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Reti marittime come fattori dell’integrazione europea / Maritime Networks as a Factor in European Integration Reti Maritime come fattori dell 'integrazione europe /海事网络作为欧洲一体化的一个因素
Pub Date : 2019-05-01 DOI: 10.36253/978-88-6453-856-3
G. Nigro
Il tema, di grande respiro, prende come punto di partenza il concetto braudeliano di Mediterraneo. La sua visione di un mare chiuso come una opportunità geografica per una integrazione economica fra popolazioni diverse per religioni, linguaggi ed entità etniche e politiche continua a funzionare come modello per studi applicati ad un ampio raggio di contesti.L’obiettivo che si è posta la 50ª Settimana di studi è stato quello di andare oltre lo studio dei singoli sistemi visti in modo isolato per combinare diverse analisi di mari aperti e chiusi o aree costiere, allo scopo di comprendere il ruolo di integrazione giocato in Europa dalle connessioni marittime. Poiché nelle civiltà preindustriali il trasporto per via d’acqua era più facile di quello via terra, è sembrato giunto il momento di richiamare l’attenzione sul modo in cui queste reti di relazione operavano a livello europeo e con i partner commerciali asiatici e nordafricani. Il volume prende le mosse dalle grandi tradizioni di ricerca su base regionale o tematica, che però sono state raramente integrate su una più ampia scala continentale. Immanuel Wallerstein ha elaborato il concetto braudeliano concettualizzandone le dimensioni interculturali e transnazionali e il ruolo nel sistema di divisione del lavoro. Egli lo chiamò un “sistema mondo”, non perché coinvolgesse il mondo intero, ma perché è più vasto di qualunque unità politica giuridicamente definita. E si tratta di una “economia mondo” perché il legame di base tra le varie parti del sistema è economico.I vari aspetti e le tradizioni regionali di ricerca sono stati collegati tra loro in un approccio coerente che si posto l'obiettivo di valutare:- Sulla base di quali elementi geografici, nautici, tecnici, economici, giuridici, sociali e culturali siano emerse le varie reti regionali, e come funzionavano,- Il carattere e il ruolo dei porti marittimi come punti nodali delle rotte marine e del loro hinterland, attraverso fiumi, canali e strade,- I legami commerciali e personali tra mercanti e armatori in vari porti,- In quale modo le reti regionali si collegavano tra di loro e come, nel corso del tempo, finirono per integrarsi in unità più ampie,- In quale modo le reti private, inizialmente costituite da organizzazioni di mercanti e navigatori, finirono per trattare con le autorità locali e, una volta cresciute, con gli stati e gli imperi, per proteggere i propri interessi
这个广泛的主题以地中海的布劳迪兰概念为出发点。他认为封闭的海洋是不同宗教、语言、种族和政治实体的不同人口之间经济一体化的地理机会,这继续成为广泛背景下应用研究的典范。50ª星期的目标是超越研究研究个别孤立地签证系统结合不同的分析或半封闭式公海和沿海地区,以便理解海洋连接在融入欧洲的的作用。由于在工业化前的文明中,水上运输比陆路运输更容易,现在似乎是时候提请注意这些网络在欧洲一级以及与亚洲和北非贸易伙伴的运作方式了。这本书借鉴了以区域或专题为基础的伟大研究传统,但这些传统很少在更大的大陆范围内结合起来。Immanuel Wallerstein提出了braudeliano概念,将其跨文化和跨国方面以及在劳动分工制度中的作用概化。他称其为“世界体系”,不是因为它涉及整个世界,而是因为它比任何法律定义的政治单位都要大。这是一个“世界经济”,因为系统不同部分之间的基本联系是经济的。区域研究的各个方面和传统的相互联系了一种连贯一致的办法,评估的目标是:-地理、航海等因素的基础上,技术、经济、法律、社会和文化出现了不同的区域网络,以及如何发挥作用,海港-性质和作用的节点及其腹地、通过河流、海洋航线运河和道路,商人- -之间的商业和个人联系和船东在各港口,-如何彼此之间连接的区域网络和作为,随着时间的推移,最终如何融入更广泛的单位,在私有网络,最初由商人组织与地方当局和航海家,最终处理,一旦长大,与国家和帝国,为了保护自己的利益
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引用次数: 2
Genoa: Colonizing and Colonized City? The Port City as a Pole of Attraction for Foreign Merchants (16th-18th centuries) 热那亚:殖民和被殖民的城市?吸引外商的港口城市(16 -18世纪)
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.36253/978-88-6453-857-0.15
Luisa Piccinno, A. Zanini
As Michel Balard pointed out with reference to the late Middle Ages and to the relations between Genoa and overseas cities, “Genoa, a colonizer in the East, is colonized by the Orientals”. The aim of this work is to verify whether and to what extent this concept is applicable also to the modern age and whether it involved a wider geographic area than the one examined by this French historian. In particular we outline the features of the presence of foreign merchants in Genoa between the 16th and 18th centuries as a phenomenon complementary to the better known “diaspora” of Genoese businessmen.
正如米歇尔·巴拉德(Michel Balard)在谈到中世纪晚期以及热那亚与海外城市的关系时所指出的那样,“热那亚是东方的殖民者,被东方人殖民了”。这项工作的目的是验证这个概念是否以及在多大程度上也适用于现代,以及它是否涉及比这位法国历史学家所研究的更广泛的地理区域。我们特别概述了16至18世纪在热那亚出现的外国商人的特征,作为一种与更广为人知的热那亚商人“散失”相辅相成的现象。
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引用次数: 2
Maritime Networks and Premodern Conflict Management on Multiple Levels. The Example of Danzig and the Giese Family 海上网络与多层次前现代冲突管理。但泽和吉斯家族的例子
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.36253/978-88-6453-857-0.20
J. Wubs-Mrozewicz
This article argues that a novel way to analyse maritime networks in premodern northern Europe is to trace the activities of people involved in conflict management. These people were traders, magistrates, judges, urban diplomats: sometimes all comprised in one person or a family. Specifically, if we take the Hanseatic city of Danzig and the Giese family as an example, it becomes apparent that these ‘conflict managers’ operated on various levels: the city, the region, the state, the Hanse and on the level of politics and economic policy between states and cities. Economic interests and conflicts were intertwined with political, social and cultural matters, and should be investigated together.
本文认为,分析前现代北欧海洋网络的一种新方法是追踪参与冲突管理的人们的活动。这些人是商人、地方官员、法官、城市外交官,有时是一个人或一个家庭。具体来说,如果我们以但泽的汉萨同盟城市和吉斯家族为例,很明显,这些“冲突管理者”在各个层面上运作:城市、地区、国家、汉萨,以及国家和城市之间的政治和经济政策层面。经济利益和冲突与政治、社会和文化问题交织在一起,应该一起调查。
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引用次数: 0
Les réseaux négociants européens et les échanges entre la France et l'Europe du Nord (XVIIe-XIXe siècles) 欧洲贸易网络和法国与北欧之间的贸易(17 - 19世纪)
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.36253/978-88-6453-857-0.09
Pierrick Pourchasse
France was a country that had great agricultural potential and natural resources that allowed it to not be dependent on external markets, especially raw materials from the North. French ports, however, maintained close relations with the Baltic countries where they marketed many products and obtained supplies of naval stores and, depending on the economic situation, cereals. This paper proposes to revisit the French trade with the Baltic over a period of two centuries by using the Sound Toll Accounts whose entire data is now available to the research community. As we will see, several evidences are to be reconsidered.
法国是一个拥有巨大农业潜力和自然资源的国家,这使得它不依赖外部市场,特别是来自北方的原材料。然而,法国港口与波罗的海国家保持着密切的关系,它们在那里销售许多产品,获得海军物资供应,并根据经济情况获得谷物供应。本文建议通过使用完整的通行费账户(Sound Toll Accounts)来重新审视两个世纪以来法国与波罗的海的贸易,该账户的全部数据现已可供研究界使用。我们将看到,有几个证据需要重新考虑。
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引用次数: 0
The Dutch Republic as Example of Maritime Transport Services Clusters in Preindustrial Europe (ca. 1650-1800) 荷兰共和国作为工业化前欧洲海运服务集群的范例(约1650-1800)
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.36253/978-88-6453-857-0.12
Werner Scheltjens
By means of a comparative analysis of the ‘Dutch case’ with the Saintonge in South-West France and Bohuslän in South-West Sweden, this paper analyses the rise and decline of maritime services clusters in preindustrial Europe. The leading question for this comparative analysis is: Was the ‘Dutch case’ exceptional or can similar developments be recognised in other parts of Europe as well? A survey of the regional economic origins of communities of maritime transporters is combined with analyses of their operations and institutions. Relying on primary sources, the paper addresses the contribution of a great many ‘anonymous’ people, that literally connected the ‘nodes’ in international maritime trade networks, but whose contribution to the preindustrial European economy has been assumed a priori rather than thoroughly investigated.
通过对“荷兰案例”与法国西南部的圣东日和瑞典西南部的Bohuslän的比较分析,本文分析了工业化前欧洲海事服务集群的兴衰。这种比较分析的主要问题是:“荷兰的情况”是例外,还是欧洲其他地区也能看到类似的发展?对海上运输社区的区域经济来源的调查与对其业务和机构的分析相结合。依靠第一手资料,论文论述了许多“匿名”人的贡献,这些人实际上连接了国际海上贸易网络中的“节点”,但他们对工业化前欧洲经济的贡献被假定为先验的,而不是彻底的调查。
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引用次数: 0
Swedish Trade and Shipping in the Mediterranean in the 18th Century 18世纪瑞典在地中海的贸易和航运
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.36253/978-88-6453-857-0.23
Leos Müller
This paper analyses the rise of Swedish trade and shipping in the Mediterranean in the eighteenth century. It focuses on three factors that shaped Sweden’s role in the area: foreign policy interest, foreign trade policy (mercantilism), and commodity demand and supply. The foreign policy interest is represented by attempts to build an alliance with the Ottoman Empire against Russia. An outcome of this was the short-lived Swedish Levant Company. The second factor relates to Sweden’s mercantilist policy in the Mediterranean, embodied in the Swedish Navigation Act, trade and peace treaties with the North-African states, and the consular services in southern Europe. Sea salt was in the core of this policy—a strategic commodity in northern Europe. Southern Europe, too, was important market for Swedish exports goods: iron, tar and pitch, and planks.
本文分析了18世纪瑞典在地中海贸易和航运的兴起。它侧重于塑造瑞典在该地区作用的三个因素:外交政策利益、对外贸易政策(重商主义)和商品需求和供应。外交政策利益的代表是试图与奥斯曼帝国建立联盟来对抗俄罗斯。其结果就是短命的瑞典黎凡特公司。第二个因素涉及瑞典在地中海的重商主义政策,体现在《瑞典航海法》、与北非国家的贸易与和平条约以及在南欧的领事服务中。海盐是这一政策的核心——北欧的战略商品。南欧也是瑞典出口商品的重要市场:铁、焦油、沥青和木板。
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引用次数: 0
Il sistema degli scambi nel Mediterraneo occidentale tra XIV e XV secolo e il porto di Roma 14 - 15世纪与罗马港之间的西地中海贸易制度
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.36253/978-88-6453-857-0.03
Luciano Palermo
Between the 14th and 15th centuries, a dense network of trade relations was active in the maritime basin of the western Mediterranean. The three regional areas that overlooked this sea, the Iberian and Provencal, the Italian and the African, and all the islands that were present in it, were equipped with numerous and important landing points and were connected by a dense network of exchanges. The essay takes into consideration the characteristics of this network of economic and cultural connections, and analyzes, particularly through the use of the Datini Archive, the role of the port of Rome in this system of exchanges and the links that merchants and bankers who acted in this city entertained with the Iberian mercantile centers.
14至15世纪之间,在西地中海的海上盆地,一个密集的贸易关系网络活跃起来。俯瞰这片海域的三个区域,伊比利亚和普罗旺斯,意大利和非洲,以及其中的所有岛屿,都配备了许多重要的登陆点,并通过密集的交流网络连接起来。本文考虑了这个经济和文化联系网络的特点,并分析了罗马港口在这个交流系统中的作用,以及在这个城市活动的商人和银行家与伊比利亚商业中心的联系,特别是通过使用达蒂尼档案。
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引用次数: 0
North Italian Ports and the Levant in the 16th and 17th Centuries 16和17世纪的北意大利港口和黎凡特
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.36253/978-88-6453-857-0.25
Renato Ghezzi
The chapter analyzes, from a diachronic perspective, the role of trade with the Levant in the port industries of Genoa, Livorno, and Venice in the 16th and 17th centuries. An historical period in which the international trade system underwent substantial changes. From the expansion of the Atlantic routes to the official claim by the United Provinces and English, to the Italian Mariner crisis and the gradual advance of Nordic fleets along the Western Mediterranean routes. The Atlantic ships had an increasing influence on Genoa’s port industry. It was, however, Livorno who gained the most advantage from the presence of Dutch and English merchant ships along routes which met at Alexandretta in San Giovanni of Acre, at Constantinople, and most of all, at Smyrna.
本章从历时的角度分析了16世纪和17世纪与黎凡特的贸易在热那亚、利沃诺和威尼斯港口工业中的作用。国际贸易体制发生重大变化的历史时期。从大西洋航线的扩张到联合省和英国的官方声明,到意大利水手危机以及北欧舰队沿着西地中海航线的逐步推进。大西洋船只对热那亚港口工业的影响越来越大。然而,从荷兰和英国商船在亚历山德里塔、阿克的圣乔凡尼、君士坦丁堡,尤其是士麦那的航线上的存在中,利沃诺获得了最大的好处。
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引用次数: 0
‘A Port of Two Seas.’ Lisbon and European Maritime Networks in the Fifteenth Century “两海之港”。《15世纪的里斯本和欧洲海上网络》
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.36253/978-88-6453-857-0.18
Joana Sequeira, Flávio Miranda
With the development of research in economic history, historians are now testing the hypothesis that maritime networks and port cities contributed to the phenomenon of European integration. This essay applies a holistic approach to discuss how the city of Lisbon, located outside the privileged setting of multi-cultural interactions that was the Mediterranean Sea, became appealing to merchants from far and wide in late-medieval Europe. To do so, it examines a whole array of commercial, normative, fiscal, royal and judicial sources from European archives to discuss if it is possible to observe this phenomenon of European integration in fifteenth-century Lisbon.
随着经济史研究的发展,历史学家们现在正在检验海运网络和港口城市对欧洲一体化现象做出贡献的假设。本文采用整体的方法来讨论里斯本市,位于地中海的多元文化互动的特权环境之外,如何在中世纪晚期的欧洲吸引来自四面八方的商人。为此,本书从欧洲档案中考察了一系列商业、规范、财政、王室和司法资料,以讨论是否有可能在15世纪的里斯本观察到欧洲一体化的这种现象。
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引用次数: 0
Un réseau corse entre l’Afrique du Nord et l’Europe. Commerce maritime, institutions et enrichissement au tournant des XVIe et XVIIe siècles 连接北非和欧洲的科西嘉网络。16、17世纪初的海上贸易、制度与富裕
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.36253/978-88-6453-857-0.21
Guillaume Calafat
This article describes the activity of a network of Corsican merchants and sailors active in the Western Mediterranean between the sixteenth and the seventeenth century, in particular in Tunis, Marseille, Leghorn and the areas of Corsica under Genoa’s rule. Based on early-seventeenth-century factums and memorials, and notary deeds and documents from the archives of the Record’s Office of the French Consulate in Tunis, this essay describes how several families of Corsican merchants – some naturalised French in Marseille, some converted to Islam in Tunis – were part of the political and economic elites of the Mediterranean area.
本文描述了16世纪至17世纪期间活跃在西地中海的科西嘉商人和水手网络的活动,特别是在突尼斯、马赛、里窝那和热那亚统治下的科西嘉地区。基于17世纪早期的事实和纪念馆,以及法国驻突尼斯领事馆记录办公室档案中的公证契约和文件,本文描述了几个科西嘉商人家庭——一些在马赛归化为法国人,一些在突尼斯皈依伊斯兰教——是如何成为地中海地区政治和经济精英的一部分的。
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引用次数: 1
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