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7th International Symposium on High-capacity Optical Networks and Enabling Technologies最新文献

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Water salinity fiber sensor with selectable sensitivity using a liquid-fillable composite in-fiber Fabry-Perot cavity 采用液体填充复合纤维法布里-珀罗腔,具有可选灵敏度的水盐度光纤传感器
L. Nguyen, M. Vasiliev, K. Alameh
We propose and experimentally demonstrate a fiber-optic sensor for monitoring water salinity in desalination processes with selectable sensitivity. The proposed sensor structure is formed by drilling an air-gap near the cleaved end of a single-mode optical fiber using Focused Ion Beam (FIB) milling. Utilizing the cleaved fiber end as an additional reflective plane, the proposed structure can be simplified as a three-wave interferometer because there are three cavities formed by different pairs of reflective planes. The interference spectrum exhibits three groups of fringes with different sensitivities with respect to the variation of dissolved sodium chloride content in the liquid surrounding the sensor. Therefore, the proposed sensor can measure water salinity with selectable sensitivity depending on the wavelength windows used for spectral interrogation. The temperature effect on the sensor operation was also measured and discussed.
我们提出并实验演示了一种光纤传感器,用于监测海水淡化过程中具有可选择灵敏度的水盐度。所提出的传感器结构是通过使用聚焦离子束(FIB)铣削在单模光纤的劈裂端附近钻一个气隙形成的。利用劈裂光纤端作为附加反射平面,该结构可以简化为三波干涉仪,因为它由不同的反射平面对形成三个腔。干涉光谱显示出三组不同灵敏度的条纹,这与传感器周围液体中溶解的氯化钠含量的变化有关。因此,所提出的传感器可以根据用于光谱询问的波长窗口以可选择的灵敏度测量水的盐度。测量并讨论了温度对传感器工作的影响。
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引用次数: 14
On the effectiveness of using Genetic Algorithm for spectrum allocation in cognitive radio networks 遗传算法在认知无线电网络频谱分配中的有效性研究
Abdelbaset S. Hamza, Mona M. Elghoneimy
In this paper, an extensive study is performed to understand the effect of the various parameters used in Genetic Algorithms (GA) to solve the spectrum allocation problem in cognitive radio networks. Two utilization functions, namely, Mean-Reward, and Max-Proportional-Fair, are used to evaluate the performance of the GA under different parameters values. Extensive simulation shows that, the parameters of the GA can be fine-tuned to achieve up to 90% and 62% improvements in speed and error, respectively, as compared to the GA used in the literature.
在本文中,进行了广泛的研究,以了解在遗传算法(GA)中使用的各种参数的影响,以解决认知无线电网络中的频谱分配问题。利用Mean-Reward和Max-Proportional-Fair两个利用函数来评价遗传算法在不同参数值下的性能。大量的仿真表明,与文献中使用的遗传算法相比,遗传算法的参数可以微调,分别在速度和误差方面提高90%和62%。
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引用次数: 13
Analytical model of energy consumption in hierarchical wireless sensor networks 分层无线传感器网络能耗分析模型
M. Slavik, I. Mahgoub, A. Badi, M. Ilyas
Here we propose an analytical model of energy usage hierarchical wireless sensor network protocols such as LEACH [1]. LEACH has been used as a foundation for much of the wireless sensor network research, so results addressing the underlying nature of these systems build understanding of a wide range of existing protocols. First, we derive the probability density functions of the distance to the nearest cluster head, the distance to the nearest cluster head squared, and the expected number of nodes per cluster. These results are then applied to produce a model of the amount of average energy used per node for each data report. Using this model we give an analytic expression for the optimal cluster-head selection rate. The model is further improved to give an approximate adjustment for distortions in energy usage near the edges of the field. This final model is then compared to the simulation results presented in the original LEACH paper [1] and shown to be accurate. Sensor network protocol researchers can apply results presented here to improve performance of existing systems by making the cluster head selection rate adaptive to external factors.
在这里,我们提出了一个能量使用分层无线传感器网络协议的分析模型,如LEACH[1]。LEACH已被用作许多无线传感器网络研究的基础,因此解决这些系统的潜在性质的结果建立了对各种现有协议的理解。首先,我们推导了到最近簇头的距离、到最近簇头的距离的平方和每个簇的期望节点数的概率密度函数。然后将这些结果应用于生成每个数据报告的每个节点平均能源使用量的模型。利用该模型给出了最优簇头选择率的解析表达式。该模型得到进一步的改进,给出了一个近似的调整在能源使用的扭曲附近的领域的边缘。然后将最终模型与原始LEACH论文[1]中的模拟结果进行比较,并证明其是准确的。传感器网络协议研究人员可以应用本文的结果,通过使簇头选择率自适应外部因素来提高现有系统的性能。
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引用次数: 12
Power saving clusters for energy-efficient design of fiber-wireless access networks 面向光纤无线接入网节能设计的节电集群
B. Kantarci, M. Khair, H. Mouftah
Wireless and optical broadband access technologies are foreseen to converge by combining the high transmission capacity of the optical communications with the flexibility and the ubiquitous nature of the wireless communications in order to satisfy the growing end-user demand for bandwidth. This hybrid technology eliminates the cost of running fiber to the destination by allowing the fiber deployment until a certain point from where wireless base stations take over to provide service to the end-user. Despite handling the growing end-user demand, new telecommunication technologies are required to be energy efficient. Recently, there is an increasing interest to reduce the energy consumption of the Information and Communications Technology (ICT) sector and the ICT related CO2 emissions. In this paper, we propose an energy efficient design scheme for a fiber-wireless network consisting of a WDM-PON in the optical back-end and a 4G broadband access technology-enabled wireless front-end, e.g. Long-Term Evolution (LTE) or WIMAX. The proposed design scheme uses the average load profiles on the WDM-PON segments and attempts to form power saving clusters (PSCs) which are fiber rings interconnecting several hybrid (fiber-wireless) access networks. Each PSC enables one or more OLTs to sleep and distributes the backlogged traffic among the active segments in the ring. The proposed scheme aims to maximize the number of sleeping segments, and consequently maximize the power saving. Through simulations, we show that the proposed scheme leads to a power saving between 20% and 45% with a maximum of 3.5% increase in the fiber deployment cost by running the interconnection fibers to form PSCs.
通过将光通信的高传输容量与无线通信的灵活性和无处不在的特性相结合,以满足日益增长的终端用户对带宽的需求,预计无线和光宽带接入技术将融合在一起。这种混合技术通过允许光纤部署直到无线基站接管向最终用户提供服务的某一点,消除了将光纤运行到目的地的成本。尽管满足了日益增长的终端用户需求,但新的电信技术必须具有能源效率。最近,人们对减少信息和通信技术(ICT)部门的能源消耗以及与ICT相关的二氧化碳排放越来越感兴趣。在本文中,我们提出了一种节能的光纤无线网络设计方案,该网络由光后端WDM-PON和支持4G宽带接入技术的无线前端(例如长期演进(LTE)或WIMAX)组成。提出的设计方案利用WDM-PON段的平均负载分布,并尝试形成省电集群(PSCs),该集群是连接多个混合(光纤-无线)接入网的光纤环。每个PSC使一个或多个olt处于休眠状态,并将积压的流量分配给环内的活动网段。提出的方案旨在最大化睡眠段的数量,从而最大限度地节省电力。通过仿真,我们表明,通过运行互连光纤形成psc,所提出的方案可节省20%至45%的电力,最多可增加3.5%的光纤部署成本。
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引用次数: 16
Temperature optimization and characterization of MBE grown GaN thin film on c-plane sapphire Al2O3 (0001) with Ga metallic buffer layer 带Ga金属缓冲层的c面蓝宝石Al2O3(0001)表面MBE生长GaN薄膜的温度优化与表征
A. Mahmood, A. Shah, K. Abbas, Q. Raza, T. Mohammad, M. Khizar, M. Raja
Thin film GaN growth on c-plane sapphire (0001) substrate using two-step method by nitrogen plasma assisted MBE is reported. After growth optimization, a low temperature buffer layer was grown followed by the main GaN thin film. The Optical and structural properties of the film were investigated using XRD, Raman spectroscopy, Photospectrometry and in-Situ RHEED. The polycrystalline nature of the grown film containing both wurtzite as well as cubic structures was obtained through XRD. The observed diffused hallo rings in the RHEED pattern confirms polycrystalline structures of the film. Optical band-gap was calculated using spectrophotometry transmission curves. Whereas, the existence of h-GaN and c-GaN phase's were validated by employing high resolution Raman spectroscopy. These results shows that the LO and TO active vibration modes of GaN were due to wurtzite and cubic phases into p-region.
报道了氮等离子体辅助MBE在c平面蓝宝石(0001)衬底上生长薄膜GaN的两步法。生长优化后,生长出低温缓冲层,其次是主氮化镓薄膜。采用XRD、拉曼光谱、光谱学和原位RHEED对膜的光学和结构性能进行了研究。通过x射线衍射(XRD)分析了含有纤锌矿和立方结构的生长膜的多晶性质。在RHEED模式中观察到的扩散晕环证实了薄膜的多晶结构。利用分光光度法透射曲线计算光学带隙。而采用高分辨率拉曼光谱验证了h-GaN和c-GaN相的存在。这些结果表明氮化镓的LO和TO主动振动模式是由纤锌矿和立方相进入p区引起的。
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引用次数: 0
Transient thermal analysis of lnGaN/GaN laser diodes lnGaN/GaN激光二极管瞬态热分析
Nicholas Kudsieh, M. Khizar, Attaullah Shah, M. Raja
We have investigated the transient thermal behavior and heat distribution in a multi-quantum wells (MQWs) InGaN/GaN lasers diode for λ∼445 nm based on GaN substrate. 2D thermal modeling was performed to estimate the dissipation of heat from the active region. Different thermal designs for planner and solder ball bumps packages have been studied using Al2O3, ceramic-AlN and SiC as submount materials. Comparative study of the planner to that of the solder ball bumps using thermal interfacial materials of Au metallization, AuSn solder, diamond heat spreader and Al block as heat sink. We found that planner package design using SiC as submount can be a material of choice. Furthermore, LIV characteristics show as much as 2 fold enhancement in the output power of the optimized design when operated at elevated injected current ∼1000 mA.
我们研究了基于GaN衬底的λ ~ 445 nm多量子阱(MQWs) InGaN/GaN激光二极管的瞬态热行为和热分布。利用二维热模拟方法估算了活动性区域的散热量。采用Al2O3、陶瓷aln和SiC作为衬底材料,研究了规划器和焊料球凸包的不同热设计。采用Au金属化、AuSn焊料、金刚石导热片和Al块作为散热片的热界面材料,对该计划与焊料球凸点的计划进行了比较研究。我们发现,使用碳化硅作为下架的规划器封装设计可以是一种选择的材料。此外,LIV特性显示,当注入电流升高~ 1000 mA时,优化设计的输出功率提高了2倍。
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引用次数: 7
Design of high-sensitivity plasmonics-assisted GaAs metal-semiconductor-metal photodetectors 高灵敏度等离子体辅助砷化镓金属-半导体-金属光电探测器设计
A. Karar, N. Das, C. Tan, K. Alameh, Y. T. Lee
In this paper, we use the finite difference timedomain (FDTD) method to optimize the light absorption of an ultrafast plasmonic GaAs metal-semiconductor-metal photodetector (MSM-PD) employing metal nano-gratings. The MSM-PD is optimized geometrically, leading to improved light absorption near the designed wavelength of GaAs through plasmon-assisted electric and magnetic field concentration through a subwavelength aperture. Simulation results show up to 10-times light absorption enhancement at 867 nm due to surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) propagation through the metal nano-grating, in comparison to conventional MSM-PD.
本文采用时域有限差分(FDTD)方法优化了采用金属纳米光栅的超快等离子体砷化镓金属-半导体-金属光电探测器(MSM-PD)的光吸收。MSM-PD进行了几何优化,通过亚波长孔径的等离子体辅助电场和磁场浓度,提高了GaAs设计波长附近的光吸收。仿真结果表明,在867 nm处,由于表面等离子激元(SPPs)通过金属纳米光栅传播,与传统的MSM-PD相比,光吸收增强了10倍。
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引用次数: 8
Multi-wavelength laser scanning architecture for object discrimination 多波长激光扫描目标识别体系
K. Venkataraayan, S. Askraba, K. Alameh, C. Smith
A novel method for identifying and discriminating various objects using five different lasers is described. This method uses a laser combination module that allows five laser diodes of different wavelengths to sequentially emit identically polarized light beams through a common aperture, along one optical path. Each laser beam enters a custom-made curved optical cavity for multi-beam spot generation through internal partial beam reflection. The intensity of the reflected light beams from each spot is detected by a high-speed area scan image sensor. Object discrimination based on analyzing the Gaussian profile of reflected laser light at distinguishing wavelengths is demonstrated.
描述了一种利用五种不同的激光器对不同物体进行识别的新方法。这种方法使用一个激光组合模块,允许五个不同波长的激光二极管沿着一条光路,通过一个共同的孔径,依次发射出相同的偏振光束。每个激光束进入定制的弯曲光学腔,通过内部部分光束反射产生多光束光斑。每个点反射光束的强度由高速区域扫描图像传感器检测。通过分析激光反射光在不同波长处的高斯分布,给出了物体识别的方法。
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引用次数: 0
Enhanced Optical Transport Network standards 增强的光传输网络标准
G. Abbas, K. Kazi
The continued exponential growth of packet based network traffic has necessitated the upgrading of the networking infrastructure that operates at the data line rates of 40/100 Gbs. Multimedia services, such as high-definition video, online gaming, distance learning, social networking phenomenon and need to transfer large scale data across the globe are some of the drivers. Standards organizations such as ITU-T, IEEE, OIF, IETF have developed various standards and recommendations for 40/100 Gb/s data rates. This paper highlights the enhancements made to the ITU-T's G.709, Optical Transport Network (OTN) standard.
基于分组的网络流量持续呈指数级增长,因此有必要升级以40/100 gb数据线速率运行的网络基础设施。多媒体服务,如高清视频、在线游戏、远程学习、社交网络现象和需要在全球范围内传输大规模数据是一些驱动因素。ITU-T、IEEE、OIF、IETF等标准组织制定了40/ 100gb /s数据速率的各种标准和建议。本文重点介绍了对ITU-T G.709光传输网络(OTN)标准所做的改进。
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引用次数: 2
Tackling cloud security issues and forensics model 解决云安全问题和取证模型
Shaftab Ahmed, M. Yasin, Akhtar Raja
Cloud computing is getting increased attention of the information and communication technologies (ICT) industry recently. The cloud service providers foresee it as a source of promising financial gains, the clients find it a convenient solution where the enterprises may get started on their computing activities without investing on the in-house facilities of hardware and software. They can outsource the computing and archiving activities to the cloud service providers (CSP) though Internet. There are many dimensions of these activities and the researchers are trying to find acceptable solutions for the industry. In this paper, we have focused on the information security issues when migrating to a cloud environment. The confidence of end user can be won partially by the guarantees of service provider and use of cryptographic techniques. It is important that the Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) should be included in the models which support forensic study whenever required. It is equally important to address the issue of anti-forensic methods that the service providers may use to hide their malicious activities. Therefore the clients would like to have a better, in-depth knowledge of information management at service providers' end. For this purpose tools to probe into the cloud services are required. To elaborate on this issue we have chosen the data archiving and storage model used for medical service providers and hospitals. It is a classic test-case where Patients' history has to be maintained under the guidelines of HIPPA. The Amazon security model has been reviewed for this purpose both for archiving and disaster recovery. An acceptable security model over the cloud architecture is also proposed.
云计算最近越来越受到信息通信技术(ICT)行业的关注。云服务提供商将其视为有希望的财务收益的来源,客户发现它是一个方便的解决方案,企业可以在不投资硬件和软件的内部设施的情况下开始其计算活动。他们可以通过互联网将计算和存档活动外包给云服务提供商(CSP)。这些活动有很多方面,研究人员正试图为行业找到可接受的解决方案。在本文中,我们重点讨论了迁移到云环境时的信息安全问题。服务提供商的保证和加密技术的使用可以在一定程度上赢得终端用户的信任。重要的是,入侵检测系统(IDS)应该包括在模型中,以便在需要时支持法医研究。解决服务提供商可能用来隐藏其恶意活动的反取证方法问题同样重要。因此,客户希望在服务提供商端对信息管理有一个更好、更深入的了解。为此,需要探测云服务的工具。为了详细说明这个问题,我们选择了医疗服务提供商和医院使用的数据归档和存储模型。这是一个典型的测试案例,患者的病史必须在HIPPA的指导下保存。为了归档和灾难恢复的目的,我们审查了Amazon安全模型。提出了一种基于云架构的可接受的安全模型。
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引用次数: 38
期刊
7th International Symposium on High-capacity Optical Networks and Enabling Technologies
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