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Medical cannabis for children: Evidence and recommendations 儿童医用大麻:证据和建议
IF 1.9 4区 医学 Q2 PEDIATRICS Pub Date : 2024-04-05 DOI: 10.1093/pch/pxad078
Lauren E Kelly, Michael J Rieder, Yaron Finkelstein
Interest in using cannabis products for a medical purpose in children under the age of 18 years is increasing. There are many medical cannabis products available that can include cannabidiol (CBD) or delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), or both. Despite many therapeutic claims, there are few rigorous studies to inform the dosing, safety, and efficacy of medical cannabis in paediatric clinical practice. This statement reviews the current evidence and provides recommendations for using medical cannabis in children. Longer-term (2-year) reports support the sustained tolerability and efficacy of cannabidiol therapy for patients with Lennox-Gastaut and Dravet syndromes. CBD-enriched cannabis extracts containing small amounts of THC have been evaluated in a small number of paediatric patients, and further research is needed to inform clinical practice guidelines. Given the widespread use of medical cannabis in Canada, paediatricians should be prepared to engage in open, ongoing discussions with families about its potential benefits and risks, and develop individualized plans that monitor efficacy, reduce harms, and mitigate drug–drug interactions.
18 岁以下儿童对使用大麻产品进行医疗的兴趣与日俱增。目前市面上有许多医用大麻产品,可包含大麻二酚(CBD)或δ-9-四氢大麻酚(THC),或两者兼有。尽管有许多治疗声称,但很少有严格的研究为儿科临床实践中医用大麻的剂量、安全性和疗效提供依据。本声明回顾了目前的证据,并就儿童使用医用大麻提出了建议。较长期(2 年)的报告支持大麻二酚疗法对伦诺-加斯陶特综合症和德拉沃综合症患者的持续耐受性和疗效。含有少量四氢大麻酚的富含大麻二酚的大麻提取物已在少数儿科患者中进行了评估,还需要进一步的研究来为临床实践指南提供信息。鉴于医用大麻在加拿大的广泛使用,儿科医生应做好准备,就其潜在的益处和风险与患者家属进行公开、持续的讨论,并制定个性化的计划,以监测疗效、减少危害并减轻药物间的相互作用。
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引用次数: 0
Les données probantes et les recommandations sur le cannabis à des fins médicales chez les enfants 关于儿童医用大麻的证据和建议
IF 1.9 4区 医学 Q2 PEDIATRICS Pub Date : 2024-04-05 DOI: 10.1093/pch/pxad077
Lauren E Kelly, Michael J Rieder, Yaron Finkelstein
Résumé L’intérêt envers l’utilisation des produits du cannabis à des fins médicales chez les enfants de moins de 18 ans augmente. De nombreux produits du cannabis à des fins médicales contiennent du cannabidiol, du delta-9-tétrahydrocannabinol ou ces deux produits. Malgré les nombreuses prétentions thérapeutiques, peu d’études rigoureuses guident la posologie, l’innocuité et l’efficacité du cannabis à des fins médicales en pédiatrie clinique. Le présent document de principes passe en revue les données probantes à jour et expose les recommandations sur l’utilisation du cannabis à des fins médicales chez les enfants. Les rapports à plus long terme (deux ans) souscrivent à la tolérabilité et à l’efficacité soutenues d’un traitement au cannabidiol chez les patients ayant le syndrome de Lennox-Gastaut ou le syndrome de Dravet. Les extraits de cannabis enrichis de cannabidiol qui renferment de petites quantités de delta-9-tétrahydrocannabinol ont été évalués auprès d’un petit nombre de patients d’âge pédiatrique, et d’autres recherches devront être réalisées pour éclairer les guides de pratique clinique. Étant donné l’utilisation répandue du cannabis à des fins médicales au Canada, les pédiatres devraient être prêts à participer à des échanges ouverts et continus avec les familles au sujet de ses avantages potentiels et de ses risques, ainsi qu’à préparer des plans individuels en vue d’en surveiller l’efficacité, de réduire les méfaits et de limiter les interactions médicamenteuses.
摘要 18 岁以下儿童将大麻产品用于医疗目的的兴趣与日俱增。许多医用大麻产品都含有大麻二酚、δ-9-四氢大麻酚或两种成分。尽管有许多治疗声称,但很少有严格的研究来指导医用大麻在儿科临床中的剂量、安全性和疗效。本立场声明回顾了当前的证据,并概述了对儿童使用医用大麻的建议。较长期的报告(两年)支持大麻二酚治疗 Lennox-Gastaut 综合症或 Dravet 综合症患者的持续耐受性和疗效。含有少量δ-9-四氢大麻酚的大麻二酚富集大麻提取物已在少数儿科患者中进行了评估,还需要进一步的研究来为临床实践指南提供信息。鉴于大麻在加拿大被广泛用于医疗目的,儿科医生应做好准备,参与与家庭就大麻的潜在益处和风险进行公开和持续的讨论,并制定个人计划以监测疗效、减少伤害和限制药物相互作用。
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引用次数: 0
Improving patient-centred care in the emergency department: Implementation of a Sensory Toolkit for children with autism. 改善急诊科以患者为中心的护理:为自闭症儿童实施感官工具包。
IF 1.8 4区 医学 Q2 PEDIATRICS Pub Date : 2024-03-22 eCollection Date: 2024-07-01 DOI: 10.1093/pch/pxae010
Meagan A Roy, Ceilidh Kinlin, Myka Estes, Sarah J MacEachern

Emergency department (ED) visits for children with autism can present challenges due to the unique sensory needs of this population. This Quality Improvement (QI) project executed two Plan-Do-Study-Act (PDSA) cycles to create and implement a Sensory Toolkit in the ED for children with autism. Most caregivers (94%; n = 31/33) and healthcare providers (HCPs; 86%; n = 37/44) identified the need for sensory items in the ED. In PDSA Cycle 1, 100% of caregivers (n = 21) and HCPs (n = 3) agreed/strongly agreed that the ED Sensory Toolkit was helpful. In PDSA Cycle 2, 92% of caregivers (n = 12/13) and 100% of HCPs (n = 3) agreed/strongly agreed that they were helpful. The Sensory Toolkit was positively evaluated by caregivers of children with autism and HCPs during the child's visit to the ED. There is an opportunity to adapt the Sensory Toolkit for other EDs and areas of the hospital.

由于自闭症儿童独特的感官需求,急诊科(ED)的就诊可能会给他们带来挑战。本质量改进(QI)项目执行了两个 "计划-实施-研究-行动"(PDSA)周期,在急诊室为自闭症儿童创建并实施了感官工具包。大多数护理人员(94%;n = 31/33)和医疗保健提供者(HCPs;86%;n = 37/44)都认为急诊室需要感统工具包。在 PDSA 循环 1 中,100% 的照护者(n = 21)和医护人员(n = 3)同意/非常同意急诊室感统工具包很有帮助。在 PDSA 循环 2 中,92% 的护理人员(n = 12/13)和 100% 的高级保健人员(n = 3)同意/非常同意它们很有帮助。自闭症儿童的看护者和保健医生在儿童就诊期间对感统工具包给予了积极评价。有机会将感统工具包应用于其他急诊室和医院的其他区域。
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引用次数: 0
Developmental outcomes of preschool children requiring craniosynostosis surgery in Manitoba: a cohort study. 马尼托巴省需要进行颅骨发育不良手术的学龄前儿童的发育结果:一项队列研究。
IF 1.8 4区 医学 Q2 PEDIATRICS Pub Date : 2024-03-17 eCollection Date: 2024-09-01 DOI: 10.1093/pch/pxae009
Yael Ripstein, Christy Pylypjuk, Alexandra Conway, M Florencia Ricci

Craniosynostosis is a congenital abnormality resulting in the premature fusion of one or more cranial sutures and usually requires surgical correction in the first year of life. While the majority of craniosynostosis cases represent isolated, nonsyndromic defects, approximately 25% are linked to a genetic diagnosis. Craniosynostosis has been associated with developmental delay. Therefore, historically in Manitoba, all children with surgically managed craniosynostosis were referred to the Child Development Clinic (CDC) for developmental assessment. There are currently prolonged wait times for neurodevelopmental assessments at CDC, leading to the need to better prioritize children who require neurodevelopmental assessment. The aim of the study was then to determine the developmental outcomes of preschool children requiring craniosynostosis surgery in Manitoba from July 1, 2016 through December 1, 2021. In this retrospective cohort study, clinical records were reviewed to evaluate the developmental outcomes of patients who were assessed at CDC for surgically managed craniosynostosis. Out of 67 children included in this study, 18% demonstrated global developmental delay, 24% demonstrated mild developmental delay, and 58% were developmentally appropriate across all levels. The presence of a genetic syndrome, multisutural craniosynostosis, and parental socioeconomic status were associated with risk of global developmental delay. The findings of this study suggest that while not all children with craniosynostosis present with developmental delay, those with suspected or confirmed syndromic involvement, multisutural cranyosinostosis, and/or low SES, should be referred for neurodevelopmental evaluation.

颅合畸形是一种先天性畸形,导致一条或多条颅缝过早融合,通常需要在出生后第一年进行手术矫正。虽然大多数颅颧骨发育不良病例是孤立的、非综合征性缺陷,但约有 25% 的病例与遗传诊断有关。颅骨发育不良与发育迟缓有关。因此,在马尼托巴省,所有经过手术治疗的颅骨发育不良儿童都会被转诊到儿童发育诊所(CDC)进行发育评估。目前,在儿童发展诊所进行神经发育评估的等待时间较长,因此需要更好地优先考虑需要进行神经发育评估的儿童。因此,该研究旨在确定马尼托巴省从2016年7月1日至2021年12月1日期间需要进行颅骨发育不良手术的学龄前儿童的发育结果。在这项回顾性队列研究中,研究人员查阅了临床记录,以评估在疾病预防控制中心接受手术治疗的颅骨发育不良患者的发育结果。在纳入本研究的 67 名儿童中,18% 的儿童表现出全面发育迟缓,24% 的儿童表现出轻度发育迟缓,58% 的儿童在所有水平上都发育正常。遗传综合征、多utural 颅骨发育不良和父母的社会经济地位与全面发育迟缓的风险有关。这项研究结果表明,虽然并非所有颅颧骨发育不良患儿都会出现发育迟缓,但那些疑似或确诊患有综合征、多utural 颅颧骨发育不良和/或社会经济地位较低的患儿应转诊进行神经发育评估。
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引用次数: 0
Pediatric inflammatory bowel disease: What’s new and what has changed? 小儿炎症性肠病:有哪些新变化?
IF 1.9 4区 医学 Q2 PEDIATRICS Pub Date : 2024-03-09 DOI: 10.1093/pch/pxae013
Alexandra S Hudson, Hien Q Huynh
The incidence and prevalence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is on the rise in North America and worldwide, with young children being the fastest growing patient population. It is therefore essential for pediatricians and pediatric sub-specialists to be able to recognize signs and symptoms suspicious for a new diagnosis of IBD, as well as potential complications associated with IBD or its treatment. This article reviews the most recent literature regarding clinical presentation, helpful diagnostic clues, newer monitoring tools being used by pediatric gastroenterologists, and emerging new biologic and small molecule treatments.
炎症性肠病(IBD)的发病率和流行率在北美和全球都呈上升趋势,其中幼儿是增长最快的患者群体。因此,儿科医生和儿科亚专科医生必须能够识别疑似 IBD 新诊断的体征和症状,以及与 IBD 或其治疗相关的潜在并发症。本文回顾了有关临床表现、有用的诊断线索、儿科胃肠病专家正在使用的较新监测工具以及新出现的生物和小分子治疗方法的最新文献。
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引用次数: 0
Health care utilization after enrollment in an outpatient structured clinical program for children with medical complexity 为病情复杂的儿童提供门诊结构化临床计划后的医疗保健使用情况
IF 1.9 4区 医学 Q2 PEDIATRICS Pub Date : 2024-02-06 DOI: 10.1093/pch/pxae001
Stacey Cook, Matt Hall, Isabel Stringfellow, Jay G Berry
Objectives Although children with medical complexity (CMC) with high health resource utilization use outpatient structured clinical programs (SCP) to optimize their health, little is known about variation in trends of their health service use shortly after enrollment. We measured these trends and assessed the utility of patient characteristics to predict them. Methods Retrospective analysis of 506 CMC newly enrolled in an outpatient, academic SCP. We measured outpatient and inpatient health service use for the first 6 months following enrollment. Using cluster analysis, we categorized CMC with similar trends by health service. We assessed patient demographic (e.g., age) and clinical [type and number of complex chronic conditions (CCC)] characteristics with the cluster categories. Results Most (90.3%) CMC enrolled had ≥1 CCCs; 53.8% had ≥3 CCCs. For all CMC, outpatient specialty visits, phone calls, and hospitalizations (not involving ICU) decreased significantly over the first 6 months after enrollment. For example, the hospitalization rate decreased from 9.7% to 4.5% in the 1st and 6th months, respectively, (P &lt; 0.001). Cluster analysis revealed four categories of hospitalization trends, 6 months after enrollment: 72.9% of CMC had no hospital use; 16.0% had increased then decreased use; 8.3% had decreased use; and 2.8% had increased use. No patient and clinical characteristics clearly distinguished which hospitalization trend CMC experienced. Conclusions Although the overall population of CMC experienced decreased outpatient and inpatient health services utilization over time, this decrease was not uniformly experienced. Fundamental patient demographic and clinical characteristics did not predict health service trends.
目的 尽管医疗资源利用率较高的复杂病症(CMC)儿童通过门诊结构化临床项目(SCP)来优化其健康状况,但人们对他们入院后不久医疗服务使用趋势的变化知之甚少。我们对这些趋势进行了测量,并评估了患者特征对预测这些趋势的作用。方法 对 506 名新加入门诊学术性 SCP 的 CMC 进行回顾性分析。我们测量了入院后头 6 个月的门诊和住院医疗服务使用情况。通过聚类分析,我们按医疗服务对具有相似趋势的 CMC 进行了分类。我们根据聚类类别评估了患者的人口统计学特征(如年龄)和临床特征(复杂慢性病 (CCC) 的类型和数量)。结果 大多数(90.3%)注册的 CMC 都有≥1 个 CCC;53.8% 有≥3 个 CCC。在所有 CMC 中,门诊专科就诊率、电话就诊率和住院率(不包括重症监护室)在加入后的前 6 个月显著下降。例如,住院率在第 1 个月和第 6 个月分别从 9.7% 降至 4.5%(P &lt; 0.001)。聚类分析显示了入院 6 个月后的四类住院趋势:72.9%的CMC没有住院;16.0%的CMC住院次数先增加后减少;8.3%的CMC住院次数减少;2.8%的CMC住院次数增加。患者和临床特征无法明确区分 CMC 的住院趋势。结论 虽然随着时间的推移,CMC 的总体门诊和住院医疗服务使用率有所下降,但这种下降并不一致。病人的基本人口和临床特征并不能预测医疗服务的趋势。
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引用次数: 0
L'accès à des services d'interprétation appropriés, essentiel pour la santé des enfants. 获得适当的口译服务,这对儿童健康至关重要。
IF 1.9 4区 医学 Q2 PEDIATRICS Pub Date : 2024-02-06 eCollection Date: 2024-02-01 DOI: 10.1093/pch/pxad053
Charles Hui

Puisque 20 % des Canadiens déclarent avoir une autre langue maternelle que le français ou l'anglais, il n'est pas rare que les professionnels de la santé et les patients maîtrisent des langues différentes. Lorsqu'un médecin et son patient ne peuvent pas communiquer correctement, ils courent le risque de mal se comprendre, ce qui peut se solder par de mauvais résultats cliniques et une réadmission hospitalière. Les services d'interprétation professionnels sont associés à une amélioration de la communication, de l'utilisation des soins, des résultats cliniques et de la satisfaction envers les soins. Il est démontré que le recours à des interprètes non formés ou improvisés, y compris les membres de la famille, accroît les erreurs d'omission, les substitutions, les modifications volontaires et les ajouts. Les enfants et les adolescents n'ont pas acquis une maturité développementale suffisante pour agir en qualité d'interprètes dans le milieu de la santé. Dans un tel contexte, ils sont mis dans une situation inappropriée avec laquelle il peut être difficile de composer et qui peut compromettre durablement à la fois leur propre santé mentale et leur relation avec les autres membres de la famille.

有 20% 的加拿大人表示自己的母语不是英语或法语,因此医护人员和患者使用不同语言的情况并不少见。当医生和患者无法正常沟通时,他们就有可能误解对方,从而导致不良的临床结果和再次入院。专业的口译服务与改善沟通、使用医疗服务、临床疗效和对医疗服务的满意度息息相关。事实证明,使用未经训练或临时拼凑的口译员(包括家庭成员)会增加遗漏、替换、故意更改和添加等错误。儿童和青少年尚未发育成熟,无法在医疗环境中充当口译员。在这种情况下,他们会被置于一种不恰当的环境中,这种环境可能会使他们难以应对,并可能永久性地损害他们自身的心理健康以及他们与其他家庭成员的关系。
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引用次数: 0
Management of well-appearing febrile young infants aged ≤90 days. 对 90 天以下发热症状明显的幼儿进行管理。
IF 1.9 4区 医学 Q2 PEDIATRICS Pub Date : 2024-02-06 eCollection Date: 2024-02-01 DOI: 10.1093/pch/pxad085
Brett Burstein, Marie-Pier Lirette, Carolyn Beck, Laurel Chauvin-Kimoff, Kevin Chan

The evaluation and management of young infants presenting with fever remains an area of significant practice variation. While most well-appearing febrile young infants have a viral illness, identifying those at risk for invasive bacterial infections, specifically bacteremia and bacterial meningitis, is critical. This statement considers infants aged ≤90 days who present with a rectal temperature ≥38.0°C but appear well otherwise. Applying recent risk-stratification criteria to guide management and incorporating diagnostic testing with procalcitonin are advised. Management decisions for infants meeting low-risk criteria should reflect the probability of disease, consider the balance of risks and potential harm, and include parents/caregivers in shared decision-making when options exist. Optimal management may also be influenced by pragmatic considerations, such as access to diagnostic investigations, observation units, tertiary care, and follow-up. Special considerations such as temperature measurement, risk for invasive herpes simplex infection, and post-immunization fever are also discussed.

对发热幼儿的评估和管理在实践中仍存在很大差异。虽然大多数表现良好的发热幼儿都患有病毒性疾病,但识别那些有侵入性细菌感染(尤其是菌血症和细菌性脑膜炎)风险的幼儿至关重要。本声明考虑了年龄≤90 天、直肠温度≥38.0°C 但其他表现良好的婴儿。建议采用最新的风险分级标准来指导管理,并结合降钙素原诊断测试。对于符合低风险标准的婴儿,管理决策应反映疾病的可能性,考虑风险和潜在危害之间的平衡,并在有选择的情况下让父母/监护人参与共同决策。最佳治疗方案还可能受到实际因素的影响,如能否获得诊断检查、观察室、三级护理和随访。此外,还讨论了体温测量、侵袭性单纯疱疹感染风险和免疫接种后发热等特殊考虑因素。
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引用次数: 0
Kindness really does help the medicine go down. 善良真的有助于药效的发挥。
IF 1.9 4区 医学 Q2 PEDIATRICS Pub Date : 2024-02-06 eCollection Date: 2024-02-01 DOI: 10.1093/pch/pxad091
Mitchell Zelman
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引用次数: 0
La prise en charge des nourrissons de 90 jours ou moins, fiévreux mais dans un bon état général. 治疗 90 天以内发烧但全身状况良好的婴儿。
IF 1.9 4区 医学 Q2 PEDIATRICS Pub Date : 2024-02-06 eCollection Date: 2024-02-01 DOI: 10.1093/pch/pxad084
Brett Burstein, Marie-Pier Lirette, Carolyn Beck, Laurel Chauvin-Kimoff, Kevin Chan

On constate des pratiques très variées en matière d'évaluation et de prise en charge des jeunes nourrissons fiévreux. Bien que la plupart des jeunes nourrissons fiévreux mais dans un bon état général soient atteints d'une maladie virale, il est essentiel de détecter ceux qui sont à risque de présenter des infections bactériennes invasives, notamment une bactériémie et une méningite bactérienne. Le présent document de principes porte sur les nourrissons de 90 jours ou moins dont la température rectale est de 38,0 °C ou plus, mais qui semblent être dans un bon état général. Il est conseillé d'appliquer les récents critères de stratification du risque pour orienter la prise en charge, ainsi que d'intégrer la procalcitonine à l'évaluation diagnostique. Les décisions sur la prise en charge des nourrissons qui satisfont aux critères de faible risque devraient refléter la probabilité d'une maladie, tenir compte de l'équilibre entre les risques et les préjudices potentiels et faire participer les parents ou les proches aux décisions lorsque diverses options sont possibles. La prise en charge optimale peut également dépendre de considérations pragmatiques, telles que l'accès à des examens diagnostiques, à des unités d'observation, à des soins tertiaires et à un suivi. Des éléments particuliers, tels que la mesure de la température, le risque d'infection invasive à Herpes simplex et la fièvre postvaccinale, sont également abordés.

在对发烧幼儿进行评估和管理方面存在着各种各样的做法。虽然大多数发烧但全身状况良好的幼婴都患有病毒性疾病,但仍有必要识别那些有侵入性细菌感染风险的婴儿,包括菌血症和细菌性脑膜炎。本立场声明重点关注直肠温度达到或超过 38.0°C,但一般状况良好的 90 天以内的婴儿。建议采用最新的风险分层标准来指导管理,并将降钙素原纳入诊断评估。对于符合低风险标准的婴儿,在决定如何处理时应反映其患病的可能性,考虑风险与潜在危害之间的平衡,并在有一系列选择的情况下让父母或亲属参与决策。最佳管理也可能取决于实际考虑因素,如能否获得诊断检测、观察室、三级护理和随访。此外,还讨论了体温测量、侵袭性单纯疱疹感染风险和疫苗接种后发热等具体问题。
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引用次数: 0
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Paediatrics & child health
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