Pub Date : 2018-11-23DOI: 10.15406/IJAWB.2018.03.00133
Ubi Godwin Michael
During the early days of commercial oil palm cultivation in Southern Nigeria, it was thought desirable to prune the leaves subtending female inflorescences to allow the bunches room to develop.1,2 This practice often led to as many as 15% of the green leaves being pruned. Doubts about the wisdom of this standard of pruning led to two experiments being laid out for this study. The results of these experiments Rutger3 showed that any pruning in excess of cutting the leaf subtending a ripe bunch led to a reduction in yield. The experiments did not have any treatment with less severe pruning. Bunting et al.,4 stated that the principle that pruning showed never removed more leaves in a year than are produced by the palm in a year. In another experiment, Ubi et al.,5 favored considerably less pruning and mentioned that although only dead and withered leaves should be pruned, harvesting made it necessary that the leaf subtending a bunch should be cut at the same time as the bunch.6,7 The authors also quoted Rutgers1 as stating that severe pruning led to an immediate increase in yield which was then followed by a serious decline from which the palms eventually recovered. In West Africa, pruning practices have been based on regular cleaning rounds aimed at removing only the dead and dying leaves8,9 Bunting et al.,4 presented the chemical analyses of 20 leaves (one year’s production). N – 38%; P – 6%; K – 8%. It can clearly be seen that the removal of large number of leaves from the field will bring a rapid drop in fertility of the soil. It was in consideration of these facts and the need to take a close study of pruning effect on palms of Southern Nigeria that this study was undertaken to examine the effect of some pruning experiments of oil palm in Southern Nigeria. Materials and methods
{"title":"Palm wine and fruit yield responses of oil palm (Elaeis guinensis) trees to pruning frequency and season in the rain forest ecology of southern Nigeria","authors":"Ubi Godwin Michael","doi":"10.15406/IJAWB.2018.03.00133","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/IJAWB.2018.03.00133","url":null,"abstract":"During the early days of commercial oil palm cultivation in Southern Nigeria, it was thought desirable to prune the leaves subtending female inflorescences to allow the bunches room to develop.1,2 This practice often led to as many as 15% of the green leaves being pruned. Doubts about the wisdom of this standard of pruning led to two experiments being laid out for this study. The results of these experiments Rutger3 showed that any pruning in excess of cutting the leaf subtending a ripe bunch led to a reduction in yield. The experiments did not have any treatment with less severe pruning. Bunting et al.,4 stated that the principle that pruning showed never removed more leaves in a year than are produced by the palm in a year. In another experiment, Ubi et al.,5 favored considerably less pruning and mentioned that although only dead and withered leaves should be pruned, harvesting made it necessary that the leaf subtending a bunch should be cut at the same time as the bunch.6,7 The authors also quoted Rutgers1 as stating that severe pruning led to an immediate increase in yield which was then followed by a serious decline from which the palms eventually recovered. In West Africa, pruning practices have been based on regular cleaning rounds aimed at removing only the dead and dying leaves8,9 Bunting et al.,4 presented the chemical analyses of 20 leaves (one year’s production). N – 38%; P – 6%; K – 8%. It can clearly be seen that the removal of large number of leaves from the field will bring a rapid drop in fertility of the soil. It was in consideration of these facts and the need to take a close study of pruning effect on palms of Southern Nigeria that this study was undertaken to examine the effect of some pruning experiments of oil palm in Southern Nigeria. Materials and methods","PeriodicalId":197316,"journal":{"name":"International International Journal of Avian & Wildlife Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134640994","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-16DOI: 10.15406/ijawb.2018.03.00131
H. Ockerman
The research showed that the animals found in these regions such as yak, sheep and goats play a critical role in allowing humans to exist in a harsh environment. The elevation of these regions is upwards of 4,350 m (14,270 ft.) which causes a lack of oxygen, cold temperatures ranging from –20°C (–4°F) to –40°C (–40°F), strong winds, meager rainfall and lack of vegetation. This report will focus on the domestic Changthangi (or Pashmina) breed which produces wool that is known for its firmness, warmth, durability, lightness, softness and ability to absorb dyes and moisture.
{"title":"Pashmina wool–a valuable commodity","authors":"H. Ockerman","doi":"10.15406/ijawb.2018.03.00131","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/ijawb.2018.03.00131","url":null,"abstract":"The research showed that the animals found in these regions such as yak, sheep and goats play a critical role in allowing humans to exist in a harsh environment. The elevation of these regions is upwards of 4,350 m (14,270 ft.) which causes a lack of oxygen, cold temperatures ranging from –20°C (–4°F) to –40°C (–40°F), strong winds, meager rainfall and lack of vegetation. This report will focus on the domestic Changthangi (or Pashmina) breed which produces wool that is known for its firmness, warmth, durability, lightness, softness and ability to absorb dyes and moisture.","PeriodicalId":197316,"journal":{"name":"International International Journal of Avian & Wildlife Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128450100","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-16DOI: 10.15406/IJAWB.2018.03.00130
B. Bais
India is the second largest producer of fish next to China and Indonesia ranks third in aquaculture production.1 In India, this sector constitutes about 5% of the global fish production and 3% of the global fish trade. In the world, capture fisheries and aquaculture supplied about 158 million tons of fish in 2012, of which about 136.2 million tons was utilized as food. World per capita food fish supply increased from an average of 9.9 kg (live weight equivalent) in the 1960s to 18.7 kg in 2011 and preliminary estimates for 2012 point to a further increase in fish consumption to 19.2 kg. The per capita availability of fish in India has increased from 3 kg to 9.1 In India, the major carps, Catla (Catla catla), Rohu (Labeo rohita) and Mrigal (Cirrhinus mrigala) are the mainstay of freshwater aquaculture. The major carps are the most preferred farm fishes because of their fast growth and higher acceptability to consumers.2 Indian major carps are the most cultivable fish species in India contributing about 87% of the total freshwater aquaculture production of the country.3
{"title":"Fish scenario in India with emphasis on Indian major carps","authors":"B. Bais","doi":"10.15406/IJAWB.2018.03.00130","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/IJAWB.2018.03.00130","url":null,"abstract":"India is the second largest producer of fish next to China and Indonesia ranks third in aquaculture production.1 In India, this sector constitutes about 5% of the global fish production and 3% of the global fish trade. In the world, capture fisheries and aquaculture supplied about 158 million tons of fish in 2012, of which about 136.2 million tons was utilized as food. World per capita food fish supply increased from an average of 9.9 kg (live weight equivalent) in the 1960s to 18.7 kg in 2011 and preliminary estimates for 2012 point to a further increase in fish consumption to 19.2 kg. The per capita availability of fish in India has increased from 3 kg to 9.1 In India, the major carps, Catla (Catla catla), Rohu (Labeo rohita) and Mrigal (Cirrhinus mrigala) are the mainstay of freshwater aquaculture. The major carps are the most preferred farm fishes because of their fast growth and higher acceptability to consumers.2 Indian major carps are the most cultivable fish species in India contributing about 87% of the total freshwater aquaculture production of the country.3","PeriodicalId":197316,"journal":{"name":"International International Journal of Avian & Wildlife Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133616247","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-10-09DOI: 10.15406/ijawb.2018.03.00123
A. Chwalibog
In 2007 the elephant population in Africa was estimated at between 470,000 and 690,000. However, this population is rapidly decreasing. Today, African elephants are highly endangered and are listed as ‘vulnerable’ on the International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List. In this review, we outline the major factors affecting the future survival of elephants. We identify elephant poaching in Central Africa as the primary cause of elephants’ decline, and this issue has duly received the majority of attention from conservationists and policy-makers. However, poaching is not the only factor: climate change, habitat loss, and human-elephant conflict also have an adverse impact, and all have received relatively little attention due to the predominant focus on poaching.
{"title":"The future survival of African elephants: implications for conservation","authors":"A. Chwalibog","doi":"10.15406/ijawb.2018.03.00123","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/ijawb.2018.03.00123","url":null,"abstract":"In 2007 the elephant population in Africa was estimated at between 470,000 and 690,000. However, this population is rapidly decreasing. Today, African elephants are highly endangered and are listed as ‘vulnerable’ on the International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List. In this review, we outline the major factors affecting the future survival of elephants. We identify elephant poaching in Central Africa as the primary cause of elephants’ decline, and this issue has duly received the majority of attention from conservationists and policy-makers. However, poaching is not the only factor: climate change, habitat loss, and human-elephant conflict also have an adverse impact, and all have received relatively little attention due to the predominant focus on poaching.","PeriodicalId":197316,"journal":{"name":"International International Journal of Avian & Wildlife Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114834765","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-09-12DOI: 10.15406/ijawb.2018.03.00117
I. G. Peiró
Drought is a widespread event chiefly given in areas and regions submitted to a high temperatures and small rainfall as for example wetlands immerse in arid and semiarid landscapes. Climate change is involving considerable territories and likely limits further expansions of water bodies.1,2 In these sectors, wetlands and other wet spaces depend properly of hydrological regimes which are submitted to strong cyclic seasonality. This cyclic seasonality, altered by climate change, is influencing directly the full biodiversity of the fauna and flora of wetlands.3 Fluctuations in flood degrees can provide restrictions of frameworks that run its communities as diversity, eveness, specific turnover, etc4,5 or can provide contractions in the breeding success of birds but no its complete block.6
{"title":"No effects of drought on the most abundant small Passerine birds in Wetlands of semiarid landscapes","authors":"I. G. Peiró","doi":"10.15406/ijawb.2018.03.00117","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/ijawb.2018.03.00117","url":null,"abstract":"Drought is a widespread event chiefly given in areas and regions submitted to a high temperatures and small rainfall as for example wetlands immerse in arid and semiarid landscapes. Climate change is involving considerable territories and likely limits further expansions of water bodies.1,2 In these sectors, wetlands and other wet spaces depend properly of hydrological regimes which are submitted to strong cyclic seasonality. This cyclic seasonality, altered by climate change, is influencing directly the full biodiversity of the fauna and flora of wetlands.3 Fluctuations in flood degrees can provide restrictions of frameworks that run its communities as diversity, eveness, specific turnover, etc4,5 or can provide contractions in the breeding success of birds but no its complete block.6","PeriodicalId":197316,"journal":{"name":"International International Journal of Avian & Wildlife Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131042399","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-08-22DOI: 10.15406/IJAWB.2018.03.00113
A. Badawi
In Egypt, there is a great developing gap between public annual demands and available amounts of animal protein. The daily available protein of animal origin is nearly 18.2g/cap/day. This amount is too far from 29.3g/cap/day which has been recommended by the FAO since 1989 as a minimum requirement of animal protein/cap/day for people in the developing countries. In this concern, a task mission was decided by the governmental authorities in charge to reach 24g/cap/ day by year 2017. The following table shows the annual production of animal protein in year 2007 and the forecast production on year 2017 (Table 1).
{"title":"The present situation of animal protein in Egypt and the role of camels in providing cheap and healthy meat for people in poor greenery lands","authors":"A. Badawi","doi":"10.15406/IJAWB.2018.03.00113","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/IJAWB.2018.03.00113","url":null,"abstract":"In Egypt, there is a great developing gap between public annual demands and available amounts of animal protein. The daily available protein of animal origin is nearly 18.2g/cap/day. This amount is too far from 29.3g/cap/day which has been recommended by the FAO since 1989 as a minimum requirement of animal protein/cap/day for people in the developing countries. In this concern, a task mission was decided by the governmental authorities in charge to reach 24g/cap/ day by year 2017. The following table shows the annual production of animal protein in year 2007 and the forecast production on year 2017 (Table 1).","PeriodicalId":197316,"journal":{"name":"International International Journal of Avian & Wildlife Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126585770","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-08-01DOI: 10.15406/IJAWB.2018.03.00109
D. Oehler, M. Marín, Alej, R. Kusch, D. Labruna, L. A. Weakley, W. Fry
The Southern Rockhopper Penguin, Eudyptes c. chrysocome, breeds on the Falkland/Malvina Islands, Isla Pingüino, and Ilsa de los Estados in the Atlantic Ocean and on Barnevelt, Terhalten, Buenaventura, Ildefonso, Noir and Deigo Ramirez islands around Cape Horn in the Pacific Ocean, South America.1‒3 The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) lists the Southern Rockhopper as Vulnerable on the Red List of Threatened Species.4 This South American population is estimated to consist of approximately 870,000 pairs of which the colonies on the outer island of Chile account for 46% of that total.5 Within this area, the 158,200 pairs on Isla Noir represent the largest concentration of Southern Rockhoppers along the Chilean coast.2,6 The IUCN notes declines in these population of 34% over the last thirty years that may be attributed to egg collection and other anthropogenic pressures have been recorded.7‒9 Hydrocarbon exploitation, interactions with fisheries, climate change, possible competition with increasing pinniped populations and newly developing aquaculture activities involving salmon are additional factors that may have or continue to place pressures on the Southern Rockhopper Penguin.4,10‒15 Mean survival rates in the Southern Rockhopper Penguins, in the Falkland Islands, were 84 to 96%.16
南跳岩企鹅(Eudyptes c. chrysocome)在大西洋的福克兰/马尔维纳群岛、平伊诺岛和伊尔萨·德·洛斯·埃斯塔多斯群岛以及太平洋合恩角周围的巴内维尔特岛、泰尔哈尔滕岛、布埃纳文图拉岛、伊尔德丰索岛、诺伊尔岛和代戈·拉米雷斯岛繁殖。南美洲1 - 3国际自然保护联盟(IUCN)将南方跳岩鸟列为濒危物种红色名录中的易危物种。4南美洲的跳岩鸟种群估计约有87万对，其中智利外岛的种群占总数的46%在这个区域内，黑岛上的158,200对企鹅代表了智利海岸南部跳岩企鹅的最大聚集地。世界自然保护联盟指出，在过去的30年里，这些物种的数量减少了34%，这可能是由于收集卵子和其他人为压力造成的。7-9碳氢化合物的开采、与渔业的相互作用、气候变化、与不断增加的鳍状种群的竞争以及新近发展的涉及鲑鱼的水产养殖活动都是可能对南跳岩企鹅造成或继续施加压力的其他因素。福克兰群岛南跳岩企鹅的平均存活率为84%至96%
{"title":"Foraging ranges in Southern Rockhopper Penguins (Eudyptes chrysocome chrysocome) on Isla Noir, Chile","authors":"D. Oehler, M. Marín, Alej, R. Kusch, D. Labruna, L. A. Weakley, W. Fry","doi":"10.15406/IJAWB.2018.03.00109","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/IJAWB.2018.03.00109","url":null,"abstract":"The Southern Rockhopper Penguin, Eudyptes c. chrysocome, breeds on the Falkland/Malvina Islands, Isla Pingüino, and Ilsa de los Estados in the Atlantic Ocean and on Barnevelt, Terhalten, Buenaventura, Ildefonso, Noir and Deigo Ramirez islands around Cape Horn in the Pacific Ocean, South America.1‒3 The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) lists the Southern Rockhopper as Vulnerable on the Red List of Threatened Species.4 This South American population is estimated to consist of approximately 870,000 pairs of which the colonies on the outer island of Chile account for 46% of that total.5 Within this area, the 158,200 pairs on Isla Noir represent the largest concentration of Southern Rockhoppers along the Chilean coast.2,6 The IUCN notes declines in these population of 34% over the last thirty years that may be attributed to egg collection and other anthropogenic pressures have been recorded.7‒9 Hydrocarbon exploitation, interactions with fisheries, climate change, possible competition with increasing pinniped populations and newly developing aquaculture activities involving salmon are additional factors that may have or continue to place pressures on the Southern Rockhopper Penguin.4,10‒15 Mean survival rates in the Southern Rockhopper Penguins, in the Falkland Islands, were 84 to 96%.16","PeriodicalId":197316,"journal":{"name":"International International Journal of Avian & Wildlife Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122948962","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-08-01DOI: 10.15406/ijawb.2018.03.00107
K. K Dhami
recorded. Despite its well-known and acknowledged significance in terms of biodiversity, Southeast Asia has observed the highest rate of deforestation on the planet in past decade. Almost 15% forest cover was lost in the last 15 years for a progressive increase in the size and populations of its cities. More than 50% of South East Asian urban areas got developed within highly diverse ecoregions that have adversely impacted the protected areas within hotspots of biodiversity. An assessment of urbanization and its impact on biodiversity levels clearly indicates that cities support far fewer species of birds and plants as compared to similar un-urbanized regions. International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources documents 91,520 species on the IUCN Red List, a list that identifies species that need targeted recovery efforts with special focus on the conservation. The list identifies more than 25,820 species are threatened with extinction globally that include 41% of amphibians, 34% of conifers, 33% of reef-building corals, 25% of mammals and 13% of birds, however, the trend reveals a worrying concentration of Critically Endangered species in southeast Asian hotspots. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species showed that Southeast Asia had by far the highest concentration of species on the edge of extinction of any region in the world as per the comprehensive Global Mammal Assessment, 2008. The region is considered as world’s most threatened region for mammals with some parts of the region to lose 98% of the remaining forests in next decade. Similarly, Southeast Asia that supports the highest mean proportion of endemic (national level) bird species, also has the highest mean proportion of threatened bird species of all tropical regions. Deforestation is the most likely major cause of avian losses in Southeast Asia though avifauna of Southeast Asia remains one of the least studied in the tropics.
{"title":"Beyond Urbanization","authors":"K. K Dhami","doi":"10.15406/ijawb.2018.03.00107","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/ijawb.2018.03.00107","url":null,"abstract":"recorded. Despite its well-known and acknowledged significance in terms of biodiversity, Southeast Asia has observed the highest rate of deforestation on the planet in past decade. Almost 15% forest cover was lost in the last 15 years for a progressive increase in the size and populations of its cities. More than 50% of South East Asian urban areas got developed within highly diverse ecoregions that have adversely impacted the protected areas within hotspots of biodiversity. An assessment of urbanization and its impact on biodiversity levels clearly indicates that cities support far fewer species of birds and plants as compared to similar un-urbanized regions. International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources documents 91,520 species on the IUCN Red List, a list that identifies species that need targeted recovery efforts with special focus on the conservation. The list identifies more than 25,820 species are threatened with extinction globally that include 41% of amphibians, 34% of conifers, 33% of reef-building corals, 25% of mammals and 13% of birds, however, the trend reveals a worrying concentration of Critically Endangered species in southeast Asian hotspots. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species showed that Southeast Asia had by far the highest concentration of species on the edge of extinction of any region in the world as per the comprehensive Global Mammal Assessment, 2008. The region is considered as world’s most threatened region for mammals with some parts of the region to lose 98% of the remaining forests in next decade. Similarly, Southeast Asia that supports the highest mean proportion of endemic (national level) bird species, also has the highest mean proportion of threatened bird species of all tropical regions. Deforestation is the most likely major cause of avian losses in Southeast Asia though avifauna of Southeast Asia remains one of the least studied in the tropics.","PeriodicalId":197316,"journal":{"name":"International International Journal of Avian & Wildlife Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132970968","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-07-31DOI: 10.15406/IJAWB.2018.03.00106
R. Mohapatra
Nandankanan Wildlife Sanctuary (NWS) is located between 20o23’08” to 20o24’10”N and 85o48’09” to 85o48’13” E, spreading over an area of 4.37 sq.km in the state of Odisha, Eastern India. The sanctuary enjoys a moderately hot humid climate around 30oC with annual average rainfall of 1350mm. The vegetation is of moist mixed deciduous type.1 There is scanty literature on birds of NWS. Kamal et al.,2 recorded 53 species of birds from “Kanjia” lake of NWS. A checklist of 120 species of birds of 41 families was reported by Panda et al.,3 Mohapatra et al. added one more species i.e., Stork billed kingfisher (Pelargopsis capensis) to the checklist.4 The present note intends to report addition of two new species to the above checklist. The sighted birds are Indian grey hornbill Ocyceros birostris (Scopoli, 1786) (Figure 1). Rufous woodpecker Micropternus brachyurus (Vieillot, 1818) (Figure 2). Both birds were sighted and photodocumented by the author during ad libitum field survey inside the sanctuary area. Both species were identified on site and confirmed.5,6 Indian Grey Hornbill is grey colored with white under parts, red iris & a tail with white tip and dark sub-terminal band. The bill is darkgrey to black surmounted with a casque extending upto the point of curvature in the bill. Rufous Woodpecker is a medium sized rufous colored bird with short black bill and black barring on the wing and tail. The bird lacks a crest. Male has crimson patch on ear covert which is pale buff in case of female.5,6
{"title":"Sighting of Indian grey hornbill and Rufous woodpecker at Nandankanan Wildlife Sanctuary, Odisha, India","authors":"R. Mohapatra","doi":"10.15406/IJAWB.2018.03.00106","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/IJAWB.2018.03.00106","url":null,"abstract":"Nandankanan Wildlife Sanctuary (NWS) is located between 20o23’08” to 20o24’10”N and 85o48’09” to 85o48’13” E, spreading over an area of 4.37 sq.km in the state of Odisha, Eastern India. The sanctuary enjoys a moderately hot humid climate around 30oC with annual average rainfall of 1350mm. The vegetation is of moist mixed deciduous type.1 There is scanty literature on birds of NWS. Kamal et al.,2 recorded 53 species of birds from “Kanjia” lake of NWS. A checklist of 120 species of birds of 41 families was reported by Panda et al.,3 Mohapatra et al. added one more species i.e., Stork billed kingfisher (Pelargopsis capensis) to the checklist.4 The present note intends to report addition of two new species to the above checklist. The sighted birds are Indian grey hornbill Ocyceros birostris (Scopoli, 1786) (Figure 1). Rufous woodpecker Micropternus brachyurus (Vieillot, 1818) (Figure 2). Both birds were sighted and photodocumented by the author during ad libitum field survey inside the sanctuary area. Both species were identified on site and confirmed.5,6 Indian Grey Hornbill is grey colored with white under parts, red iris & a tail with white tip and dark sub-terminal band. The bill is darkgrey to black surmounted with a casque extending upto the point of curvature in the bill. Rufous Woodpecker is a medium sized rufous colored bird with short black bill and black barring on the wing and tail. The bird lacks a crest. Male has crimson patch on ear covert which is pale buff in case of female.5,6","PeriodicalId":197316,"journal":{"name":"International International Journal of Avian & Wildlife Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131844843","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-07-31DOI: 10.15406/IJAWB.2018.03.00105
S. Tadesse
On the other hand, terrestrial ecosystems are ecosystems that are found only on landforms. They mainly support a community of organisms and their environment that occurs on the land masses of continents and islands. The base of the food web in the terrestrial ecosystems is occupied by green plants, which are the only organisms capable of utilizing the energy that comes from the sun and inorganic nutrients obtained from the soil to produce organic molecules.1 Even though the tropical rain forest ecosystem is biologically more diversified, the other terrestrial ecosystems, such as tundra (i.e. arctic), taiga (i.e. boreal forests), temperate deciduous forests, Mediterranean shrub-land, mountains, temperate grasslands, tropical savannah, and desert ecosystems are biologically less diversified than their equivalent marine ecosystems.1–5
{"title":"Why are marine ecosystems biologically more diversified than their equivalent terrestrial ecosystems?","authors":"S. Tadesse","doi":"10.15406/IJAWB.2018.03.00105","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/IJAWB.2018.03.00105","url":null,"abstract":"On the other hand, terrestrial ecosystems are ecosystems that are found only on landforms. They mainly support a community of organisms and their environment that occurs on the land masses of continents and islands. The base of the food web in the terrestrial ecosystems is occupied by green plants, which are the only organisms capable of utilizing the energy that comes from the sun and inorganic nutrients obtained from the soil to produce organic molecules.1 Even though the tropical rain forest ecosystem is biologically more diversified, the other terrestrial ecosystems, such as tundra (i.e. arctic), taiga (i.e. boreal forests), temperate deciduous forests, Mediterranean shrub-land, mountains, temperate grasslands, tropical savannah, and desert ecosystems are biologically less diversified than their equivalent marine ecosystems.1–5","PeriodicalId":197316,"journal":{"name":"International International Journal of Avian & Wildlife Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127220562","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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