Pub Date : 1997-07-22DOI: 10.1109/CHERBS.1997.660243
S. Floyd, J. Trombka, J. Goldsten, E. Fiore
The X-ray detectors on board the Near-Earth Asteroid Rendezvous (NEAR) spacecraft are argon gas filled proportional counters. Their resolution is checked periodically by commanding an Fe-55 radioactive source into position in front of the detector window. Low energy tailing and broadening of the 6 keV line is observed. The phenomenon observed, the mechanism behind the degradation and the impact on instrument performance are considered.
{"title":"Cosmic ray induced degradation in X-ray detectors on board the NEAR spacecraft","authors":"S. Floyd, J. Trombka, J. Goldsten, E. Fiore","doi":"10.1109/CHERBS.1997.660243","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CHERBS.1997.660243","url":null,"abstract":"The X-ray detectors on board the Near-Earth Asteroid Rendezvous (NEAR) spacecraft are argon gas filled proportional counters. Their resolution is checked periodically by commanding an Fe-55 radioactive source into position in front of the detector window. Low energy tailing and broadening of the 6 keV line is observed. The phenomenon observed, the mechanism behind the degradation and the impact on instrument performance are considered.","PeriodicalId":197895,"journal":{"name":"Conference on the High Energy Radiation Background in Space. Workshop Record","volume":"109 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123107046","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1997-07-22DOI: 10.1109/CHERBS.1997.660253
T. W. Armstrong, B. L. Colborn, K. Dietz, B. Ramsey
The MIXE X-ray astronomy detector has experienced high backgrounds on balloon flights although well shielded against atmospheric gamma-rays and charged particles. Monte Carlo simulations show that this can be due to neutron-induced backgrounds in the payload arising from cosmic-ray proton interactions and atmospheric albedo neutrons.
{"title":"Neutron induced background in the MIXE X-ray detector at balloon altitudes","authors":"T. W. Armstrong, B. L. Colborn, K. Dietz, B. Ramsey","doi":"10.1109/CHERBS.1997.660253","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CHERBS.1997.660253","url":null,"abstract":"The MIXE X-ray astronomy detector has experienced high backgrounds on balloon flights although well shielded against atmospheric gamma-rays and charged particles. Monte Carlo simulations show that this can be due to neutron-induced backgrounds in the payload arising from cosmic-ray proton interactions and atmospheric albedo neutrons.","PeriodicalId":197895,"journal":{"name":"Conference on the High Energy Radiation Background in Space. Workshop Record","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123098846","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1997-07-22DOI: 10.1109/CHERBS.1997.660244
R. Reedy
Energetic particles from the Sun have only been studied in detail during the last three decades. The modern record is good, although the number of the largest solar particle events are very few. The nuclides made by solar energetic particles in lunar rocks have been used to extend the record of these particles back /spl sim/10/sup 7/ years. The modern and ancient records are similar. By combining both sets of data, it has been inferred that solar particle events much larger than the largest events observed during the last four solar cycles are very rare.
{"title":"Solar particle events and their radiation threats","authors":"R. Reedy","doi":"10.1109/CHERBS.1997.660244","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CHERBS.1997.660244","url":null,"abstract":"Energetic particles from the Sun have only been studied in detail during the last three decades. The modern record is good, although the number of the largest solar particle events are very few. The nuclides made by solar energetic particles in lunar rocks have been used to extend the record of these particles back /spl sim/10/sup 7/ years. The modern and ancient records are similar. By combining both sets of data, it has been inferred that solar particle events much larger than the largest events observed during the last four solar cycles are very rare.","PeriodicalId":197895,"journal":{"name":"Conference on the High Energy Radiation Background in Space. Workshop Record","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124287352","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1997-07-22DOI: 10.1109/CHERBS.1997.660239
A. Vampola, M. Lauriente, S. Huston, K. Pfitzer
The low altitude (860 km) weather satellites TIROS-N and the NOAA series measured the inner zone energetic protons for more than a solar cycle. Data from the 16-215, 36-215, and 80-215 MeV omnidirectional proton sensors have been corrected for magnetic field model and time-tagging errors and then organized in terms of the average column-density of residual atmosphere along their drift path. The solar cycle variation in the F/sub 10.7/ index is used as a proxy for the solar cycle variation in scale height of the atmosphere. A phase lag in the atmospheric response must be included in the analysis. This approach results in a well-organized data set for an entire solar cycle. The program which is still underway, has produced a preliminary 80-215 MeV model for the region below 860 km. The model is organized in terms of L, B/B/sub min/, and F/sub 10.7/. The model is cross-correlated with Hubble Space Telescope anomaly data (623 km altitude orbit). This model correctly predicts a solar-cycle-associated westward shift in the effective location of the South Atlantic Anomaly, while AP8 does not.
{"title":"Validating the new SEE low altitude proton model","authors":"A. Vampola, M. Lauriente, S. Huston, K. Pfitzer","doi":"10.1109/CHERBS.1997.660239","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CHERBS.1997.660239","url":null,"abstract":"The low altitude (860 km) weather satellites TIROS-N and the NOAA series measured the inner zone energetic protons for more than a solar cycle. Data from the 16-215, 36-215, and 80-215 MeV omnidirectional proton sensors have been corrected for magnetic field model and time-tagging errors and then organized in terms of the average column-density of residual atmosphere along their drift path. The solar cycle variation in the F/sub 10.7/ index is used as a proxy for the solar cycle variation in scale height of the atmosphere. A phase lag in the atmospheric response must be included in the analysis. This approach results in a well-organized data set for an entire solar cycle. The program which is still underway, has produced a preliminary 80-215 MeV model for the region below 860 km. The model is organized in terms of L, B/B/sub min/, and F/sub 10.7/. The model is cross-correlated with Hubble Space Telescope anomaly data (623 km altitude orbit). This model correctly predicts a solar-cycle-associated westward shift in the effective location of the South Atlantic Anomaly, while AP8 does not.","PeriodicalId":197895,"journal":{"name":"Conference on the High Energy Radiation Background in Space. Workshop Record","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121257560","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1997-07-22DOI: 10.1109/CHERBS.1997.660245
R. Reedy, R. D. Belian, T. Cayton, M. Henderson, J. Ingraham, J. Jahn, P. S. McLachlan, M. Meier, G. Reeves, L. A. Weiss
The Los Alamos National Laboratory has flown thirteen energetic-particle instruments on geosynchronous satellites since 1976 and on seven GPS satellites since 1983. These instruments measure electrons and protons over a wide range of energies. The various instruments and the particles and energies that they measure are described. The measured fluxes are stored at Los Alamos in several databases that are available to outside users.
{"title":"Long-term energetic-particle databases from geosynchronous and GPS orbits","authors":"R. Reedy, R. D. Belian, T. Cayton, M. Henderson, J. Ingraham, J. Jahn, P. S. McLachlan, M. Meier, G. Reeves, L. A. Weiss","doi":"10.1109/CHERBS.1997.660245","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CHERBS.1997.660245","url":null,"abstract":"The Los Alamos National Laboratory has flown thirteen energetic-particle instruments on geosynchronous satellites since 1976 and on seven GPS satellites since 1983. These instruments measure electrons and protons over a wide range of energies. The various instruments and the particles and energies that they measure are described. The measured fluxes are stored at Los Alamos in several databases that are available to outside users.","PeriodicalId":197895,"journal":{"name":"Conference on the High Energy Radiation Background in Space. Workshop Record","volume":"47 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114876755","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1997-07-22DOI: 10.1109/CHERBS.1997.660258
A. Vampola, M. Lauriente
Using a 2-D (longitude and latitude) cross-correlation between sets of SEUs from the TOMS satellite in the inner zone in 1992 and 1995, it is shown that the centroid of the energetic proton ensemble causing these SEUs moved to lower L (1.26 vs. 1.29 for the protons) during this period. This change in the energetic proton distribution at low altitude is due to the change in atmospheric scale height during the declining phase of the solar cycle. The AP8 model does not predict this change in the location in L of the peak in the inner zone protons.
利用1992年和1995年TOMS卫星内区seu组的二维(经纬度)互相关分析表明，在此期间，导致这些seu的高能质子系综质心向低L移动(1.26 vs. 1.29)。低空高能质子分布的这种变化是由于太阳活动周期下降阶段大气尺度高度的变化。AP8模型没有预测到内区质子峰在L中的位置变化。
{"title":"Solar cycle variations in the inner zone proton belt configuration","authors":"A. Vampola, M. Lauriente","doi":"10.1109/CHERBS.1997.660258","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CHERBS.1997.660258","url":null,"abstract":"Using a 2-D (longitude and latitude) cross-correlation between sets of SEUs from the TOMS satellite in the inner zone in 1992 and 1995, it is shown that the centroid of the energetic proton ensemble causing these SEUs moved to lower L (1.26 vs. 1.29 for the protons) during this period. This change in the energetic proton distribution at low altitude is due to the change in atmospheric scale height during the declining phase of the solar cycle. The AP8 model does not predict this change in the location in L of the peak in the inner zone protons.","PeriodicalId":197895,"journal":{"name":"Conference on the High Energy Radiation Background in Space. Workshop Record","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130830486","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1997-07-22DOI: 10.1109/CHERBS.1997.660256
A. Gerrish, L. van den Berg
Mercuric iodide is semiconductor detector material which operates at room temperature, has high detection efficiency, and exhibits good energy resolution over the range 5 keV-5 MeV. In addition, the low power requirements and radiation damage resistance of this material make it well suited for long duration space measurements in a mixed radiation environment.
{"title":"Perspectives on mercuric iodide as a radiation detector material for space measurements","authors":"A. Gerrish, L. van den Berg","doi":"10.1109/CHERBS.1997.660256","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CHERBS.1997.660256","url":null,"abstract":"Mercuric iodide is semiconductor detector material which operates at room temperature, has high detection efficiency, and exhibits good energy resolution over the range 5 keV-5 MeV. In addition, the low power requirements and radiation damage resistance of this material make it well suited for long duration space measurements in a mixed radiation environment.","PeriodicalId":197895,"journal":{"name":"Conference on the High Energy Radiation Background in Space. Workshop Record","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130222274","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1997-07-22DOI: 10.1109/CHERBS.1997.660263
A.L. Vampola
Electron data (0.1 to 1.7 MeV) from the Medium Electrons A spectrometer on CRRES were used to train neural networks to predict daily averages of energetic fluxes at 5 energies and 6 L-values using the daily sum of the Kp magnetic field index. The trained networks were then used to process the entire Kp index from 1932 to 1996 (six complete solar cycles), providing daily estimates of the electron fluxes for the entire period. Superposed-epoch analysis of the six cycles shows the fluxes are minimum about six months after the solar sunspot minimum and maximize about three years after sunspot maximum. The variation over the solar cycle is about a factor of 2.3. Specific outputs from the study include long-term averages of fluxes, peak flux vs. energy and L, and flux vs. frequency-of-occurrence tables. The outputs were then used to generate a new model, ESA-SEE1, as an update to AE8. This study indicates that AE8 has excessive fluxes above 1 MeV beyond L=5.5, with the discrepancy being an order of magnitude at geosynchronous orbit. The high energy electrons peak in L about 0.5 L lower than indicated by AE8.
{"title":"Outer zone energetic electron environment update","authors":"A.L. Vampola","doi":"10.1109/CHERBS.1997.660263","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CHERBS.1997.660263","url":null,"abstract":"Electron data (0.1 to 1.7 MeV) from the Medium Electrons A spectrometer on CRRES were used to train neural networks to predict daily averages of energetic fluxes at 5 energies and 6 L-values using the daily sum of the Kp magnetic field index. The trained networks were then used to process the entire Kp index from 1932 to 1996 (six complete solar cycles), providing daily estimates of the electron fluxes for the entire period. Superposed-epoch analysis of the six cycles shows the fluxes are minimum about six months after the solar sunspot minimum and maximize about three years after sunspot maximum. The variation over the solar cycle is about a factor of 2.3. Specific outputs from the study include long-term averages of fluxes, peak flux vs. energy and L, and flux vs. frequency-of-occurrence tables. The outputs were then used to generate a new model, ESA-SEE1, as an update to AE8. This study indicates that AE8 has excessive fluxes above 1 MeV beyond L=5.5, with the discrepancy being an order of magnitude at geosynchronous orbit. The high energy electrons peak in L about 0.5 L lower than indicated by AE8.","PeriodicalId":197895,"journal":{"name":"Conference on the High Energy Radiation Background in Space. Workshop Record","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130297183","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1997-07-22DOI: 10.1109/CHERBS.1997.660222
J. Ryan, S. Kappadath, M. McConnell, D. Morris, V. Schonfelder, M. Varendorff, G. Weidenspointner, W. Hermsen, K. Bennett
The authors report the spectrum of background events that the COMPTEL instrument on Compton Gamma Ray Observatory experiences due to the instantaneous effects of cosmic rays. Other backgrounds are present in the data of this Compton telescope, but the components that closely follow the instantaneous flux of cosmic rays are the most identifiable. The background varies approximately linearly with the cosmic-ray intensity and exhibits a broad feature from about 1 to 10 MeV suggestive of the nuclear nature of the events. Above 10 MeV there is a marked change in the nature of the background that is not understood. It appears that the background changes from nuclear to electromagnetic in nature.
{"title":"The prompt cosmic-ray-induced background in the orbiting Compton telescope COMPTEL","authors":"J. Ryan, S. Kappadath, M. McConnell, D. Morris, V. Schonfelder, M. Varendorff, G. Weidenspointner, W. Hermsen, K. Bennett","doi":"10.1109/CHERBS.1997.660222","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CHERBS.1997.660222","url":null,"abstract":"The authors report the spectrum of background events that the COMPTEL instrument on Compton Gamma Ray Observatory experiences due to the instantaneous effects of cosmic rays. Other backgrounds are present in the data of this Compton telescope, but the components that closely follow the instantaneous flux of cosmic rays are the most identifiable. The background varies approximately linearly with the cosmic-ray intensity and exhibits a broad feature from about 1 to 10 MeV suggestive of the nuclear nature of the events. Above 10 MeV there is a marked change in the nature of the background that is not understood. It appears that the background changes from nuclear to electromagnetic in nature.","PeriodicalId":197895,"journal":{"name":"Conference on the High Energy Radiation Background in Space. Workshop Record","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129233154","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1997-07-22DOI: 10.1109/CHERBS.1997.660254
V. Vasilyev, A. Kalinichenko, S. Vasilyev
A near surface brittle fracture caused by the thermoacoustic stress wave from a heavy ion track passing through material is investigated. The size and shape of possible damage/destruction zone around the ion track are found by accounting for the ionization loss nonuniformity and attenuation of the generated stress wave and temperature. The probability of spacecraft sensor system damage is discussed on the basis of a damage zone around the ion trajectory.
{"title":"Estimate of brittle fracture effects in sensor system exposed to heavy cosmic ray ions","authors":"V. Vasilyev, A. Kalinichenko, S. Vasilyev","doi":"10.1109/CHERBS.1997.660254","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CHERBS.1997.660254","url":null,"abstract":"A near surface brittle fracture caused by the thermoacoustic stress wave from a heavy ion track passing through material is investigated. The size and shape of possible damage/destruction zone around the ion track are found by accounting for the ionization loss nonuniformity and attenuation of the generated stress wave and temperature. The probability of spacecraft sensor system damage is discussed on the basis of a damage zone around the ion trajectory.","PeriodicalId":197895,"journal":{"name":"Conference on the High Energy Radiation Background in Space. Workshop Record","volume":"38 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126405766","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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