High-growth firms appear to be key drivers of new industries and technologies. Here we investigate the contribution of these and other types of firm to a technology cluster, in the context of ‘creative destruction’ shaping the evolution of the cluster. Evidence on the reallocation of scarce resources through processes of creative destruction is scarce. But in a cluster the effects of creative destruction can be traced through such developments as firm exits and entries change in firm size distribution and acquisition of firms. We apply churn analysis, firm size transition analysis and analysis of acquisition to the technology cluster in Cambridge UK over twenty years. Firm growth contributed two-thirds of all new job creation, while entry-exit turbulence accounted for one third of job creation. High-growth firms accounted for a quarter of jobs created in the Cambridge cluster during this period, without ever making up more than 3% of all tech firms. There has been an increase in average firm size and profitability. A fall in entry rates and fewer firms moving up into larger size categories in recent years point to adverse conditions for innovative new firms even before the financial crash.
{"title":"Exploring the Constituents of Growth in a Technology Cluster: Evidence from Cambridge, UK","authors":"Vivian Mohr, E. Garnsey","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1923065","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1923065","url":null,"abstract":"High-growth firms appear to be key drivers of new industries and technologies. Here we investigate the contribution of these and other types of firm to a technology cluster, in the context of ‘creative destruction’ shaping the evolution of the cluster. Evidence on the reallocation of scarce resources through processes of creative destruction is scarce. But in a cluster the effects of creative destruction can be traced through such developments as firm exits and entries change in firm size distribution and acquisition of firms. We apply churn analysis, firm size transition analysis and analysis of acquisition to the technology cluster in Cambridge UK over twenty years. Firm growth contributed two-thirds of all new job creation, while entry-exit turbulence accounted for one third of job creation. High-growth firms accounted for a quarter of jobs created in the Cambridge cluster during this period, without ever making up more than 3% of all tech firms. There has been an increase in average firm size and profitability. A fall in entry rates and fewer firms moving up into larger size categories in recent years point to adverse conditions for innovative new firms even before the financial crash.","PeriodicalId":198407,"journal":{"name":"IRPN: Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134224197","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-02-16DOI: 10.1504/IJTE.2008.022863
Maija Renko, Malin E. Brännback, A. Carsrud
This research examines the innovation process that includes sources, development, and uses of innovation in the field of modern biotechnology. Based on existing literature and primary qualitative data collected from 39 young, small American biotechnology firms we show how biotechnology innovations constantly cross boundaries of traditionally separate industries. All three stages of innovation (sourcing, development, and use) involve a variety of actors that represent different fields of science, business, or markets. Previous literature has predominantly focused on the innovation development networks, but our study shows that also the sources of ideas as well as adoption of an innovation are characterized by networks of actors. Consequently, we suggest that biotechnology managers' understanding of innovation processes would benefit from paying attention to the networked nature of sources and uses of innovations, in addition to the collaborative product development process itself.
{"title":"Sources, Development and Uses of Innovation in Modern Biotechnology","authors":"Maija Renko, Malin E. Brännback, A. Carsrud","doi":"10.1504/IJTE.2008.022863","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/IJTE.2008.022863","url":null,"abstract":"This research examines the innovation process that includes sources, development, and uses of innovation in the field of modern biotechnology. Based on existing literature and primary qualitative data collected from 39 young, small American biotechnology firms we show how biotechnology innovations constantly cross boundaries of traditionally separate industries. All three stages of innovation (sourcing, development, and use) involve a variety of actors that represent different fields of science, business, or markets. Previous literature has predominantly focused on the innovation development networks, but our study shows that also the sources of ideas as well as adoption of an innovation are characterized by networks of actors. Consequently, we suggest that biotechnology managers' understanding of innovation processes would benefit from paying attention to the networked nature of sources and uses of innovations, in addition to the collaborative product development process itself.","PeriodicalId":198407,"journal":{"name":"IRPN: Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-02-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128299252","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-01-03DOI: 10.4135/9781446216491.n11
R. Mellor
This chapter introduces some of the concepts surrounding technical entrepreneurship and is suitable for students of the computer/IT-related disciplines and engineering, especially electrical engineering.
{"title":"Technical Innovation","authors":"R. Mellor","doi":"10.4135/9781446216491.n11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4135/9781446216491.n11","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter introduces some of the concepts surrounding technical entrepreneurship and is suitable for students of the computer/IT-related disciplines and engineering, especially electrical engineering.","PeriodicalId":198407,"journal":{"name":"IRPN: Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-01-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115816637","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The importance of sectors characterized by high knowledge and technological intensity is growing in the new economy. The creation and maintenance of competitive advantage in high-technology sectors depend to a large degree on innovation. Since diffusion of innovation tends to be local, location characteristics matter. We argue that new high-technology firms can improve their survival probabilities by entering locations that stimulate and support innovation. These characteristics include urban diversity, competitive industrial structure, and clustering. In contrast, clustering, competition and diversity have lower survival value for low-technology firms, as the benefits accruing from higher innovation levels are less valuable. Indeed, the costs of urban congestion, and the pressure of competition on prices may result in negative impacts on survival. We test our hypotheses using an extensive longitudinal data base which covers all de novo entrants into the Canadian manufacturing sectors. The results indicate that clustering has a higher survival value for high-technology firms. Urban diversity and competition have positive effect on the survival of high-technology firms and negative effect on low-technology firms.
{"title":"Do Location Characteristics Have Different Survival Values for High and Low-Technology De Novo Enterprises?","authors":"Aviad Pe'er, I. Vertinsky","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.940478","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.940478","url":null,"abstract":"The importance of sectors characterized by high knowledge and technological intensity is growing in the new economy. The creation and maintenance of competitive advantage in high-technology sectors depend to a large degree on innovation. Since diffusion of innovation tends to be local, location characteristics matter. We argue that new high-technology firms can improve their survival probabilities by entering locations that stimulate and support innovation. These characteristics include urban diversity, competitive industrial structure, and clustering. In contrast, clustering, competition and diversity have lower survival value for low-technology firms, as the benefits accruing from higher innovation levels are less valuable. Indeed, the costs of urban congestion, and the pressure of competition on prices may result in negative impacts on survival. We test our hypotheses using an extensive longitudinal data base which covers all de novo entrants into the Canadian manufacturing sectors. The results indicate that clustering has a higher survival value for high-technology firms. Urban diversity and competition have positive effect on the survival of high-technology firms and negative effect on low-technology firms.","PeriodicalId":198407,"journal":{"name":"IRPN: Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133157267","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.34218/ijeet.10.5.2019.005
Sumithra M, Sujatha B.C
Demand for electricity increasing, to meet energy requirement non-conventional energy sources are utilized. In this paper combination of WES and PVS generates power and voltage at PCC with grid instantaneously. Due to integration of hybrid system into the grid poses power quality issues. Basically hybrid system is the combination of two power generating system that will provide power continuously. PVS converts solar radiation into electric energy and WES converts wind energy into electric energy. The goal of this study is concerned on power quality problems i.e voltage/current fluctuation, flickers, distortion, damping, harmonics and other parameters are voltage/current sag/swell are analyzed. To mitigate the power quality issues combination of FACTS Devices such as D-STATCOM and UPQC are used and simulated in SIMULINK/MATLAB Software.
{"title":"Enhancement of Power Quality by the Combination of D-Statcom and UPQC in Grid Connected to Hybrid System","authors":"Sumithra M, Sujatha B.C","doi":"10.34218/ijeet.10.5.2019.005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34218/ijeet.10.5.2019.005","url":null,"abstract":"Demand for electricity increasing, to meet energy requirement non-conventional energy sources are utilized. In this paper combination of WES and PVS generates power and voltage at PCC with grid instantaneously. Due to integration of hybrid system into the grid poses power quality issues. Basically hybrid system is the combination of two power generating system that will provide power continuously. PVS converts solar radiation into electric energy and WES converts wind energy into electric energy. The goal of this study is concerned on power quality problems i.e voltage/current fluctuation, flickers, distortion, damping, harmonics and other parameters are voltage/current sag/swell are analyzed. To mitigate the power quality issues combination of FACTS Devices such as D-STATCOM and UPQC are used and simulated in SIMULINK/MATLAB Software.","PeriodicalId":198407,"journal":{"name":"IRPN: Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121491741","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article contributes to the existing literature by: i) proving that the Descartes Sign Rule (as interpreted by most academicians - such as Oehmke (2000) and Osborne (2010)) is wrong; ii) proving that the Fundamental Theorem Of Algebra (FTA) is wrong; iii) explaining how “Root-Calculation” in Algebra is wrong and introducing an alternative method for verifying real and complex roots of a polynomial; iv) solving a six-degree Polynomial equation and a nine-degree Polynomial equation, by introducing new classes of Invariants (“MCN-2 Invariants”) and Homomorphisms. Burrus (2004); Sitton, Burrus, Fox & Treitel (2003); and Lei, Blane & Cooper (1996), had concluded that such higher-order polynomials were impossible to solve. These issues are applicable in nonlinear analysis, evolutionary computation and pattern-analysis – given the discussions in Yannacopoulos, Brindley, Merkin & Pilling (1996); Campos-Canton, Aguirre-Hernandez, Renteria & Gonzalez (2015); Zheng, Takamatsu & Ikeuchi (2010); and Boyer & Goh (2007).
{"title":"MCN-2 Invariants, Homomorphisms, and Anomalies in Polynomials and the 'Fundamental Theorem of Algebra'","authors":"Michael C. I. Nwogugu","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2375024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2375024","url":null,"abstract":"This article contributes to the existing literature by: i) proving that the Descartes Sign Rule (as interpreted by most academicians - such as Oehmke (2000) and Osborne (2010)) is wrong; ii) proving that the Fundamental Theorem Of Algebra (FTA) is wrong; iii) explaining how “Root-Calculation” in Algebra is wrong and introducing an alternative method for verifying real and complex roots of a polynomial; iv) solving a six-degree Polynomial equation and a nine-degree Polynomial equation, by introducing new classes of Invariants (“MCN-2 Invariants”) and Homomorphisms. Burrus (2004); Sitton, Burrus, Fox & Treitel (2003); and Lei, Blane & Cooper (1996), had concluded that such higher-order polynomials were impossible to solve. These issues are applicable in nonlinear analysis, evolutionary computation and pattern-analysis – given the discussions in Yannacopoulos, Brindley, Merkin & Pilling (1996); Campos-Canton, Aguirre-Hernandez, Renteria & Gonzalez (2015); Zheng, Takamatsu & Ikeuchi (2010); and Boyer & Goh (2007).","PeriodicalId":198407,"journal":{"name":"IRPN: Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131246964","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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