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Investigation of the precision regarding fiber fault location with a commercial Optical Time Domain Reflectometer 商用光时域反射仪光纤故障定位精度的研究
M. El-Sayed, Pierre John Ibrahim, F. Gunzer
Optical Time Domain Reflectometry (OTDR) is a standard technique used to investigate the quality of optical fiber installations. It basically measures power loss and reflectance properties of optical fibers. These quantities are significantly influenced if fiber faults (broken fiber, bends, but also connectors and splices) are present. Thus OTDR devices can be used to locate fiber faults. How precise they can do this has a large effect on the effort needed in order to remove faults. Thus we present in this paper data that has been obtained by using a commercial OTDR device to detect the before mentioned faults. This data will be analyzed regarding the characteristics of the OTDR response depending on the fault type, with special emphasis on the precision of the fault location's determination.
光时域反射法(OTDR)是一种用于调查光纤安装质量的标准技术。它主要测量光纤的功率损耗和反射率。如果存在光纤故障(光纤断裂、弯曲,但也包括连接器和接头),这些数量会受到显著影响。因此,可以使用OTDR设备来定位光纤故障。他们能多精确地做到这一点,对消除故障所需的努力有很大的影响。因此,我们在本文中提供了使用商用OTDR设备检测上述故障所获得的数据。这些数据将根据故障类型分析OTDR响应的特征,特别强调故障位置确定的精度。
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引用次数: 2
Design and implementation of parallel JiST to support distributed wireless network simulation 支持分布式无线网络仿真的并行JiST的设计与实现
M. Slavik, I. Mahgoub, A. Badi, M. Ilyas
JiST/SWANS is a wireless network simulator gaining increasing popularity for ad-hoc wireless, wireless sensor network, and vehicular network evaluations. Typical published results using this tool show node counts on the order of hundreds of nodes. However, realistic sensor and vehicular networks may contain many more nodes than that. One reason for this discrepancy is the computational cost of evaluation via simulation. Currently, cluster computers are becoming preferred over expensive multi-processor supercomputers for improving computational output. We present the design and implementation of a parallelization of JiST, the discrete event simulator core of JiST/SWANS. JiST uses unique dynamic byte-code rewriting to simplify the development of applications and has been shown to perform well running small- or medium-scale wireless network simulations on single processor systems. We propose an optimistic cluster-based architecture and apply it to JiST. Simulation entity memory is distributed evenly across all nodes in the cluster, resulting in linear memory growth. Details of the simulation engine including the complex event execution synchronization are hidden entirely from the application, easing development and debug time. Since JiST is the simulation backend of the SWANS wireless network simulator, this result is the first step in simulating large networks using SWANS in reasonable periods of time. Results presented show the performance of our parallelization of JiST is in line with the performance of other existing parallel discrete event simulators.
JiST/SWANS是一种无线网络模拟器,在自组织无线、无线传感器网络和车辆网络评估中越来越受欢迎。使用此工具发布的典型结果显示以数百个节点为数量级的节点计数。然而,现实的传感器和车辆网络可能包含更多的节点。产生这种差异的一个原因是通过模拟进行评估的计算成本。目前,在提高计算输出方面,集群计算机比昂贵的多处理器超级计算机更受青睐。提出了JiST/SWANS的离散事件模拟器核心JiST的并行化设计与实现。JiST使用独特的动态字节码重写来简化应用程序的开发,并且在单处理器系统上运行中小型无线网络模拟时表现良好。提出了一种基于乐观集群的体系结构,并将其应用于JiST。模拟实体内存均匀分布在集群中的所有节点上,导致内存线性增长。模拟引擎的细节,包括复杂的事件执行同步,对应用程序完全隐藏,从而简化了开发和调试时间。由于JiST是SWANS无线网络模拟器的模拟后端,因此该结果是在合理的时间段内使用SWANS模拟大型网络的第一步。结果表明,JiST的并行化性能与现有的并行离散事件模拟器的性能相当。
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引用次数: 1
Directional antenna with busy tone for capacity boosting and energy savings in wireless ad-hoc networks 用于无线自组织网络容量提升和节能的忙音定向天线
Ehab A. Omar, K. Elsayed
Directional antennas are well known for being capable of performance improvement in wireless ad-hoc networks. In the IEEE 802.11 MAC protocol when two nodes are communicating with each other, all other nodes in the transmission zone are required to remain idle. With the use of directional antennas, it is possible to have two pairs of nodes located in each other's transmission range to communicate simultaneously; this increases the spatial reuse of the wireless channel. However, directional antennas suffer from deafness and hidden terminal problems and therefore new mechanisms are required for exploitation of the directional antennas in an intelligent manner. In this paper we present a scheme based on switched beam directional antenna with busy tone for controlling the directional antenna beams for maximum spatial reuse and saving in energy consumption. The purpose of the busy tone signal is to inform nodes in the transmission zone about the current transmission which helps solving hidden terminal and deafness problems. We present performance evaluation results which confirm the significant improvement in both throughput and energy consumption. We also study the effect of the number of beams on the throughput and energy consumption.
定向天线在无线自组织网络中的性能改进是众所周知的。在IEEE 802.11 MAC协议中,当两个节点之间进行通信时,要求传输区域内的其他节点保持空闲状态。使用定向天线,可以使两对位于彼此传输范围内的节点同时通信;这增加了无线信道的空间重用。然而,定向天线存在失聪和终端隐藏的问题,因此需要新的机制来实现定向天线的智能化开发。本文提出了一种基于忙音开关波束定向天线的定向天线波束控制方案,以达到最大的空间复用和节约能耗的目的。忙音信号的目的是通知传输区的节点当前的传输情况,有助于解决终端隐藏和耳聋问题。我们提出的性能评估结果证实了在吞吐量和能耗方面的显著改进。我们还研究了光束数对吞吐量和能耗的影响。
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引用次数: 10
A chip-level OOK OCDMA receiver using an acoustooptic deflector 使用声光偏转器的芯片级OOK OCDMA接收器
A. Helaly
An on-off keying (OOK) optical code division multiple access (OCDMA) chip-level receiver that uses acoustooptic deflector (AOD) is presented. This receiver saves the hardware complexity encountered in conventional chip-level receivers, especially for large number of time chips. In OOK OCDMA, larger number of chips is required in order to improve the error performance or increase the number of users. The presented receiver may require no chip synchronization but symbol or frame synchronization is required. The proposed receiver can be used in tunable optical codes with minimum change in the hardware. However, this receiver has more multiple access interference (MAI) which can be reduced using optical pulse shaping or increasing the spatial separation between focused beams in the AOD. Commercially available AODs can decode OOK OCDMA signals with number of chips Yl as large as one thousand or more. The geometry, design, and operation of an AO OOK OCDMA receiver are introduced, error performance is discussed, and interference analysis is presented.
提出了一种基于声光偏转器(AOD)的开关键控光码分多址(OCDMA)芯片级接收机。这种接收机节省了传统的芯片级接收机所遇到的硬件复杂性,特别是对于大量的时间芯片。在OOK OCDMA中,为了提高误码性能或增加用户数量,需要使用更多的芯片。本发明的接收器可能不需要芯片同步,但需要符号或帧同步。所提出的接收器可以用于可调谐光码,而硬件的变化最小。然而,这种接收机有更多的多址干扰(MAI),可以通过光脉冲整形或增加AOD中聚焦光束之间的空间间隔来减少。商用aod可以解码OOK OCDMA信号,芯片数量可达1000个或更多。介绍了一种aoook OCDMA接收机的几何结构、设计和工作原理,讨论了其误差性能,并进行了干扰分析。
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引用次数: 1
Efficient placement of light splitters in heterogeneous optical networks 异构光网络中分光器的有效放置
S. Jawhar, Bernard A. Cousin, S. Lahoud
When multicasting in optical networks is implemented within the switching control plane, it combines the efficiency of multicast trees along with the high speed and low delay of optical communications. Multicast nodes must be equipped with light splitters. Light splitters are expensive equipment. Therefore, a limited number of optical nodes will have this splitting capability. A good placement of optical splitters can increase the efficiency of the multicast signaling and routing techniques on the one hand, and reduce the number of splitters on the other hand. This leads to faster multicast trees setting up, lower data transmission delays, and less traffic on the network links; thus saving of optical links capacity for other multicast and unicast transmissions. In order to achieve efficient multicasting in optical network, we propose to take into account network characteristics i.e. link capacity and node degree when placing the optical splitters. The benefits of the smart placement of light splitters will be clearly shown in heterogeneous optical networks, where multicast traffic is not uniformly distributed over the network, and optical links connecting different nodes in the network have different characteristics.
在交换控制平面内实现光网络中的组播,既具有组播树的高效性,又具有光通信的高速率、低时延。多播节点必须配备光分离器。分光器是昂贵的设备。因此,有限数量的光节点将具有这种分裂能力。光分路器的合理配置一方面可以提高组播信令和路由技术的效率,另一方面可以减少分路器的数量。这样可以更快地建立组播树,降低数据传输延迟,减少网络链路上的流量;从而节省了其他组播和单播传输的光链路容量。为了在光网络中实现高效的组播,我们建议在放置光分路器时考虑链路容量和节点度等网络特性。在异构光网络中,多播流量不是均匀分布在网络上,并且连接网络中不同节点的光链路具有不同的特性,因此智能放置分光器的好处将被清楚地显示出来。
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引用次数: 8
A survey on security enhanced multicast routing protocols in Mobile Ad hoc Networks 移动自组网中安全增强组播路由协议的研究
Ahmed. M. Abdel Mo'men, H. Hamza, I. Saroit
A Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANET) is a collection of autonomous nodes that communicate with each other by forming a multi-hop radio network. Routing protocols in MANETs define how routes between source and destination nodes are established and maintained. Multicast routing provides a bandwidth-efficient means for supporting group-oriented applications. The increasing demand for such applications coupled with the inherit characteristics of MANETs (e.g., lack of infrastructure and node mobility) have made secure multicast routing crucial yet challenging issue. Recently, several multicast routing protocols have been proposed in MANETs. This paper presents a comprehensive survey on multicast routing protocols along with their security techniques and the types of attacks they can confront. A comparison for the capability of the various secured multicast routing protocols against the identified attacks is also presented.
移动自组织网络(MANET)是一个自治节点的集合,这些节点通过形成多跳无线网络相互通信。manet中的路由协议定义了源节点和目的节点之间的路由如何建立和维护。多播路由为支持面向组的应用程序提供了一种带宽效率高的方法。对此类应用的需求不断增加,加上manet的固有特征(例如,缺乏基础设施和节点移动性),使得安全多播路由成为一个至关重要但具有挑战性的问题。近年来,在manet中提出了几种组播路由协议。本文对组播路由协议及其安全技术和可能面临的攻击类型进行了全面的综述。比较了各种安全组播路由协议对已识别攻击的防御能力。
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引用次数: 27
Performance analysis of parallel combinatory hybrid pulse interval modulation optical code division multiple access systems 并行组合混合脉冲间隔调制光码分多址系统性能分析
K. Kamakura
A parallel combinatory (PC)-hybrid pulse interval modulation-optical code division multiple access (hPIM-OCDMA) system is proposed. In the PC-hPIM-OCDMA system, a user chooses ε among K code sequences assigned to the user and sends ε2b-ary PIM symbols for a given frame, where b is the number of bits per PIM symbol. The PC-hPIM-OCDMA system can offer higher bit rate than hPIM-OCDMA systems, and then it can reduce the effect of MAI, without reducing the bit rate. The bit error rate (BER) of PC-hPIM-OCDMA is derived, by considering that the dominant interference is MAI, which is caused by cross-correlation of strict optical orthogonal codes (SOOCs). Numerical results show that the PC-hPIM-OCDMA system can offer lower BER and accommodate more users than hPIM-OCDMA systems.
提出了一种并行组合(PC)-混合脉冲间隔调制-光码分多址(hpm - ocdma)系统。在PC-hPIM-OCDMA系统中,用户从分配给用户的K个码序列中选择ε,并在给定的帧中发送ε2b字节的PIM符号,其中b为每个PIM符号的位数。PC-hPIM-OCDMA系统可以提供比hPIM-OCDMA系统更高的比特率,从而在不降低比特率的情况下降低MAI的影响。考虑严格光正交码(socs)互关引起的主导干扰为MAI,推导了PC-hPIM-OCDMA的误码率(BER)。数值结果表明,PC-hPIM-OCDMA系统比hPIM-OCDMA系统具有更低的误码率和更大的用户容量。
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引用次数: 0
Development of E-village in Pakistan 巴基斯坦电子村庄的发展
A. Hussain, Salahuddin Qazi
The correlation between information and communication technology (ICT), and economic growth is well-known and its use for development is already an established goal by UN in the developing countries. Its use in Pakistani villages where approximately 70 % of the population presents many challenges such as lack of connectivity, education and electricity. The planners should not only provide high speed networks but ensure that it can provide the services for the betterment of people living in Pakistani villages. It should also deliver and educate people in the villages by way of web based education and distance learning. The purpose of this paper is to review the efforts made by Pakistan Social Association (PSA) in establishing an E-village in Pakistan by discussing its concept, mission, objective and implementation strategy. The paper also discusses the initial results of their efforts in establishing the first E-village at Mera Bagwal and details of future work.
信息和通信技术(ICT)与经济增长之间的相关性是众所周知的,利用信息和通信技术促进发展已成为联合国在发展中国家的既定目标。它在巴基斯坦村庄的使用面临着许多挑战,如缺乏连接、教育和电力,那里大约有70%的人口。规划者不仅应该提供高速网络,而且应该确保它能够为生活在巴基斯坦农村的人们提供更好的服务。它还应该通过网络教育和远程教育的方式向农村人民提供教育。本文的目的是回顾巴基斯坦社会协会(PSA)在巴基斯坦建立电子村的努力,探讨其概念、使命、目标和实施策略。本文还讨论了他们在Mera Bagwal建立第一个电子村的初步成果和未来工作的细节。
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引用次数: 2
LED spectrum slicing for ZCC SAC-OCDMA coding system 用于ZCC sacocdma编码系统的LED频谱切片
M. Anuar, S. Aljunid, A. R. Arief, N. Saad
In this paper we propose a Zero Cross-correlation (ZCC) code in Optical Code Division Multiple Access (OCDMA) CDMA system based on amplitude spectral encoding of low-cost broadband sources such as Light Emitting Diode (LED). We also study how the sliced spectrum of LED can be used as a cost-effective light source in ZCC code. Our system requires only standard optical elements and simple direct-detection receivers. We show that for number of weight = 4, up to 100 users can transmit asynchronously with an average bit error rate equal to 10−9. This ZCC code also demonstrates that BER of 10−9 can be achieved within the minimum received power of −25.5 dBm.
本文提出了一种基于低成本宽带光源如发光二极管(LED)的幅度谱编码的光码分多址(OCDMA) CDMA系统中的零互相关码(ZCC)。我们还研究了如何将LED的切片光谱用作ZCC代码中具有成本效益的光源。我们的系统只需要标准的光学元件和简单的直接检测接收器。我们表明,当权重数= 4时,最多可以有100个用户进行异步传输,平均误码率为10−9。该ZCC代码还表明,在最小接收功率为- 25.5 dBm的情况下,可以实现10−9的误码率。
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引用次数: 18
Tunable semiconductor heterostructure slow light optical buffers 可调谐半导体异质结构慢光缓冲器
H. Kaatuzian, H. S. Kojori, Mohammad Danaie
This paper presents a novel method to tune the optical buffers center frequency, bandwidth and slow down factor. In this way, we consider the diamagnetic shift of exciton energy levels in quantum wells. Analysis and simulation of a basic GaAs/AlGaAs quantum wells optical buffer verifies the ability of this new method to control the frequency and time domain properties of an optical slow light device. Simulation shows that magnetic field intensity could increase the limited gigahertz bandwidth of this device up to 1 THz. These achievements are useful in optical nonlinearity enhancement and all-optical signal processing applications.
提出了一种调整光缓冲器中心频率、带宽和慢化系数的新方法。这样,我们考虑了量子阱中激子能级的反磁位移。通过对基本GaAs/AlGaAs量子阱光缓冲器的仿真分析,验证了该方法控制光慢光器件频域和时域特性的能力。仿真结果表明,磁场强度可以将该器件有限的千兆赫带宽提高到1太赫兹。这些成果对光学非线性增强和全光信号处理应用具有重要意义。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
7th International Symposium on High-capacity Optical Networks and Enabling Technologies
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