). Relying on a quantitative and qualitative analysis of a corpus comprising 113 articles (1999–2019), this paper investigates the commonalities and divergences in the spatialities of water that these concepts convey. We show that the two concepts delineate two close but nevertheless different analytical threads with regard to water-related spatialities. Yet, the use of the concepts waterscape or hydrosocial territory does not directly result from a theorisation of space that would be specific to different spatial contexts, but rather from what is studied in these spaces, that is, the socio-spatial inequalities or injustices that characterise them, and the transformations – either radical or incremental – that shape them.
在过去的二十年中,“水景”和“水社会领域”在水的政治生态学中获得了发展势头。这些概念通过建立在地理学的两个不同核心概念(“景观”和“领土”)上,探索社会和生物物理过程相互作用的物质结果。本文通过对包含113篇文章(1999-2019)的语料库进行定量和定性分析,探讨了这些概念所传达的水的空间性的共性和差异。我们表明,这两个概念描述了关于与水有关的空间性的两个接近但不同的分析线索。然而,水景或水文社会领域概念的使用并不是直接来自于特定于不同空间背景的空间理论,而是来自于在这些空间中所研究的内容,即表征它们的社会空间不平等或不公正,以及塑造它们的转变——无论是激进的还是渐进的。
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引用次数: 12
期刊
Progress in Environmental Geography
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