With its strong growth in exports, China is becoming increasingly competitive to Canadian exports in third markets. This is specially a concern in Canada’s largest export market, the U.S., where China has quickly gained market share while Canada’s has decreased. This paper asks the question; is China competition to Canadian merchandise exports to the United States? Using a measurement of revealed comparative advantage shows that China is currently not competition to Canada, since China and Canada specialize in different sectors of exports to the U.S. market. On the other hand, constant market share analysis, which looks at the change in market share, indicates that China is rapidly gaining in sectors where Canada has enjoyed a large share of the U.S. market. Therefore, although China is not currently in direct competition with Canada in the U.S. market, its strong growth in many sectors where Canada has a revealed comparative advantage point to increased competition from China in the future.
{"title":"China-Canada Competition in the U.S. Market","authors":"David A. Boileau","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.2179951","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.2179951","url":null,"abstract":"With its strong growth in exports, China is becoming increasingly competitive to Canadian exports in third markets. This is specially a concern in Canada’s largest export market, the U.S., where China has quickly gained market share while Canada’s has decreased. This paper asks the question; is China competition to Canadian merchandise exports to the United States? Using a measurement of revealed comparative advantage shows that China is currently not competition to Canada, since China and Canada specialize in different sectors of exports to the U.S. market. On the other hand, constant market share analysis, which looks at the change in market share, indicates that China is rapidly gaining in sectors where Canada has enjoyed a large share of the U.S. market. Therefore, although China is not currently in direct competition with Canada in the U.S. market, its strong growth in many sectors where Canada has a revealed comparative advantage point to increased competition from China in the future.","PeriodicalId":197385,"journal":{"name":"PSN: Import/Export Strategies (Topic)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-06-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132361170","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.15242/icehm.ed0314512
K. Atoyan
In July 2011, the European Commission said it would open a consultation on the definition of SMEs in 2012. In Europe, there are three broad parameters which define SMEs: • micro-entities are companies with up to 10 employees • Small companies employ up to 50 workers • Medium-sized enterprises have up to 250 employees. The European definition of SME follows: "The category of micro, small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) is made up of enterprises which employ fewer than 250 persons and which have an annual turnover not exceeding 50 million euro, and/or an annual balance sheet total not exceeding 43 million Euro. EU member states have had individual definitions of what constitutes an SME. For example, the definition in Germany had a limit of 255 employees, while in Belgium it could have been 100. The result is that while a Belgian business of 249 employees would be taxed at full rate in Belgium, it would nevertheless be eligible for SME subsidy under a European-labelled programme.
{"title":"Role of Small and Medium Business in Stimulation of Export in Republic of Armenia","authors":"K. Atoyan","doi":"10.15242/icehm.ed0314512","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15242/icehm.ed0314512","url":null,"abstract":"In July 2011, the European Commission said it would open a consultation on the definition of SMEs in 2012. In Europe, there are three broad parameters which define SMEs: • micro-entities are companies with up to 10 employees • Small companies employ up to 50 workers • Medium-sized enterprises have up to 250 employees. The European definition of SME follows: \"The category of micro, small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) is made up of enterprises which employ fewer than 250 persons and which have an annual turnover not exceeding 50 million euro, and/or an annual balance sheet total not exceeding 43 million Euro. EU member states have had individual definitions of what constitutes an SME. For example, the definition in Germany had a limit of 255 employees, while in Belgium it could have been 100. The result is that while a Belgian business of 249 employees would be taxed at full rate in Belgium, it would nevertheless be eligible for SME subsidy under a European-labelled programme.","PeriodicalId":197385,"journal":{"name":"PSN: Import/Export Strategies (Topic)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124213439","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Central and Eastern European countries with the liberalisation process and the recent accession to the EU are, nowadays, well engaged in trade with partner countries and at the same time receive significant and increasing interest from foreign investors. Trade and Foreign Direct Investment can potentially enhance economic growth and development as widely evidenced in the literature; hence their relationship may be of particular interest for the region especially in the context of an enlarged EU. This paper addresses the imperative need to understand the relationship of FDI and trade as well as international investors' behaviour by developing a new theoretical approach and providing empirical evidence. We use the most expanded data span in the current literature, from the early stages of transition in 1992 to 2006 and an enriched dataset of countries, sectors and location factors. In regards to the inward FDI vs. imports relationship, results comply with our theoretical formulation and strongly indicate an overall complementarity with each other. In the case of FDI we find strong locational characteristics such as the large market size, the gradual improvement of the macro-environment and finally the quality of labour force to play a positive role.
{"title":"Complements or Substitutes? New Theoretical Considerations and Empirical Evidence on the Imports and FDI Relationship","authors":"Fragkiskos Filippaios, Constantina Kottaridi","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1121392","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1121392","url":null,"abstract":"Central and Eastern European countries with the liberalisation process and the recent accession to the EU are, nowadays, well engaged in trade with partner countries and at the same time receive significant and increasing interest from foreign investors. Trade and Foreign Direct Investment can potentially enhance economic growth and development as widely evidenced in the literature; hence their relationship may be of particular interest for the region especially in the context of an enlarged EU. This paper addresses the imperative need to understand the relationship of FDI and trade as well as international investors' behaviour by developing a new theoretical approach and providing empirical evidence. We use the most expanded data span in the current literature, from the early stages of transition in 1992 to 2006 and an enriched dataset of countries, sectors and location factors. In regards to the inward FDI vs. imports relationship, results comply with our theoretical formulation and strongly indicate an overall complementarity with each other. In the case of FDI we find strong locational characteristics such as the large market size, the gradual improvement of the macro-environment and finally the quality of labour force to play a positive role.","PeriodicalId":197385,"journal":{"name":"PSN: Import/Export Strategies (Topic)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114502994","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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