H. Gehlen, K. Inerle, S. Ulrich, B. Lehmann, R. Straubinger
{"title":"Anaplasmosis in the horse – a review of the literature focusing on the diagnosis, therapy, and prevention","authors":"H. Gehlen, K. Inerle, S. Ulrich, B. Lehmann, R. Straubinger","doi":"10.21836/PEM20210104","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21836/PEM20210104","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19771,"journal":{"name":"Pferdeheilkunde Equine Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74915626","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Bronchopneumonia in horse-breeding plays a major role in the first few months of life in foals. The disease occurs worldwide and as prevention is difficult, early diagnosis and adequate monitoring are important in order to reduce losses. The actual study is expected to determine clinical parameters that indicate a worsening of pneumonia early in order to facilitate the monitoring of sick foals and to analyse the relationship between age at diagnosis, severity of the disease and prognosis. The prospective clinical study was designed four groups of foals with pulmonary lesions of different severity. The foals were monitored for two weeks after diagnosis. A subclinical or clinical pneumonia was diagnosed in 465 foals by means of ultrasonographic examination of the lung. Foals with findings in the ultrasonographic examination were tested at random for bacterial pathogens by microbiological culture. Tracheobronchial aspirates were sampled via endoscope. Clinical examination (rectal temperature, auscultation of trachea and lungs) and ultrasonographic examination of the lung were performed weekly for the two weeks following the day of diagnosis. A total of 135 foals had small pulmonary lesions and received no antibiotic treatment, 221 foals had a mild and were treated with sulfadiazine-trimethoprim, 92 foals had a moderate, they were treated with rifampin and tulathromycin and 66 foals a severe pneumonia, which were treated with rifampin and azithromycin. Of all 53 foals sampled for airway pathogens, in 14 foals Rhodococcus equi was isolated and in 40 foals Streptococcus equi zooepidemicus was identified. All recovered fully within a maximum of 9.5 weeks of treatment; 47 foals with mild to severe pneumonia needed a change of treatment, because the first choice of antibiotics failed to cure the foals. Fever was observed in 23 % of the foals with small pulmonary lesions, which is significantly less (p < 0.0001) than in the 60 % of foals with severe pneumonia. Auscultation findings in the lung and trachea were more frequent with the increasing severity of the pneumonia, but significantly different only between groups 1 and 4 (p < 0.018). The average age at diagnosis in all groups was 102 days, but foals which needed a change of treatment were significantly younger (80 days; p < 0.0001). Regarding the three signs studied, fever is the best indicator of a more severe progression of disease and worsening of the pneumonia that leads to a change of treatment. The age of foals at diagnosis showed no difference regarding the severity of ultrasonographic findings, but foals that needed a change of antibiotics were significantly younger than the others. Therefore, young foals with pneumonia need to be monitored closely, even if the age at diagnosis did not correlate with the severity of the pneumonia.
{"title":"Do the clinical findings correlate with the severity of the pneumonia in foals?","authors":"J. Fels, K. Rohn, M. Venner","doi":"10.21836/PEM20210206","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21836/PEM20210206","url":null,"abstract":"Bronchopneumonia in horse-breeding plays a major role in the first few months of life in foals. The disease occurs worldwide and as prevention is difficult, early diagnosis and adequate monitoring are important in order to reduce losses. The actual study is expected to determine clinical parameters that indicate a worsening of pneumonia early in order to facilitate the monitoring of sick foals and to analyse the relationship between age at diagnosis, severity of the disease and prognosis. The prospective clinical study was designed four groups of foals with pulmonary lesions of different severity. The foals were monitored for two weeks after diagnosis. A subclinical or clinical pneumonia was diagnosed in 465 foals by means of ultrasonographic examination of the lung. Foals with findings in the ultrasonographic examination were tested at random for bacterial pathogens by microbiological culture. Tracheobronchial aspirates were sampled via endoscope. Clinical examination (rectal temperature, auscultation of trachea and lungs) and ultrasonographic examination of the lung were performed weekly for the two weeks following the day of diagnosis. A total of 135 foals had small pulmonary lesions and received no antibiotic treatment, 221 foals had a mild and were treated with sulfadiazine-trimethoprim, 92 foals had a moderate, they were treated with rifampin and tulathromycin and 66 foals a severe pneumonia, which were treated with rifampin and azithromycin. Of all 53 foals sampled for airway pathogens, in 14 foals Rhodococcus equi was isolated and in 40 foals Streptococcus equi zooepidemicus was identified. All recovered fully within a maximum of 9.5 weeks of treatment; 47 foals with mild to severe pneumonia needed a change of treatment, because the first choice of antibiotics failed to cure the foals. Fever was observed in 23 % of the foals with small pulmonary lesions, which is significantly less (p < 0.0001) than in the 60 % of foals with severe pneumonia. Auscultation findings in the lung and trachea were more frequent with the increasing severity of the pneumonia, but significantly different only between groups 1 and 4 (p < 0.018). The average age at diagnosis in all groups was 102 days, but foals which needed a change of treatment were significantly younger (80 days; p < 0.0001). Regarding the three signs studied, fever is the best indicator of a more severe progression of disease and worsening of the pneumonia that leads to a change of treatment. The age of foals at diagnosis showed no difference regarding the severity of ultrasonographic findings, but foals that needed a change of antibiotics were significantly younger than the others. Therefore, young foals with pneumonia need to be monitored closely, even if the age at diagnosis did not correlate with the severity of the pneumonia.","PeriodicalId":19771,"journal":{"name":"Pferdeheilkunde Equine Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75232171","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R. Houben, H. J. C. M. Vernooij, M. M. Sloet van Oldruitenborgh-Oosterbaan
{"title":"Effect of recording length and posture on the reliability of heart rate variability in horses","authors":"R. Houben, H. J. C. M. Vernooij, M. M. Sloet van Oldruitenborgh-Oosterbaan","doi":"10.21836/pem20210603","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21836/pem20210603","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19771,"journal":{"name":"Pferdeheilkunde Equine Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83353310","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Examination of equine healthy eyes for intraocular leptospiral infection","authors":"S. Gesell-May, S. Brem, B. Wollanke, H. Gerhards","doi":"10.21836/PEM20210302","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21836/PEM20210302","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19771,"journal":{"name":"Pferdeheilkunde Equine Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88409309","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
B. L. Zielinski, C. E. Camargo, G. P. A. Filho, R. D. Ollhoff, D. P. Cardozo, M. R. D. S. Ferreira, N. Cardoso, J. A. D. Junior, L. Kozicki
Summary: The study aimed to evaluate two hormonal protocols for oestrus and ovulation synchronisation for timed artificial insemination (TAI) and their effect on the embryo recovery rate (ERR) in horses. Eleven crossbreed mares were allocated in three groups, taking 3 different oestrus cycles per mare, during two breeding seasons, totalling 17 cycles followed per group, with 11 cycles in the first season and 6 cycles in the second season. Conventional follicular follow-up in the control group (CG; n = 17) was performed by transrectal palpation and ultrasound (US) examination; the ovulation was induced with 500 μg histrelin (intramuscularly: IM) when the diameter of the follicles was ≥ 35 mm, the uterine oedema was grade 3 and cervical opening had begun. Artificial insemination with fresh semen (250 × 10 6 sperm cells) was performed 24 h after ovulation inductor administration, and embryos were collected eight days after ovulation (D8). The experimental groups had a pro-gesterone-releasing intravaginal device (PRID) inserted for 9 (PRID9) or 11 days only between the CG and PRID11 (P < 0.05). It was concluded that the hormonal protocol using PRID for nine days combined with histrelin administration four days after the PRID’s removal showed promising results related to the ERR in mares, while reducing conventional follicular monitoring, the number of gynaecological examinations, animal management and visits to the properties. Because no statistical difference was detected between the PRID9 protocol and the CG, it could be used in large equine herds, reducing animal management and the number of visits by professionals. Effects such as early ovulations, the small size of preovulatory follicles at TAI, the interval between P4 removal and ovulation induction, and low ERR in treatment groups might be improved in future studies, aiming at the possibility using the method for commercial purposes under the acceptance of TAI protocols by veterinarians and breeders. Further studies about TAI in horses are recommended.
{"title":"Two hormonal protocols for timed artificial insemination in mares under different residence times of the progesterone intravaginal device","authors":"B. L. Zielinski, C. E. Camargo, G. P. A. Filho, R. D. Ollhoff, D. P. Cardozo, M. R. D. S. Ferreira, N. Cardoso, J. A. D. Junior, L. Kozicki","doi":"10.21836/PEM20210205","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21836/PEM20210205","url":null,"abstract":"Summary: The study aimed to evaluate two hormonal protocols for oestrus and ovulation synchronisation for timed artificial insemination (TAI) and their effect on the embryo recovery rate (ERR) in horses. Eleven crossbreed mares were allocated in three groups, taking 3 different oestrus cycles per mare, during two breeding seasons, totalling 17 cycles followed per group, with 11 cycles in the first season and 6 cycles in the second season. Conventional follicular follow-up in the control group (CG; n = 17) was performed by transrectal palpation and ultrasound (US) examination; the ovulation was induced with 500 μg histrelin (intramuscularly: IM) when the diameter of the follicles was ≥ 35 mm, the uterine oedema was grade 3 and cervical opening had begun. Artificial insemination with fresh semen (250 × 10 6 sperm cells) was performed 24 h after ovulation inductor administration, and embryos were collected eight days after ovulation (D8). The experimental groups had a pro-gesterone-releasing intravaginal device (PRID) inserted for 9 (PRID9) or 11 days only between the CG and PRID11 (P < 0.05). It was concluded that the hormonal protocol using PRID for nine days combined with histrelin administration four days after the PRID’s removal showed promising results related to the ERR in mares, while reducing conventional follicular monitoring, the number of gynaecological examinations, animal management and visits to the properties. Because no statistical difference was detected between the PRID9 protocol and the CG, it could be used in large equine herds, reducing animal management and the number of visits by professionals. Effects such as early ovulations, the small size of preovulatory follicles at TAI, the interval between P4 removal and ovulation induction, and low ERR in treatment groups might be improved in future studies, aiming at the possibility using the method for commercial purposes under the acceptance of TAI protocols by veterinarians and breeders. Further studies about TAI in horses are recommended.","PeriodicalId":19771,"journal":{"name":"Pferdeheilkunde Equine Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89056620","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Effects of the multi-compound complex in Immunal® U on horses with chronic and recurrent urticaria – a prospective observational study of 8 cases","authors":"B. Schwarz, G. Alber","doi":"10.21836/pem20210506","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21836/pem20210506","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19771,"journal":{"name":"Pferdeheilkunde Equine Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89191919","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. Ezer, G. Stumpf, W. Stertmann, M. Schneider, N. Lamberti, U. Hetzel, L. Litzke
{"title":"Traumatic arterio-venous fistula of the large cervical blood vessels in a horse","authors":"J. Ezer, G. Stumpf, W. Stertmann, M. Schneider, N. Lamberti, U. Hetzel, L. Litzke","doi":"10.21836/PEM20210103","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21836/PEM20210103","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19771,"journal":{"name":"Pferdeheilkunde Equine Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90527610","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. Schade, A. F. de Souza, L. Costa Vincensi, T. R. Müller, J. H. Fonteque
{"title":"Clinical and ultrasonographic findings of the digital flexor tendons and ligaments of the metacarpal/metatarsal region in gaited horses","authors":"J. Schade, A. F. de Souza, L. Costa Vincensi, T. R. Müller, J. H. Fonteque","doi":"10.21836/pem20210605","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21836/pem20210605","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19771,"journal":{"name":"Pferdeheilkunde Equine Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73316916","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. F. Souza, R. Mendes, J. Schade, R. Laus, M. A. Moreira, T. R. Muller, J. H. Fonteque
Summary: The Campeiro horses descend from animals brought into southern Brazil by Spaniards between the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. They have shown adaptations to local climatic conditions, types of feeding, management, and selection models to which they have been exposed over the years. This study aims to investigate the characteristics of hooves of the Campeiro horse by means of morphometry and measurement of the contents of some minerals and propose an approach to assess the balance of the palmar/plantar region of the hooves. Hoof morphometry data from the fore and hind hooves of 50 horses were recorded. The mediolateral balance of hooves was assessed by the symmetry of heels, assessing their vertical, linear, and angular metrics. Contents of Ca, Mg, Cu, Fe, and Zn were measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometry, while K and Na levels were measured by atomic emission in sole, wall and frog. Forelimbs showed longer and wider hooves and longer frog. Toe angle was higher in hindlimbs, while the ratio body mass/hoof-ground contact area was similar between the limbs. High frequency of frog contraction (40.4 %), angular imbalance of heels (differences greater than five degrees between lateral and medial heels) (30.3 %) and underrun heels (82.7 %) was observed. Regardless of pigmentation, hoof contents of Cu, Fe, and Zn were higher in the wall, while K, Ca, and Mg levels were greater in the frog. Pigmented hooves (dark) had higher levels of Fe in the wall and sole and higher levels of K in the sole and frog compared to the non-pigmented hooves (light). We can infer that indirect measures of hoof height and palmar/plantar region were adequate. Furthermore, differences in the content of some minerals between dark and light hooves did not reflect on differences in quality.
{"title":"Podometry and mineral content in hooves of Campeiro horses","authors":"A. F. Souza, R. Mendes, J. Schade, R. Laus, M. A. Moreira, T. R. Muller, J. H. Fonteque","doi":"10.21836/PEM20210108","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21836/PEM20210108","url":null,"abstract":"Summary: The Campeiro horses descend from animals brought into southern Brazil by Spaniards between the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. They have shown adaptations to local climatic conditions, types of feeding, management, and selection models to which they have been exposed over the years. This study aims to investigate the characteristics of hooves of the Campeiro horse by means of morphometry and measurement of the contents of some minerals and propose an approach to assess the balance of the palmar/plantar region of the hooves. Hoof morphometry data from the fore and hind hooves of 50 horses were recorded. The mediolateral balance of hooves was assessed by the symmetry of heels, assessing their vertical, linear, and angular metrics. Contents of Ca, Mg, Cu, Fe, and Zn were measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometry, while K and Na levels were measured by atomic emission in sole, wall and frog. Forelimbs showed longer and wider hooves and longer frog. Toe angle was higher in hindlimbs, while the ratio body mass/hoof-ground contact area was similar between the limbs. High frequency of frog contraction (40.4 %), angular imbalance of heels (differences greater than five degrees between lateral and medial heels) (30.3 %) and underrun heels (82.7 %) was observed. Regardless of pigmentation, hoof contents of Cu, Fe, and Zn were higher in the wall, while K, Ca, and Mg levels were greater in the frog. Pigmented hooves (dark) had higher levels of Fe in the wall and sole and higher levels of K in the sole and frog compared to the non-pigmented hooves (light). We can infer that indirect measures of hoof height and palmar/plantar region were adequate. Furthermore, differences in the content of some minerals between dark and light hooves did not reflect on differences in quality.","PeriodicalId":19771,"journal":{"name":"Pferdeheilkunde Equine Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85698732","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
V. Zehetner, K. Lipnik, A. Url, P. Heus, W. Fröhlich, J. Cavalleri, S. Berger
{"title":"Pulmonary fibrosis in a donkey","authors":"V. Zehetner, K. Lipnik, A. Url, P. Heus, W. Fröhlich, J. Cavalleri, S. Berger","doi":"10.21836/pem20210505","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21836/pem20210505","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19771,"journal":{"name":"Pferdeheilkunde Equine Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87284021","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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