SIDR caused tremendous loss to Bangladesh and her people by causing (i) Destruction of part of the Sundarbans, (ii) Damage of huge properties belonging to the government, (iii) Deaths of over 3500 persons, (iv) Damage of vast properties belonging to numerous families etc. The responsibility of the first two tasks, i.e. (i) Regeneration of the Sundarbans and (ii) Making good the damaged government properties goes on to the government and it is understood that the government would take proper steps to that effect. The people of the affected area are suffering tremendously due to the loss of their dear relatives and their extremely valuable properties. It is not still known how these victims would be compensated, or how they would feel safe in the coming days. The government’s aid and people’s benevolence would probably help them to survive for the time being, but it would not ensure any permanent solution to their problems, which is endless visit of hazards. Within in a few years there will be similar hazards (cyclonic storm associated with tidal bore) and the affected people would face similar fate. In the affected area, saving of immovable properties like crops, fish and trees from the raze of flood and wind is extremely difficult. However, in this age, when the government of Bangladesh is taking billion-dollar projects for the construction of fly-over, overhead mono-rails or underground rail lines for solving the traffic problem of a single city (i.e. Dhaka), its failure to save the lives and movable properties of the people of the affects area should be considered as unpardonable crime. And we all know, in spite of vast donations received from home and abroad our government, with its numerous past records of failure, is going to fail again in safeguarding the distressed people of the SIDR-affected area.
{"title":"A Simple, Inexpensive Proposal for Facilitating the SIDR Victims","authors":"B. B. Sarma","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.1426527","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.1426527","url":null,"abstract":"SIDR caused tremendous loss to Bangladesh and her people by causing (i) Destruction of part of the Sundarbans, (ii) Damage of huge properties belonging to the government, (iii) Deaths of over 3500 persons, (iv) Damage of vast properties belonging to numerous families etc. The responsibility of the first two tasks, i.e. (i) Regeneration of the Sundarbans and (ii) Making good the damaged government properties goes on to the government and it is understood that the government would take proper steps to that effect. The people of the affected area are suffering tremendously due to the loss of their dear relatives and their extremely valuable properties. It is not still known how these victims would be compensated, or how they would feel safe in the coming days. The government’s aid and people’s benevolence would probably help them to survive for the time being, but it would not ensure any permanent solution to their problems, which is endless visit of hazards. Within in a few years there will be similar hazards (cyclonic storm associated with tidal bore) and the affected people would face similar fate. In the affected area, saving of immovable properties like crops, fish and trees from the raze of flood and wind is extremely difficult. However, in this age, when the government of Bangladesh is taking billion-dollar projects for the construction of fly-over, overhead mono-rails or underground rail lines for solving the traffic problem of a single city (i.e. Dhaka), its failure to save the lives and movable properties of the people of the affects area should be considered as unpardonable crime. And we all know, in spite of vast donations received from home and abroad our government, with its numerous past records of failure, is going to fail again in safeguarding the distressed people of the SIDR-affected area.","PeriodicalId":196905,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Government Expenditures & Welfare Programs (Topic)","volume":"66 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131037883","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper considers the problem of optimal unemployment insurance (UI) in a repeated moral hazard framework. Unlike existing literature, unemployed individuals can secretly participate in a hidden labor market. This extension modifies the standard problem in three dimensions. First, it imposes an endogenous lower bound for the lifetime utility that a contract can deliver. Second, it breaks the identity between unemployment payments and consumption. And third, it hardens the encouragement of search effort. The optimal unemployment insurance system in an economy with a hidden labor market is simple, with an initial phase in which payments are relatively flat during unemployment and with no payments for long-term unemployed individuals. This scheme differs substantially from the one prescribed without a hidden labor market and resembles unemployment protection programs in many countries.
{"title":"Unemployment Insurance with a Hidden Labor Market","authors":"Fernando A. Alvarez-Parra, Juan M. Sánchez","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2188505","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2188505","url":null,"abstract":"This paper considers the problem of optimal unemployment insurance (UI) in a repeated moral hazard framework. Unlike existing literature, unemployed individuals can secretly participate in a hidden labor market. This extension modifies the standard problem in three dimensions. First, it imposes an endogenous lower bound for the lifetime utility that a contract can deliver. Second, it breaks the identity between unemployment payments and consumption. And third, it hardens the encouragement of search effort. The optimal unemployment insurance system in an economy with a hidden labor market is simple, with an initial phase in which payments are relatively flat during unemployment and with no payments for long-term unemployed individuals. This scheme differs substantially from the one prescribed without a hidden labor market and resembles unemployment protection programs in many countries.","PeriodicalId":196905,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Government Expenditures & Welfare Programs (Topic)","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116513037","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this paper, I investigate the effects of the timing of family income on child achievement production. Detailed administrative data augmented with PISA test scores at age 15 are used to analyze the effects of the timing of family income on child achievement. Contrary to many earlier studies, tests for early borrowing constraints suggest that parents are not constrained in early investments in their children's achievement, and thus that the timing of income does not matter for long-term child outcomes. This is a reasonable result given the setting in a Scandinavian welfare state with generous child and education subsidies. Actually, later family income (age 12-15) is a more important determinant of child achievement than earlier income.
{"title":"Timing of Family Income, Borrowing Constraints and Child Achievement","authors":"M. Humlum","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1276146","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1276146","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, I investigate the effects of the timing of family income on child achievement production. Detailed administrative data augmented with PISA test scores at age 15 are used to analyze the effects of the timing of family income on child achievement. Contrary to many earlier studies, tests for early borrowing constraints suggest that parents are not constrained in early investments in their children's achievement, and thus that the timing of income does not matter for long-term child outcomes. This is a reasonable result given the setting in a Scandinavian welfare state with generous child and education subsidies. Actually, later family income (age 12-15) is a more important determinant of child achievement than earlier income.","PeriodicalId":196905,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Government Expenditures & Welfare Programs (Topic)","volume":"198 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124422666","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This survey paper explores the literature on decoupling of farm programs that has emerged in the last 10 years. The paper identifies and assesses the various channels of potential coupling of decoupled farm payments and provides taxonomy of coupling mechanisms found in theoretical and empirical papers. Coupling of decoupled payments is pervasive but effects when measurable are small, with the exception of the impact on land values. The paper points to unresolved issues on potential coupling mechanisms for further research.
{"title":"How Coupled are Decoupled Farm Payments? A Review of Coupling Mechanisms and the Evidence","authors":"A. Bhaskar, J. Beghin","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1274060","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1274060","url":null,"abstract":"This survey paper explores the literature on decoupling of farm programs that has emerged in the last 10 years. The paper identifies and assesses the various channels of potential coupling of decoupled farm payments and provides taxonomy of coupling mechanisms found in theoretical and empirical papers. Coupling of decoupled payments is pervasive but effects when measurable are small, with the exception of the impact on land values. The paper points to unresolved issues on potential coupling mechanisms for further research.","PeriodicalId":196905,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Government Expenditures & Welfare Programs (Topic)","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125487097","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Student achievement has been identified as important contributor to economic growth. This paper investigates the relationship between redistributive government activities and investment in human capital measured by student performance in international comparative tests in Mathematics and Science during the period 1980 to 2003. In fixed effects panel models, government consumption, government social expenditures, and the progressivity of the income tax system have negative effects on student achievement. We report results from a variety of model specifications and social expenditure components, and our best estimate indicates that increased government size by 10 percent reduces student achievement by 0.1 standard deviations.
{"title":"Does a Generous Welfare State Crowd Out Student Achievement? Panel Data Evidence from International Student Tests","authors":"Torberg Falch, J. Fischer","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1264915","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1264915","url":null,"abstract":"Student achievement has been identified as important contributor to economic growth. This paper investigates the relationship between redistributive government activities and investment in human capital measured by student performance in international comparative tests in Mathematics and Science during the period 1980 to 2003. In fixed effects panel models, government consumption, government social expenditures, and the progressivity of the income tax system have negative effects on student achievement. We report results from a variety of model specifications and social expenditure components, and our best estimate indicates that increased government size by 10 percent reduces student achievement by 0.1 standard deviations.","PeriodicalId":196905,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Government Expenditures & Welfare Programs (Topic)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124408722","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Professor Maureen Baker talks of 'lingering concerns' about child custody and support (Baker, 2008). Baker raises some valuable points. There are ongoing concerns about policies in these areas, and it is most helpful that she attempts to stimulate discussion on the issues. I respond firstly by giving a context for discussion, and then by considering her perspective in more detail.
{"title":"A Response to M. Baker, 'Lingering concerns about child custody and support', Policy Quarterly, 4 (1), March 2008","authors":"K. S. Birks","doi":"10.26686/PQ.V4I3.4269","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26686/PQ.V4I3.4269","url":null,"abstract":"Professor Maureen Baker talks of 'lingering concerns' about child custody and support (Baker, 2008). Baker raises some valuable points. There are ongoing concerns about policies in these areas, and it is most helpful that she attempts to stimulate discussion on the issues. I respond firstly by giving a context for discussion, and then by considering her perspective in more detail.","PeriodicalId":196905,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Government Expenditures & Welfare Programs (Topic)","volume":"91 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126029927","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Availability of food grains is a necessary but not passable condition to ensure food security to the poor. In addition to food availability, it is necessary that food accessibility is also ensured to the poor households. This can be done either by raising the level of incomes of these poor households or by providing them food grains at subsidized prices. Public Distribution System (PDS) is a way to ensure accessibility of food grains to these poor households. Public Distribution System (PDS) means distribution of essential commodities to a large number of people through a network of Fair Price Shops (FPS) on a recurring basis. In India, PDS evolved as a major instrument of the Government's economic policy for ensuring availability of foodgrains to the public at affordable prices as well as for enhancing the food security for the poor. It is an important constituent of the strategy for poverty eradication and is intended to serve as a safety net for the poor. PDS is operated under the joint responsibility of the Central and the State Governments. The Central Government has taken the responsibility for procurement, storage, transportation and bulk allocation of foodgrains, etc. The responsibility for distributing the same to the consumers through the network of Fair Price Shops (FPS) rests with the State Governments. The operational responsibilities including allocation within the State, identification of families below poverty line, issue of ration cards, supervision and monitoring the functioning of FPS rest with the State Governments. The present project will try to give an overview of the PDS system as it existed in the country. It would also look into the new system of Targeted Public Distribution System (TPDS) as has been introduced recently. The project would firstly outline the present poverty situation and the agricultural sector in India and then proceed to look at the effect of the PDS on the Indian economy as a whole. An effort will also be made to estimate the future benefits or losses that PDS might have on the Indian economy as a whole.
{"title":"An Overview of the Public Distribution System","authors":"Tarumoy Chaudhuri","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1266785","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1266785","url":null,"abstract":"Availability of food grains is a necessary but not passable condition to ensure food security to the poor. In addition to food availability, it is necessary that food accessibility is also ensured to the poor households. This can be done either by raising the level of incomes of these poor households or by providing them food grains at subsidized prices. Public Distribution System (PDS) is a way to ensure accessibility of food grains to these poor households. Public Distribution System (PDS) means distribution of essential commodities to a large number of people through a network of Fair Price Shops (FPS) on a recurring basis. In India, PDS evolved as a major instrument of the Government's economic policy for ensuring availability of foodgrains to the public at affordable prices as well as for enhancing the food security for the poor. It is an important constituent of the strategy for poverty eradication and is intended to serve as a safety net for the poor. PDS is operated under the joint responsibility of the Central and the State Governments. The Central Government has taken the responsibility for procurement, storage, transportation and bulk allocation of foodgrains, etc. The responsibility for distributing the same to the consumers through the network of Fair Price Shops (FPS) rests with the State Governments. The operational responsibilities including allocation within the State, identification of families below poverty line, issue of ration cards, supervision and monitoring the functioning of FPS rest with the State Governments. The present project will try to give an overview of the PDS system as it existed in the country. It would also look into the new system of Targeted Public Distribution System (TPDS) as has been introduced recently. The project would firstly outline the present poverty situation and the agricultural sector in India and then proceed to look at the effect of the PDS on the Indian economy as a whole. An effort will also be made to estimate the future benefits or losses that PDS might have on the Indian economy as a whole.","PeriodicalId":196905,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Government Expenditures & Welfare Programs (Topic)","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124519524","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Financing of public needs on state and local government levels is impossible to ensure, among other things, without corresponding information system. It is actually the information system that is supposed to enable promptness and accuracy during the registering of all resources of the public revenue, as well as transparency of that information, and their sufficiency. The authors are analyzing and researching that on the example of one, though very specific, non-fiscal resource of the public revenue - capital properties selling revenue. Some forms of capital properties, which have had their base and character in the former legal and constitutional system, today exist under a different legal regime. Namely, Constitution of the Republic of Croatia no longer knows about the institute of public property, it guaranties the property rights, and defines the Republic of Croatia as a Welfare State.
{"title":"Information System in Function of Development of the Public Finance","authors":"Branko Matić, A. Masek, Miljenko Brekalo","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1265546","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1265546","url":null,"abstract":"Financing of public needs on state and local government levels is impossible to ensure, among other things, without corresponding information system. It is actually the information system that is supposed to enable promptness and accuracy during the registering of all resources of the public revenue, as well as transparency of that information, and their sufficiency. The authors are analyzing and researching that on the example of one, though very specific, non-fiscal resource of the public revenue - capital properties selling revenue. Some forms of capital properties, which have had their base and character in the former legal and constitutional system, today exist under a different legal regime. Namely, Constitution of the Republic of Croatia no longer knows about the institute of public property, it guaranties the property rights, and defines the Republic of Croatia as a Welfare State.","PeriodicalId":196905,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Government Expenditures & Welfare Programs (Topic)","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-08-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133783655","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Both poverty and chronic poverty are difficult to measure in Solomon Islands. Apart from general data constraints, there is a distinct lack of data that can be utilised to assess the extent and severity of either poverty or chronic poverty both spatially or inter-temporally with any accuracy. Eighty-four percent of Solomon Islanders live in rural areas, with very limited access to education, health or other social services. In addition, they are serviced by poor or non-existent transport, electricity or telecommunications infrastructure, and rely on subsistence farming for their livelihoods. To address this reality pro-poor economic growth must originate from growth in the rural agricultural sector. To date, the poverty reduction strategies designed by the Solomon Island Government and other international financial institutions, such as the Asia Development Bank and International Monetary Fund, have failed to explicitly focus on this sector. Instead they emphasise private sector productivity, public sector capacity and improved infrastructure. Whilst important, such reforms are insufficient to fully address the circumstances of the poor within Solomon Islands. Alternative approaches to development that prioritise the poor and rural agricultural development are now required.
{"title":"A Qualitative Analysis of Chronic Poverty and Poverty Reduction Strategies in the Solomon Islands","authors":"M. Clarke","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1755092","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1755092","url":null,"abstract":"Both poverty and chronic poverty are difficult to measure in Solomon Islands. Apart from general data constraints, there is a distinct lack of data that can be utilised to assess the extent and severity of either poverty or chronic poverty both spatially or inter-temporally with any accuracy. Eighty-four percent of Solomon Islanders live in rural areas, with very limited access to education, health or other social services. In addition, they are serviced by poor or non-existent transport, electricity or telecommunications infrastructure, and rely on subsistence farming for their livelihoods. To address this reality pro-poor economic growth must originate from growth in the rural agricultural sector. To date, the poverty reduction strategies designed by the Solomon Island Government and other international financial institutions, such as the Asia Development Bank and International Monetary Fund, have failed to explicitly focus on this sector. Instead they emphasise private sector productivity, public sector capacity and improved infrastructure. Whilst important, such reforms are insufficient to fully address the circumstances of the poor within Solomon Islands. Alternative approaches to development that prioritise the poor and rural agricultural development are now required.","PeriodicalId":196905,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Government Expenditures & Welfare Programs (Topic)","volume":"235 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122527921","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Albanian Ndihma Ekonomike is one of the first poverty reduction programs launched in transitional economies. Its record has been judged positively during the recession period of the 1990s and negatively during the more recent growth phase. This paper reconsiders the program using a regression-adjusted matching estimator rst suggested by Heckman et al. (1997, 1998) and exploiting discontinuities in program design and targeting failures. We nd the program to have a weak targeting capacity and a negative and signi cant impact on welfare. We also nd that recent changes introduced to the program have not improved its performance. An analysis of the distributional impact of treatment based on stochastic dominance theory suggests that our results are robust.
{"title":"Evaluating Pro-Poor Transfers When Targeting is Weak: The Albanian Ndihma Ekonomike Program Revisited","authors":"Lucia Mangiavacchi, P. Verme","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1471586","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1471586","url":null,"abstract":"The Albanian Ndihma Ekonomike is one of the first poverty reduction programs launched in transitional economies. Its record has been judged positively during the recession period of the 1990s and negatively during the more recent growth phase. This paper reconsiders the program using a regression-adjusted matching estimator rst suggested by Heckman et al. (1997, 1998) and exploiting discontinuities in program design and targeting failures. We nd the program to have a weak targeting capacity and a negative and signi cant impact on welfare. We also nd that recent changes introduced to the program have not improved its performance. An analysis of the distributional impact of treatment based on stochastic dominance theory suggests that our results are robust.","PeriodicalId":196905,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Government Expenditures & Welfare Programs (Topic)","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114870993","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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