Pub Date : 1992-06-14DOI: 10.1109/CBMS.1992.244946
Tun-Wen Pai, John H. L. Hansen
The authors introduce a lossless data compression technique based on the morphological skeleton representation. Mathematical morphology is a methodology for image analysis which provides a means for describing the geometrical structure of an image quantitatively. A morphological skeleton representation is a useful means of illustrating the geometrical properties of an image (such as shape, size, and orientations). Since it is capable of extracting the minimum underlying geometry of an image, it can also reduce the entropy of an image (data compression). In the present work, the compression ratio is calculated for the evaluation of a new data compression technique using a sample radiograph. This example illustrates that a compression ratio of 1.72 can be achieved through the use of morphological skeleton representation. Two new algorithms, boundary-constrained skeleton minimization and boundary-constrained skeleton reconstruction, are also presented for improving the performance of the morphological-based coding scheme.<>
{"title":"Morphological skeletonization for medical image compression","authors":"Tun-Wen Pai, John H. L. Hansen","doi":"10.1109/CBMS.1992.244946","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CBMS.1992.244946","url":null,"abstract":"The authors introduce a lossless data compression technique based on the morphological skeleton representation. Mathematical morphology is a methodology for image analysis which provides a means for describing the geometrical structure of an image quantitatively. A morphological skeleton representation is a useful means of illustrating the geometrical properties of an image (such as shape, size, and orientations). Since it is capable of extracting the minimum underlying geometry of an image, it can also reduce the entropy of an image (data compression). In the present work, the compression ratio is calculated for the evaluation of a new data compression technique using a sample radiograph. This example illustrates that a compression ratio of 1.72 can be achieved through the use of morphological skeleton representation. Two new algorithms, boundary-constrained skeleton minimization and boundary-constrained skeleton reconstruction, are also presented for improving the performance of the morphological-based coding scheme.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":197891,"journal":{"name":"[1992] Proceedings Fifth Annual IEEE Symposium on Computer-Based Medical Systems","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1992-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124926237","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1992-06-14DOI: 10.1109/CBMS.1992.244922
K. Fowler
Outlines some general principles and methods for developing successful instrumentation. Successful design involves interdependent elements (presentation, ease of use, and intuitiveness) shaped by the designer and the user. These elements evolve through rapid prototyping into a mature, cohesive design. Rapid prototyping requires the cooperation of the designer and user to fuel the successful evolution of the instrument design. The Neurological Stimulation System (NSS) developed by the Johns Hopkins University provides a case study for combining the three elements of design into a successful instrument. In particular, it was found that packaging the custom enclosure in an attractive case dramatically increased acceptance of the design.<>
{"title":"Elements of successful design","authors":"K. Fowler","doi":"10.1109/CBMS.1992.244922","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CBMS.1992.244922","url":null,"abstract":"Outlines some general principles and methods for developing successful instrumentation. Successful design involves interdependent elements (presentation, ease of use, and intuitiveness) shaped by the designer and the user. These elements evolve through rapid prototyping into a mature, cohesive design. Rapid prototyping requires the cooperation of the designer and user to fuel the successful evolution of the instrument design. The Neurological Stimulation System (NSS) developed by the Johns Hopkins University provides a case study for combining the three elements of design into a successful instrument. In particular, it was found that packaging the custom enclosure in an attractive case dramatically increased acceptance of the design.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":197891,"journal":{"name":"[1992] Proceedings Fifth Annual IEEE Symposium on Computer-Based Medical Systems","volume":"46 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1992-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124644953","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1992-06-14DOI: 10.1109/CBMS.1992.244926
D. C. Georgakis, C. Georgakis
Presents a statistical method for establishing a consensus diagnosis among several experts, which is the common 'gold standard' used for evaluating the diagnostic performance of a medical expert system. This method involves the use of the extended kappa statistic developed by J.L. Fleiss (1971) and R.J. Light (1971) in the social sciences for the study of a similar problem. The method is carried out in two stages. First, the existence of an overall agreement or disagreement among the medical experts in their diagnoses of a sample of patients is established. Second, in the case of overall agreement, one selects the particular disorders that have a significant level of agreement among the experts, and uses the experts' diagnoses as the 'gold standard' for the sample of patients that were classified in those disorders.<>
{"title":"Methodology for establishing a 'gold standard' (for a medical expert system)","authors":"D. C. Georgakis, C. Georgakis","doi":"10.1109/CBMS.1992.244926","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CBMS.1992.244926","url":null,"abstract":"Presents a statistical method for establishing a consensus diagnosis among several experts, which is the common 'gold standard' used for evaluating the diagnostic performance of a medical expert system. This method involves the use of the extended kappa statistic developed by J.L. Fleiss (1971) and R.J. Light (1971) in the social sciences for the study of a similar problem. The method is carried out in two stages. First, the existence of an overall agreement or disagreement among the medical experts in their diagnoses of a sample of patients is established. Second, in the case of overall agreement, one selects the particular disorders that have a significant level of agreement among the experts, and uses the experts' diagnoses as the 'gold standard' for the sample of patients that were classified in those disorders.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":197891,"journal":{"name":"[1992] Proceedings Fifth Annual IEEE Symposium on Computer-Based Medical Systems","volume":"42 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1992-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127408370","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1992-06-14DOI: 10.1109/CBMS.1992.244954
Deborah L. Hamilton
The author summarizes the security aspects of today's medical information systems and evaluates the software security requirements necessary for the computerized systems of tomorrow. She then discusses how these concerns are addressed by today's technology. Particular emphasis is placed on the security gaps in today's technology.<>
{"title":"Identification and evaluation of the security requirements in medical applications","authors":"Deborah L. Hamilton","doi":"10.1109/CBMS.1992.244954","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CBMS.1992.244954","url":null,"abstract":"The author summarizes the security aspects of today's medical information systems and evaluates the software security requirements necessary for the computerized systems of tomorrow. She then discusses how these concerns are addressed by today's technology. Particular emphasis is placed on the security gaps in today's technology.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":197891,"journal":{"name":"[1992] Proceedings Fifth Annual IEEE Symposium on Computer-Based Medical Systems","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1992-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122022470","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1992-06-14DOI: 10.1109/CBMS.1992.244933
L. Fu, M. Yang, R. Braylan, N. Benson
In dealing with massive flow cytometric data, an adaptive data analysis scheme has been developed. The problem solving structure is configured as a connectionist network. Information is encoded in the form of connection weights. The structure evolves as more data are seen by adjusting its weights, governed by a learning equation. The knowledge embedded in the network can be further decoded in symbolic form. The results are reported from the domain of measuring the antigenic properties of blood samples. The technique has been validated statistically with respect to its self-consistency and determinacy.<>
{"title":"A hybrid system approach to multivariate analysis of flow cytometry data","authors":"L. Fu, M. Yang, R. Braylan, N. Benson","doi":"10.1109/CBMS.1992.244933","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CBMS.1992.244933","url":null,"abstract":"In dealing with massive flow cytometric data, an adaptive data analysis scheme has been developed. The problem solving structure is configured as a connectionist network. Information is encoded in the form of connection weights. The structure evolves as more data are seen by adjusting its weights, governed by a learning equation. The knowledge embedded in the network can be further decoded in symbolic form. The results are reported from the domain of measuring the antigenic properties of blood samples. The technique has been validated statistically with respect to its self-consistency and determinacy.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":197891,"journal":{"name":"[1992] Proceedings Fifth Annual IEEE Symposium on Computer-Based Medical Systems","volume":"66 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1992-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130687180","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1992-06-14DOI: 10.1109/CBMS.1992.244930
Joung-woo John Kim, G. Bekey
Preliminary research on applying a novel control scheme to a medical expert system is presented. The solution of most diagnosis problems requires reasoning at multiple abstraction levels. Adaptive abstraction (AA) is a control scheme that enables an expert system to switch automatically to an appropriate level of abstraction to solve the task at hand. The overall knowledge organization, the control mechanisms, and the knowledge base update method of the AA scheme are described along with examples in automated gait analysis. The advantages of the AA scheme are mentioned. Several theoretical issues concerning the design of expert systems are raised, including: determination of a knowledge base's granularity, the downward inclusion property, which is needed for the AA scheme to work, and the necessity of common-sense knowledge for expert systems to overcome brittleness.<>
{"title":"Adaptive abstraction in expert systems for medical diagnosis","authors":"Joung-woo John Kim, G. Bekey","doi":"10.1109/CBMS.1992.244930","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CBMS.1992.244930","url":null,"abstract":"Preliminary research on applying a novel control scheme to a medical expert system is presented. The solution of most diagnosis problems requires reasoning at multiple abstraction levels. Adaptive abstraction (AA) is a control scheme that enables an expert system to switch automatically to an appropriate level of abstraction to solve the task at hand. The overall knowledge organization, the control mechanisms, and the knowledge base update method of the AA scheme are described along with examples in automated gait analysis. The advantages of the AA scheme are mentioned. Several theoretical issues concerning the design of expert systems are raised, including: determination of a knowledge base's granularity, the downward inclusion property, which is needed for the AA scheme to work, and the necessity of common-sense knowledge for expert systems to overcome brittleness.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":197891,"journal":{"name":"[1992] Proceedings Fifth Annual IEEE Symposium on Computer-Based Medical Systems","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1992-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134003564","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1992-06-14DOI: 10.1109/CBMS.1992.244969
Michael H. Stockett, B. Soroka
Computer vision techniques were applied to finding spinal cord contours in MR (magnetic resonance) images of the lumbar spine. For each slice, the method starts with an approximate spinal cord center supplied by the user. A search was then made for significant edges by moving outwards along 16 equally spaced radii. Edges were interpolated on radii for which no significant gradient existed. The contour was smoothed by adjusting the position of each edge with respect to the edges found on neighboring radii. The results of the experiments are reported. The research demonstrates that it is feasible to use a fairly simple image processing algorithm on a personal computer to automatically extract the spinel cord contours from transaxial MR images.<>
{"title":"Extracting spinal cord contours from transaxial MR images using computer vision techniques","authors":"Michael H. Stockett, B. Soroka","doi":"10.1109/CBMS.1992.244969","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CBMS.1992.244969","url":null,"abstract":"Computer vision techniques were applied to finding spinal cord contours in MR (magnetic resonance) images of the lumbar spine. For each slice, the method starts with an approximate spinal cord center supplied by the user. A search was then made for significant edges by moving outwards along 16 equally spaced radii. Edges were interpolated on radii for which no significant gradient existed. The contour was smoothed by adjusting the position of each edge with respect to the edges found on neighboring radii. The results of the experiments are reported. The research demonstrates that it is feasible to use a fairly simple image processing algorithm on a personal computer to automatically extract the spinel cord contours from transaxial MR images.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":197891,"journal":{"name":"[1992] Proceedings Fifth Annual IEEE Symposium on Computer-Based Medical Systems","volume":"287 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1992-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131448950","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1992-06-14DOI: 10.1109/CBMS.1992.244925
S. Lodha, J. Reuben
An integrated computerized database and radiographic image analysis system for total knee and hip replacement is currently under development at the University of Texas Medical School. Measurements are made rapidly and accurately for a wide variety of prostheses. The results are automatically stored in a database for statistical comparisons. The system will prove valuable in postoperative care. However, the most significant contribution of the proposed system would be to compare the measured parameters from the radiographs of the patients with the predicted outcome based on the stress analysis of the preoperative configuration with the designed prosthesis in place. Such a study would provide necessary feedback to justify or modify the stress analysis models, which are utilized in designing the prostheses.<>
{"title":"Integrated computerized database and radiographic image analysis system for total knee and hip replacement","authors":"S. Lodha, J. Reuben","doi":"10.1109/CBMS.1992.244925","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CBMS.1992.244925","url":null,"abstract":"An integrated computerized database and radiographic image analysis system for total knee and hip replacement is currently under development at the University of Texas Medical School. Measurements are made rapidly and accurately for a wide variety of prostheses. The results are automatically stored in a database for statistical comparisons. The system will prove valuable in postoperative care. However, the most significant contribution of the proposed system would be to compare the measured parameters from the radiographs of the patients with the predicted outcome based on the stress analysis of the preoperative configuration with the designed prosthesis in place. Such a study would provide necessary feedback to justify or modify the stress analysis models, which are utilized in designing the prostheses.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":197891,"journal":{"name":"[1992] Proceedings Fifth Annual IEEE Symposium on Computer-Based Medical Systems","volume":"50 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1992-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132538362","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1992-06-14DOI: 10.1109/CBMS.1992.244939
S. B. Leif, R. Leif
The US Food and Drug Administration and the European Community, through EC Directives, are requiring good manufacturing standards to be applied to the software development process. The creation of software is no longer to be treated as an art form, but as an engineering process. Previous descriptions of this process, as described by US MIL-STD 2167A or the IEEE guidelines, are applicable to the software development process for medical instruments. A brief description of this methodology is given, and the suitability of the Department of Defense methodology, including the Ada programming language, for developing medical device software is discussed.<>
{"title":"Producing quality software according to medical regulations for devices","authors":"S. B. Leif, R. Leif","doi":"10.1109/CBMS.1992.244939","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CBMS.1992.244939","url":null,"abstract":"The US Food and Drug Administration and the European Community, through EC Directives, are requiring good manufacturing standards to be applied to the software development process. The creation of software is no longer to be treated as an art form, but as an engineering process. Previous descriptions of this process, as described by US MIL-STD 2167A or the IEEE guidelines, are applicable to the software development process for medical instruments. A brief description of this methodology is given, and the suitability of the Department of Defense methodology, including the Ada programming language, for developing medical device software is discussed.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":197891,"journal":{"name":"[1992] Proceedings Fifth Annual IEEE Symposium on Computer-Based Medical Systems","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1992-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132580817","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1992-06-14DOI: 10.1109/CBMS.1992.245028
W. Gan
The author proposes the use of fuzzy neural networks to improve the resolution of medical images and the segmentation of medical images. The backpropagation neural network is used to obtain an optimized membership function. The author works out the algorithms to implement the fuzzy neural networks for both types of application. Preliminary results are given. An advantage of using fuzzy neural networks compared with conventional neural networks is the reduction of the number of elements in each neural network layer. Thus, computation time can be reduced. Another advantage of using neural networks is the solution of the ill-posed problem in the universe scattering problem such as the divergence problem.<>
{"title":"Development of fuzzy neural tool for medical signal processing and imaging","authors":"W. Gan","doi":"10.1109/CBMS.1992.245028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CBMS.1992.245028","url":null,"abstract":"The author proposes the use of fuzzy neural networks to improve the resolution of medical images and the segmentation of medical images. The backpropagation neural network is used to obtain an optimized membership function. The author works out the algorithms to implement the fuzzy neural networks for both types of application. Preliminary results are given. An advantage of using fuzzy neural networks compared with conventional neural networks is the reduction of the number of elements in each neural network layer. Thus, computation time can be reduced. Another advantage of using neural networks is the solution of the ill-posed problem in the universe scattering problem such as the divergence problem.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":197891,"journal":{"name":"[1992] Proceedings Fifth Annual IEEE Symposium on Computer-Based Medical Systems","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1992-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127079319","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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