The paper sets out to find the extent of the phonological similarities of Somor and Aror sub-dialects of the Tugen dialect. Phonological and semantic structures are many and varied and cannot be studied within such a limited time. Thus the study focused on tone and length in Tugen sub-dialects. The selected structures were epenthesis, vowel deletion, fusion, demonstratives, negation, possessives and definiteness. In semantics, the study focused on meaning in general. Stratified and random sampling procedures were used to get samples of Somor and Aror speakers from the population of those who practice in the selected domains in Torongo and Kapuskei locations of Baringo County. The data for the study was a Swadesh list of one hundred and fifty words and fifty sentences. These were drawn from the fields of education, domestic life, religion, health and administration. Data was collected by use of language performance test, which were recorded, on an audiotape. These words were written in gloss and transcribed using the IPA symbols. This was in preparation for the phonological and semantic analysis, which was done by using Natural Generative Phonology and Descriptive Linguistics. This study adds knowledge in the area of theoretical linguistics of Nilotic languages and Kenyan languages in general.
{"title":"An Interrogation of the Phonological Similarities between Somor and Aror Sub-Dialects of the Tugen Dialect in Kenya","authors":"Nancy Chebet; Phylis Bartoo","doi":"10.51317/ecjlls.v1i2.63","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.51317/ecjlls.v1i2.63","url":null,"abstract":"The paper sets out to find the extent of the phonological similarities of Somor and Aror sub-dialects of the Tugen dialect. Phonological and semantic structures are many and varied and cannot be studied within such a limited time. Thus the study focused on tone and length in Tugen sub-dialects. The selected structures were epenthesis, vowel deletion, fusion, demonstratives, negation, possessives and definiteness. In semantics, the study focused on meaning in general. Stratified and random sampling procedures were used to get samples of Somor and Aror speakers from the population of those who practice in the selected domains in Torongo and Kapuskei locations of Baringo County. The data for the study was a Swadesh list of one hundred and fifty words and fifty sentences. These were drawn from the fields of education, domestic life, religion, health and administration. Data was collected by use of language performance test, which were recorded, on an audiotape. These words were written in gloss and transcribed using the IPA symbols. This was in preparation for the phonological and semantic analysis, which was done by using Natural Generative Phonology and Descriptive Linguistics. This study adds knowledge in the area of theoretical linguistics of Nilotic languages and Kenyan languages in general.","PeriodicalId":197297,"journal":{"name":"Editon Consortium Journal of Literature and Linguistic Studies","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123915429","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The study analysed euphemism in language. This research focused on the use of euphemisms in the Abagusii traditional dirges. The research sought to collect Abagusii dirges, identify, describe, and classify the euphemisms used in them. This paper focuses on documenting and explaining the traditional Abagusii dirges. The study was based on the Face-work and Politeness theories. The study adopted a qualitative research design. The interview method was used as the instrument for data collection from a sample of five (5) adults of Kisii County of Gucha Sub County. The collected songs were subjected to thematic content analysis. From the collected dirges, it appears that the thematic concerns other than mourning also focus on tolerance, love, morality, justice, injustice, adherence to the traditional network of social relations and hard work. The dirge, just like other types of songs and is a vessel for airing the inner feelings of the community's aspirations and expectations, which it recorded and then passed from one generation to another as cultural heritage.
{"title":"Exploring the Dirge-case of Abagusii Community in Kenya","authors":"Job Nyamamba Maoncha","doi":"10.51317/ecjlls.v1i1.56","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.51317/ecjlls.v1i1.56","url":null,"abstract":"The study analysed euphemism in language. This research focused on the use of euphemisms in the Abagusii traditional dirges. The research sought to collect Abagusii dirges, identify, describe, and classify the euphemisms used in them. This paper focuses on documenting and explaining the traditional Abagusii dirges. The study was based on the Face-work and Politeness theories. The study adopted a qualitative research design. The interview method was used as the instrument for data collection from a sample of five (5) adults of Kisii County of Gucha Sub County. The collected songs were subjected to thematic content analysis. From the collected dirges, it appears that the thematic concerns other than mourning also focus on tolerance, love, morality, justice, injustice, adherence to the traditional network of social relations and hard work. The dirge, just like other types of songs and is a vessel for airing the inner feelings of the community's aspirations and expectations, which it recorded and then passed from one generation to another as cultural heritage.","PeriodicalId":197297,"journal":{"name":"Editon Consortium Journal of Literature and Linguistic Studies","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115585333","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The purpose of this study was to answer the question of what is the pupils' level of English vocabulary proficiency in public and private rural primary schools in Kyuso Division in Kitui County. The study was an attempt to provide relevant data on English vocabulary proficiency in Kyuso area. This study focused on the English vocabulary proficiency in Kyuso area among children in classes’ two to four. Learners from one class to the next depicted some changes hence a level of vocabulary proficiency manifestation. The study was limited to respondents within the sample in rural areas where the language of communication after school was purely Kikamba. The two categories of primary schools in the area were day schools, unlike secondary schools whereby 90% of them are boarding. The assumption was that the pupils had the same school hours, share the same locality and the same parents. The question was why there was a big difference in children from the two categories of schools. The study was based on primary schools, the level where the grammatical rules are initiated, and as the children grow up, they continue to utilize what they continue acquiring. It was observed that competent speakers show up right from primary schools. It is also at the primary level where a child can be ‘modelled' to improve or change to a better person due to their language acquisition device (LAD). In both public and private primary schools there seem to be differences in pupils level of vocabulary proficiency.
{"title":"Establishing the Pupils’ Level of English Vocabulary Proficiency in Public and Private Rural Primary Schools in Kyuso Division of Kitui County","authors":"Deborah Mutua Kalima","doi":"10.51317/ecjlls.v1i1.57","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.51317/ecjlls.v1i1.57","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this study was to answer the question of what is the pupils' level of English vocabulary proficiency in public and private rural primary schools in Kyuso Division in Kitui County. The study was an attempt to provide relevant data on English vocabulary proficiency in Kyuso area. This study focused on the English vocabulary proficiency in Kyuso area among children in classes’ two to four. Learners from one class to the next depicted some changes hence a level of vocabulary proficiency manifestation. The study was limited to respondents within the sample in rural areas where the language of communication after school was purely Kikamba. The two categories of primary schools in the area were day schools, unlike secondary schools whereby 90% of them are boarding. The assumption was that the pupils had the same school hours, share the same locality and the same parents. The question was why there was a big difference in children from the two categories of schools. The study was based on primary schools, the level where the grammatical rules are initiated, and as the children grow up, they continue to utilize what they continue acquiring. It was observed that competent speakers show up right from primary schools. It is also at the primary level where a child can be ‘modelled' to improve or change to a better person due to their language acquisition device (LAD). In both public and private primary schools there seem to be differences in pupils level of vocabulary proficiency.","PeriodicalId":197297,"journal":{"name":"Editon Consortium Journal of Literature and Linguistic Studies","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116933104","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
There has been an intense debate with regards to Chinua Achebe’s (mis)representation of women in his creative works, especially his first four novels. Some scholars have argued that Achebe is a patriarchal writer who has relegated women to the periphery. Nevertheless, a few have read subtle nuances of gender balance in his works. This paper is a continuation of this debate. Specifically, it argues that Achebe has created Mother Archetypes in his novels and if the same is not recognized, he will continue to be demonized as a gender insensitive writer. The unit of analysis is three of the five Achebe’s novels namely: Things Fall Apart, No Longer at Ease, and A Man of the People. The paper interrogates the aforementioned novels within the framework of archetypal criticism, with the aim of unearthing and examining Mother Archetypes inherent in them. The paper identifies religion, education, and justice as the spheres of life in which Achebe has created, empowered and elevated Mother Archetypes to be at par with their male counterparts. However, owing to the breadth of the subject, the paper dwells on education. The paper concludes that creation of empowered Mother Archetypes in Achebe’s novels is a symbolic relay in which women characters hand in the symbolic empowerment baton to the next woman in the next novel until the last one where the creation of a woman major character, Beatrice, wins the race against male dominance.
{"title":"Female Assertion as an Antidote to Male Dominance: Mother Archetypes in Achebe’s Novels—Things Fall Apart, No Longer at Ease, and A Man of the People","authors":"Jeremiah Mutuku Muneeni","doi":"10.51317/ECJLLS.V1I1.55","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.51317/ECJLLS.V1I1.55","url":null,"abstract":"There has been an intense debate with regards to Chinua Achebe’s (mis)representation of women in his creative works, especially his first four novels. Some scholars have argued that Achebe is a patriarchal writer who has relegated women to the periphery. Nevertheless, a few have read subtle nuances of gender balance in his works. This paper is a continuation of this debate. Specifically, it argues that Achebe has created Mother Archetypes in his novels and if the same is not recognized, he will continue to be demonized as a gender insensitive writer. The unit of analysis is three of the five Achebe’s novels namely: Things Fall Apart, No Longer at Ease, and A Man of the People. The paper interrogates the aforementioned novels within the framework of archetypal criticism, with the aim of unearthing and examining Mother Archetypes inherent in them. The paper identifies religion, education, and justice as the spheres of life in which Achebe has created, empowered and elevated Mother Archetypes to be at par with their male counterparts. However, owing to the breadth of the subject, the paper dwells on education. The paper concludes that creation of empowered Mother Archetypes in Achebe’s novels is a symbolic relay in which women characters hand in the symbolic empowerment baton to the next woman in the next novel until the last one where the creation of a woman major character, Beatrice, wins the race against male dominance.","PeriodicalId":197297,"journal":{"name":"Editon Consortium Journal of Literature and Linguistic Studies","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130931812","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Antony Somba Mang’oka; James Onyango Ogola; Phylis Bartoo
This paper set out to interrogate the types of grammatical cohesive devices that learners with hearing-impaired use in their writing. Studies conducted on the subject reveal that hearing-impaired learners face several challenges in their written English. To try to aid in providing solutions for amicable communication in the written works of these learners with hearing problems, this article investigated the nature of cohesion in the hearing-impaired learners’ English written texts. It investigated ways by which hearing-impaired learners have been able to achieve cohesion in their written texts. To be able to interrogate the cohesion devices, the article located itself within the lens of Halliday and Hasan’s theory of Cohesion to identify, describe and categorise cohesive devices in the texts. In the final analysis, the paper found out that all the cohesive devices posited by Halliday and Hasan were present, but at varying frequency. Reference had the highest frequency of occurrence and ellipsis the least. The findings of this study provide a theory-governed description of cohesive ties used by the hearing-impaired learners in Kenya. The findings also contribute to the increasing body of knowledge in studies related to the writing and communication of deaf learners.
{"title":"An Interrogation of the types of Grammatical Cohesive Devices that are Prominent in the Writing of Hearing-Impaired Learners","authors":"Antony Somba Mang’oka; James Onyango Ogola; Phylis Bartoo","doi":"10.51317/ecjlls.v1i2.64","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.51317/ecjlls.v1i2.64","url":null,"abstract":"This paper set out to interrogate the types of grammatical cohesive devices that learners with hearing-impaired use in their writing. Studies conducted on the subject reveal that hearing-impaired learners face several challenges in their written English. To try to aid in providing solutions for amicable communication in the written works of these learners with hearing problems, this article investigated the nature of cohesion in the hearing-impaired learners’ English written texts. It investigated ways by which hearing-impaired learners have been able to achieve cohesion in their written texts. To be able to interrogate the cohesion devices, the article located itself within the lens of Halliday and Hasan’s theory of Cohesion to identify, describe and categorise cohesive devices in the texts. In the final analysis, the paper found out that all the cohesive devices posited by Halliday and Hasan were present, but at varying frequency. Reference had the highest frequency of occurrence and ellipsis the least. The findings of this study provide a theory-governed description of cohesive ties used by the hearing-impaired learners in Kenya. The findings also contribute to the increasing body of knowledge in studies related to the writing and communication of deaf learners.","PeriodicalId":197297,"journal":{"name":"Editon Consortium Journal of Literature and Linguistic Studies","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129927088","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ndegwa Grace Konyu; Dr. Lucy Wathika; Dr Josephine Khaemba
The intention of the study was to establish the effect of teachers’ use of reinforcement on learners’ performance in English language. It was done in selected secondary schools in Nakuru town and used descriptive research design. The study was guided by Gardner and Lambert’s Socio-Educational model of second language acquisition. Stratified random sampling was employed in selecting four schools while simple random sampling was used to choose one stream in form two, three and four in each school for observation. It resulted in eight observational schedules. The study sample of 60 students in form 2-4 and 8 teachers of English was purposively selected for interviews. A total number of 353 learners were observed. The study used interviews, audio recording and Structured Observational Schedules for data collection. The data was presented in form of tables, figures and verbatim transcript excerpts used for exemplification and illustration in a qualitative explication. The findings of the study revealed that second language learners’ performance in English is greatly influenced by teachers’ use of reinforcement. Moreover, it proved that teachers of English give unguarded praises, negative statements and criticisms to English second language learners. This study is a vital contribution to the field of Second Language Acquisition theory and practice with regard to offering information and insight into reinforcement, motivation and attitude in practical language acquisition and learning in the classroom situation. These findings are useful in the improvement of second language learners’ performance in English. Teachers of English will also acquaint themselves with effective use of positive verbal reinforcement which works as a motivational force on learners’ acquisition and use of the English language.
{"title":"The Effect of Teachers’ Use of Reinforcement on Learners’ Performance in English Language","authors":"Ndegwa Grace Konyu; Dr. Lucy Wathika; Dr Josephine Khaemba","doi":"10.51317/ecjlls.v1i2.65","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.51317/ecjlls.v1i2.65","url":null,"abstract":"The intention of the study was to establish the effect of teachers’ use of reinforcement on learners’ performance in English language. It was done in selected secondary schools in Nakuru town and used descriptive research design. The study was guided by Gardner and Lambert’s Socio-Educational model of second language acquisition. Stratified random sampling was employed in selecting four schools while simple random sampling was used to choose one stream in form two, three and four in each school for observation. It resulted in eight observational schedules. The study sample of 60 students in form 2-4 and 8 teachers of English was purposively selected for interviews. A total number of 353 learners were observed. The study used interviews, audio recording and Structured Observational Schedules for data collection. The data was presented in form of tables, figures and verbatim transcript excerpts used for exemplification and illustration in a qualitative explication. The findings of the study revealed that second language learners’ performance in English is greatly influenced by teachers’ use of reinforcement. Moreover, it proved that teachers of English give unguarded praises, negative statements and criticisms to English second language learners. This study is a vital contribution to the field of Second Language Acquisition theory and practice with regard to offering information and insight into reinforcement, motivation and attitude in practical language acquisition and learning in the classroom situation. These findings are useful in the improvement of second language learners’ performance in English. Teachers of English will also acquaint themselves with effective use of positive verbal reinforcement which works as a motivational force on learners’ acquisition and use of the English language.","PeriodicalId":197297,"journal":{"name":"Editon Consortium Journal of Literature and Linguistic Studies","volume":"47 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121282807","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Douglas Nkumbo; Sheila P. Wandera-Simwa; James Ogola Onyango
The paper explores ideological supremacy of durex adverts on Facebook fan page Kenya by unpacking the dominant themes in the adverts. Sex education and safe sex advertising remain a global challenge due to its sensitivity and biases derived from attitudes and values that are either personal or related to religion and traditions. Some societies openly discuss taboo topics such as sex, sexual orientations and sexual practices while others are uneasy about doing so. This is a challenge to condoms promoters who use online means to reach people of different cultures worldwide. This study, therefore, critically analyzed Durex adverts in their Facebook fan page Kenya. The study uses Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) specifically Norman Fairclough’s 3 -D model and Kress and van Leeuwen’s Grammar of Visual Design. The research designs used was both quantitative and descriptive. Data was collected through making an online observation, retrieving and electronically storing. Purposive sampling procedure was used to arrive at 150 adverts (visuals and written) were downloaded from the Durex Facebook fan page Kenya for analysis. The findings showed that the most dominant theme was pleasure derived from using Durex condoms. Rational appeal was most dominant, and various metaphors were used in Durex adverts to ideologically construct super Durex using various discourses to avoid discussing matters of sex openly. This research will add knowledge to the field of Critical Discourse Analysis, especially in health communication and taboo topics.
{"title":"Critical Discourse Analysis: Ideological Supremacy of Durex Adverts on Facebook Fan Page Kenya","authors":"Douglas Nkumbo; Sheila P. Wandera-Simwa; James Ogola Onyango","doi":"10.51317/ecjlls.v1i2.61","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.51317/ecjlls.v1i2.61","url":null,"abstract":"The paper explores ideological supremacy of durex adverts on Facebook fan page Kenya by unpacking the dominant themes in the adverts. Sex education and safe sex advertising remain a global challenge due to its sensitivity and biases derived from attitudes and values that are either personal or related to religion and traditions. Some societies openly discuss taboo topics such as sex, sexual orientations and sexual practices while others are uneasy about doing so. This is a challenge to condoms promoters who use online means to reach people of different cultures worldwide. This study, therefore, critically analyzed Durex adverts in their Facebook fan page Kenya. The study uses Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) specifically Norman Fairclough’s 3 -D model and Kress and van Leeuwen’s Grammar of Visual Design. The research designs used was both quantitative and descriptive. Data was collected through making an online observation, retrieving and electronically storing. Purposive sampling procedure was used to arrive at 150 adverts (visuals and written) were downloaded from the Durex Facebook fan page Kenya for analysis. The findings showed that the most dominant theme was pleasure derived from using Durex condoms. Rational appeal was most dominant, and various metaphors were used in Durex adverts to ideologically construct super Durex using various discourses to avoid discussing matters of sex openly. This research will add knowledge to the field of Critical Discourse Analysis, especially in health communication and taboo topics.","PeriodicalId":197297,"journal":{"name":"Editon Consortium Journal of Literature and Linguistic Studies","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129230032","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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