This article examines the May 2021 report by the International Maritime Organization on the outcome of the Maritime Safety Committee’s Working Group that conducted the Regulatory Scoping Exercise for the Use of Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships (MASS), with particular attention on the report’s conclusions regarding MASS and the 1972 Collision Regulations (COLREGS). The article criticizes the report’s conclusions to the extent they suggest that the operation of some MASS categories can be reconciled with the existing COLREGS rules by mere rule interpretations or the use of equivalences and warns that reliance on either approach would likely dilute the rules in their application to the far more numerous manned vessels. The article concludes that the advent of MASS will require amendments to the COLREGS.
{"title":"Why the COLREGS Will Need to be Amended to Accommodate Unmanned Vessels","authors":"C. Allen","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3854220","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3854220","url":null,"abstract":"This article examines the May 2021 report by the International Maritime Organization on the outcome of the Maritime Safety Committee’s Working Group that conducted the Regulatory Scoping Exercise for the Use of Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships (MASS), with particular attention on the report’s conclusions regarding MASS and the 1972 Collision Regulations (COLREGS). The article criticizes the report’s conclusions to the extent they suggest that the operation of some MASS categories can be reconciled with the existing COLREGS rules by mere rule interpretations or the use of equivalences and warns that reliance on either approach would likely dilute the rules in their application to the far more numerous manned vessels. The article concludes that the advent of MASS will require amendments to the COLREGS.","PeriodicalId":198407,"journal":{"name":"IRPN: Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131267106","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We examine theoretically and empirically the effects of industrial robot adoption on firms’ financing. Industrial robots are unique in that they are a substitute for labor, whereas other types of physical assets are largely a complement for labor. As a result, robots provide a hedge for fluctuations in the price of labor. Our model shows that robot deployment reduces a firm's risk, decreases equilibrium interest rate, and increases debt capacity. We test these predictions using firm-level panel data on robot deployment in five Chinese provinces across multiple industries. Consistent with the role of robots in hedging labor price risk, robot adoption leads to higher leverage and lower cost of debt, at both the extensive and intensive margins. The staggered nature of the introduction of robot-friendly policies across provinces and industries allows us to make causal claims. The model's more refined predictions, concerning the effects of labor contribution and robot-labor substitution on the strength of the relation between robot adoption and corporate financing, are also borne out in the data.
{"title":"Industrial Robots and Finance","authors":"Xin Cheng, Evgeny Lyandres, Kaiguo Zhou, Tong Zhou","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3736000","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3736000","url":null,"abstract":"We examine theoretically and empirically the effects of industrial robot adoption on firms’ financing. Industrial robots are unique in that they are a substitute for labor, whereas other types of physical assets are largely a complement for labor. As a result, robots provide a hedge for fluctuations in the price of labor. Our model shows that robot deployment reduces a firm's risk, decreases equilibrium interest rate, and increases debt capacity. We test these predictions using firm-level panel data on robot deployment in five Chinese provinces across multiple industries. Consistent with the role of robots in hedging labor price risk, robot adoption leads to higher leverage and lower cost of debt, at both the extensive and intensive margins. The staggered nature of the introduction of robot-friendly policies across provinces and industries allows us to make causal claims. The model's more refined predictions, concerning the effects of labor contribution and robot-labor substitution on the strength of the relation between robot adoption and corporate financing, are also borne out in the data.","PeriodicalId":198407,"journal":{"name":"IRPN: Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126675607","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Kirk provided an approximate closed-form solution for the price of a spread option. This paper is written in response to ref. published in Applied Mathematics Letters in which the author believes no explicit derivation of Kirk’s approximation from Margrabe’s exchange option formula is available or has ever been published. Here we provide such an explicit derivation.
{"title":"Spread Options: From Margrabe to Kirk","authors":"S. R. Etesami","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3665654","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3665654","url":null,"abstract":"Kirk provided an approximate closed-form solution for the price of a spread option. This paper is written in response to ref. published in Applied Mathematics Letters in which the author believes no explicit derivation of Kirk’s approximation from Margrabe’s exchange option formula is available or has ever been published. Here we provide such an explicit derivation.","PeriodicalId":198407,"journal":{"name":"IRPN: Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127463189","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-13DOI: 10.38177/ajast.2020.4105
Mohammed Abdullah R, Syed Abdul Haq S, Meenalochini P
In the utility grid, the occurrence of a voltage drop on the transmission and distribution lines is due to the flow of reactive energy. It is advisable to regulate the voltage within a narrow range of its nominal value (±5% range around its nominal values). Consequently, reactive power control is necessary to control dynamic voltage fluctuations under different system conditions and thus improve the performance and transmission of the distribution system. In this paper, a fixed three-phase voltage (VSI) source compensator is searched for. The paper aims to explain how STATCOM is used to improve the AC system power factor and voltage regulation, and thus improve the performance of transmission and distribution lines. A STATCOM fast fixed compensator is required to produce or absorb reactive energy in order to provide the necessary reactive energy balance in the transmission and distribution system. Modern reactive power compensation uses a voltage inverter (VSI). This STATCOM application has achieved a unit power factor transmission system, which reduces active energy loss by 38.7% thus reducing energy costs, as well as increasing the capacity of the transmission system.
{"title":"Design of 3-Level Inverter Using FIXCOM","authors":"Mohammed Abdullah R, Syed Abdul Haq S, Meenalochini P","doi":"10.38177/ajast.2020.4105","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.38177/ajast.2020.4105","url":null,"abstract":"In the utility grid, the occurrence of a voltage drop on the transmission and distribution lines is due to the flow of reactive energy. It is advisable to regulate the voltage within a narrow range of its nominal value (±5% range around its nominal values). Consequently, reactive power control is necessary to control dynamic voltage fluctuations under different system conditions and thus improve the performance and transmission of the distribution system. In this paper, a fixed three-phase voltage (VSI) source compensator is searched for. The paper aims to explain how STATCOM is used to improve the AC system power factor and voltage regulation, and thus improve the performance of transmission and distribution lines. A STATCOM fast fixed compensator is required to produce or absorb reactive energy in order to provide the necessary reactive energy balance in the transmission and distribution system. Modern reactive power compensation uses a voltage inverter (VSI). This STATCOM application has achieved a unit power factor transmission system, which reduces active energy loss by 38.7% thus reducing energy costs, as well as increasing the capacity of the transmission system.","PeriodicalId":198407,"journal":{"name":"IRPN: Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129075717","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The field of Artificial Intelligence (AI) has seen unprecedented growth in the 21st century. With its multi-disciplinary nature and high growth rate, make this filed vast and has high implications in the development of Science and Engineering. There is a lot of work being carried out on AI and new technologies have come into existence at a fast rate. With this high speed growth, the development of AI and neural networks has gained high popularity in the world over. Inclusion of AI in machines can be considered as connecting machines with the capacity of human brain, which acquires more efficiency. In this paper, we explore the emergence of importance of AI in the field of education. It helps in learning about educational implications of emerging technologies on how the students learn and the way the institutions teach and evolve. There are challenges for organizations about education in higher fields and students learning about the technologies, for teaching, administration and also explore further ways for research and development in various disciplines of Science and Engineering. This helps both the students and teachers to acquire in depth knowledge about AI and also helps in adapting newer techniques. By this, students get better experience in the field of education. It provides an opportunity for the teachers and organizations to implement the scope and practices of AI in education for gaining excellence.
{"title":"Impact of Artificial Intelligence in the Field of Education","authors":"B. S, Dr. N Guruprasad","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3506627","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3506627","url":null,"abstract":"The field of Artificial Intelligence (AI) has seen unprecedented growth in the 21st century. With its multi-disciplinary nature and high growth rate, make this filed vast and has high implications in the development of Science and Engineering. There is a lot of work being carried out on AI and new technologies have come into existence at a fast rate. With this high speed growth, the development of AI and neural networks has gained high popularity in the world over. Inclusion of AI in machines can be considered as connecting machines with the capacity of human brain, which acquires more efficiency. In this paper, we explore the emergence of importance of AI in the field of education. It helps in learning about educational implications of emerging technologies on how the students learn and the way the institutions teach and evolve. There are challenges for organizations about education in higher fields and students learning about the technologies, for teaching, administration and also explore further ways for research and development in various disciplines of Science and Engineering. This helps both the students and teachers to acquire in depth knowledge about AI and also helps in adapting newer techniques. By this, students get better experience in the field of education. It provides an opportunity for the teachers and organizations to implement the scope and practices of AI in education for gaining excellence.","PeriodicalId":198407,"journal":{"name":"IRPN: Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120845812","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-05-25DOI: 10.1108/JICES-12-2018-0096
Lachlan D. Urquhart, Dominic Reedman-Flint, Natalie Leesakul
Purpose The vision of robotics in the home promises increased convenience, comfort, companionship and greater security for users. The robot industry risks causing harm to users, being rejected by society at large or being regulated in overly prescriptive ways if robots are not developed in a socially responsible manner. The purpose of this paper is to explore some of the challenges and requirements for designing responsible domestic robots. Design/methodology/approach The paper examines definitions of robotics and the current commercial state of the art. In particular, it considers the emerging technological trends, such as smart homes, that are already embedding computational agents in the fabric of everyday life. The paper then explores the role of values in design, aligning with human computer interaction, and considers the importance of the home as a deployment setting for robots. The paper examines what responsibility in robotics means and draws lessons from past home information technologies. An exploratory pilot survey was conducted to understand user concerns about different aspects of domestic robots such as form, privacy and trust. The paper provides these findings, married with literature analysis from across technology law, computer ethics and computer science. Findings By drawing together both empirical observations and conceptual analysis, this paper concludes that user centric design is needed to create responsible domestic robotics in the future. Originality/value This multidisciplinary paper provides conceptual and empirical research from different domains to unpack the challenges of designing responsible domestic robotics. In doing this, the paper seeks to bridge the gap between the normative dimensions of how responsible robots should be built, and the practical dimensions of how people want to live with them in context.
{"title":"Responsible Domestic Robotics: Exploring Ethical Implications of Robots in the Home","authors":"Lachlan D. Urquhart, Dominic Reedman-Flint, Natalie Leesakul","doi":"10.1108/JICES-12-2018-0096","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1108/JICES-12-2018-0096","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000The vision of robotics in the home promises increased convenience, comfort, companionship and greater security for users. The robot industry risks causing harm to users, being rejected by society at large or being regulated in overly prescriptive ways if robots are not developed in a socially responsible manner. The purpose of this paper is to explore some of the challenges and requirements for designing responsible domestic robots. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000Design/methodology/approach \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000The paper examines definitions of robotics and the current commercial state of the art. In particular, it considers the emerging technological trends, such as smart homes, that are already embedding computational agents in the fabric of everyday life. The paper then explores the role of values in design, aligning with human computer interaction, and considers the importance of the home as a deployment setting for robots. The paper examines what responsibility in robotics means and draws lessons from past home information technologies. An exploratory pilot survey was conducted to understand user concerns about different aspects of domestic robots such as form, privacy and trust. The paper provides these findings, married with literature analysis from across technology law, computer ethics and computer science. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000Findings \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000By drawing together both empirical observations and conceptual analysis, this paper concludes that user centric design is needed to create responsible domestic robotics in the future. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000Originality/value \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000This multidisciplinary paper provides conceptual and empirical research from different domains to unpack the challenges of designing responsible domestic robotics. In doing this, the paper seeks to bridge the gap between the normative dimensions of how responsible robots should be built, and the practical dimensions of how people want to live with them in context.","PeriodicalId":198407,"journal":{"name":"IRPN: Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117040114","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We present the first direct evidence of algorithmic imprints during batch auctions. Order anticipation is an integral part of high-frequency traders' strategies. Hence, some participants may have economic incentive to encrypt noise in the data. We use machine learning to identify five types of algorithmic imprints that hinder the processing of auction information and have the encrypted noise characteristics. Our approach rests on the shifted wavelet tree (Yunyue and Shasha (2003)), a burst detection indicator, and the dynamic time warping similarity measure (Skutkova, Vitek, et al. (2013)). We show that market participants can adapt their trading to the presence of encrypted noise by filtering data in real time, thus clarifying the price discovery process. This could reveal the presence of informed traders. The methodology deployed is adaptable to different environments, including continuous trading.
{"title":"Machine Learning and High-Frequency Algorithms during Batch Auctions","authors":"Gabriel Yergeau","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3170378","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3170378","url":null,"abstract":"We present the first direct evidence of algorithmic imprints during batch auctions. Order anticipation is an integral part of high-frequency traders' strategies. Hence, some participants may have economic incentive to encrypt noise in the data. We use machine learning to identify five types of algorithmic imprints that hinder the processing of auction information and have the encrypted noise characteristics. Our approach rests on the shifted wavelet tree (Yunyue and Shasha (2003)), a burst detection indicator, and the dynamic time warping similarity measure (Skutkova, Vitek, et al. (2013)). We show that market participants can adapt their trading to the presence of encrypted noise by filtering data in real time, thus clarifying the price discovery process. This could reveal the presence of informed traders. The methodology deployed is adaptable to different environments, including continuous trading.","PeriodicalId":198407,"journal":{"name":"IRPN: Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126752384","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A new class of models for non-Gaussian spatial random fields is developed for spatial field reconstruction in environmental and sensory network monitoring. The developed family of models utilises a class of transformation functions known as the Tukey g-and-h transformation to create a new class of warped spatial Gaussian process model which can support various desirable features such as flexible marginal distributions, which can be skewed and/or heavy-tailed. The resulting model is widely applicable for a wide range of spatial field reconstruction applications. To utilise the model for such applications in practice, we first need to derive the statistical properties of the new family of Tukey g-and-h random fields. We are then able to derive five different objectives to perform spatial field reconstruction. These include the Minimum Mean Squared Error (MMSE), Maximum A-Posteirori (MAP) and the Spatial-Best Linear Unbiased (S-BLUE) estimators as well as the Spatial Regional and Level Exceedance estimators. Extensive simulation results and real data examples show the benefits of using the Tukey g-and-h transformation as opposed to standard Gaussian spatial random fields as is classically utilised.
{"title":"Spatial Field Reconstruction of Non-Gaussian Random Fields: The Tukey G-and-H Random Process","authors":"Sai Ganesh Nagarajan, G. Peters, Ido Nevat","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3159687","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3159687","url":null,"abstract":"A new class of models for non-Gaussian spatial random fields is developed for spatial field reconstruction in environmental and sensory network monitoring. The developed family of models utilises a class of transformation functions known as the Tukey g-and-h transformation to create a new class of warped spatial Gaussian process model which can support various desirable features such as flexible marginal distributions, which can be skewed and/or heavy-tailed. The resulting model is widely applicable for a wide range of spatial field reconstruction applications. To utilise the model for such applications in practice, we first need to derive the statistical properties of the new family of Tukey g-and-h random fields. We are then able to derive five different objectives to perform spatial field reconstruction. These include the Minimum Mean Squared Error (MMSE), Maximum A-Posteirori (MAP) and the Spatial-Best Linear Unbiased (S-BLUE) estimators as well as the Spatial Regional and Level Exceedance estimators. Extensive simulation results and real data examples show the benefits of using the Tukey g-and-h transformation as opposed to standard Gaussian spatial random fields as is classically utilised.","PeriodicalId":198407,"journal":{"name":"IRPN: Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129751429","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R. Prabhavathi, A. Sharada Devi, Dr. R. Anitha, A. Padma
In this article we reviewed shade variations of mordanted Eucalyptus bark natural dyed cottons and post treated with different eco-friendly dye fixing agents. Eco-friendly mordants such as Alum, Stannous Chloride and Ferrous Sulphate were used. Eucalyptus bark dye was selected due to its easy availability. A pre-treatment with myrobalan has been given for better dye uptake. After mordanted and dyed cotton sample was post treated with five eco-friendly dye fixing agents such as Alum, Ammonia, Lime juice, Vinegar and Calcium Chloride for Shade variations in Eucalyptus bark natural dye on cotton and analysed.
{"title":"Shade Variations in Eucalyptus Bark Natural Dyed Cotton Due To Post-Treatment with Eco-Friendly Dye Fixing Agents","authors":"R. Prabhavathi, A. Sharada Devi, Dr. R. Anitha, A. Padma","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3140377","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3140377","url":null,"abstract":"In this article we reviewed shade variations of mordanted Eucalyptus bark natural dyed cottons and post treated with different eco-friendly dye fixing agents. Eco-friendly mordants such as Alum, Stannous Chloride and Ferrous Sulphate were used. Eucalyptus bark dye was selected due to its easy availability. A pre-treatment with myrobalan has been given for better dye uptake. After mordanted and dyed cotton sample was post treated with five eco-friendly dye fixing agents such as Alum, Ammonia, Lime juice, Vinegar and Calcium Chloride for Shade variations in Eucalyptus bark natural dye on cotton and analysed.","PeriodicalId":198407,"journal":{"name":"IRPN: Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115687803","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The detail review is focused in this paper corresponding to various pre/post treatments used in friction stir welding (FSW). These are, isothermal ageing, solution heat treatment, natural ageing, post weld aging, ARB (Accumulative Roll-Bonding), immediately pouring of water and mechanical powder mixing. Introducing the shielding gas around the tool, ultrasonic assisted aging is also discussed. The change in microstructural and mechanical properties, distributions of the microstructures and hardness is reviewed. The effect of the FSW process on matrix grain size and reinforcement particles is evaluated. Formation of intermetallic phases under the influence of power ultrasonic process is studied. The flow patterns are analyzed. The influence of single and multi-pass friction stir processing on the structure and mechanical properties is also discussed. The upcoming research is going in the field of microstructural and mechanical properties stabilization in a single process of FSW. A systematic literature review based on the different pre/post FSW treatments and their effects on microstructural and mechanical properties is highlighted in this paper.
{"title":"A Review on Pre/Post Treatments Used in Friction Stir Welding","authors":"S. Nirgude, C. Choudhari, S. D. Kalpande","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3101621","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3101621","url":null,"abstract":"The detail review is focused in this paper corresponding to various pre/post treatments used in friction stir welding (FSW). These are, isothermal ageing, solution heat treatment, natural ageing, post weld aging, ARB (Accumulative Roll-Bonding), immediately pouring of water and mechanical powder mixing. Introducing the shielding gas around the tool, ultrasonic assisted aging is also discussed. The change in microstructural and mechanical properties, distributions of the microstructures and hardness is reviewed. The effect of the FSW process on matrix grain size and reinforcement particles is evaluated. Formation of intermetallic phases under the influence of power ultrasonic process is studied. The flow patterns are analyzed. The influence of single and multi-pass friction stir processing on the structure and mechanical properties is also discussed. The upcoming research is going in the field of microstructural and mechanical properties stabilization in a single process of FSW. A systematic literature review based on the different pre/post FSW treatments and their effects on microstructural and mechanical properties is highlighted in this paper.","PeriodicalId":198407,"journal":{"name":"IRPN: Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116042966","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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