Pathogens and Global Health最新文献

Antibiotic resistance in typhoid fever poses a critical public health problem due to the emergence of extensively drug-resistant (XDR) Salmonella, resulting in prolonged illness and treatment failure. Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi is the most predominant among all serotypes and can acquire resistance. The emergence of XDR Salmonella in various regions globally, particularly Pakistan, presents a concerning trend. However, limited data availability impedes a comprehensive understanding of the outbreaks and hinders the development of real-time solutions. Here, we have provided an updated overview of the current outbreaks of XDR Salmonella in epidemic and endemic regions. Treatments of XDR Salmonella infections are challenging, as there are records of treatment failure in humans and animals. However, intensive prevention techniques can be implemented pending the advent of novel antibiotics. Emphasis on antimicrobial stewardship and frequent surveillance of the pathogen should be made to keep track of potential outbreaks in both human and animal populations. Although progress is being made to combat XDR Salmonella within some regions, a unified and efficient effort on an international scale is required to curtail the XDR outbreak before it escalates and leads us back to the pre-antibiotic era.

Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is a widespread tick-borne viral disease. YKL-40 (also known as chitinase-3-like-1 protein) is an acute phase protein released by various immune cells. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between YKL-40 level and the clinical course and prognosis of CCHF. The study included 78 patients who were admitted to our hospital between April 15 and 30 August 2022 and had a positive polymerase chain reaction test result for CCHF. The patients were divided into two groups, severe and non-severe. In addition, a control group consisting of 22 healthy people was established. Mean serum YKL-40 levels were significantly higher in patients than controls (106.8 ng/mL ± 91.2 and 47.1 ng/mL ± 35.3, respectively; p < 0.001). However, mean YKL-40 levels were also significantly higher in patients with severe CCHF compared to non-severe cases (173.3 ± 112.3 and 67.5 ± 41.7, respectively; p < 0.001). A comparison of the 10 exitus patients and the 68 survivors revealed significantly higher YKL-40 levels in the exitus group (mean: 214.0 ± 139.0 and 92.8 ± 73.6, respectively; p = 0.001). A receiver operating characteristic analysis for YKL-40 levels to distinguish between severe and non-severe patients found an area under the curve of 0.925. YKL-40 levels were measured with a sensitivity of 97% and a specificity of 84% with a cutoff value of 90.7 ng/mL. YKL-40 levels measured at the time of hospital presentation in patients with CCHF can be used as a biomarker for clinical course and prognosis.

The mortality rate of Nipah virus (NiV) can vary in different regions, and its pattern across timelines has yet to be assessed. The primary objective is to perform a comparative analysis of mortality rates across different timelines and countries. Articles reporting NiV mortality from inception to November 2023 were analyzed in PubMed, Ovid Embase, Scopus, and Web of Science databases. A meta-analysis utilizing random-effects models determined the mortality rate secondary to NiV complications. The initial search strategy yielded 1213 records, of which 36 articles met the inclusion criteria, comprising 2736 NiV patients. The Global mortality rate of the Nipah virus in the 2014-2023 decade was 80.1% (CI: 68.7-88.1%), indicating a significant 24% increase compared to the preceding decade (2004-2013) with a mortality rate of 54.1% (CI: 35.5-71.6%). Among the countries analyzed for overall mortality from 1994-2023, India experienced the highest mortality rate at 82.7% (CI: 74.6-88.6%), followed by Bangladesh at 62.1% (CI: 45.6-76.2%), Philippines at 52.9% (CI: 30-74.5%), Malaysia at 28.9% (CI: 21.4-37.9%), and Singapore at 21% (CI: 8-45%). Subgroup analysis revealed that India consistently had the highest mortality rate for the past two decades (91.7% and 89.3%). The primary complication leading to mortality was encephalitis, accounting for 95% of cases. This systematic review and meta-analysis revealed a noteworthy surge in NiV mortality rates, particularly in the current decade (2014-2023). The escalation, with India reporting a concerning level of mortality of 89.3-91.7% in the past decades, signifies a pressing public health challenge.

In the fourth year of the COVID-19 occurrence, a new COVID-19 variant, JN.1, has emerged and spread globally and become the dominant strain in several regions. It has some specific mutations in its spike proteins, empowering it with higher transmissibility. Regarding the significance of the issue, understanding the clinical and immunological traits of JN.1 is critical for enhancing health strategies and vaccination efforts globally, with the ultimate goal of bolstering our collective response to the pandemic. In this study, we take a look at the latest findings of JN.1 characteristics and mutations as well as its consequences on bypassing immune system. We demonstrate the importance of continual surveillance and strategic adaptation within healthcare frameworks along with the significance of wastewater sampling for the rapid identification of emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants.

Malaria in pregnancy causes adverse consequences and prompt and accurate diagnosis is essential for case management. In malaria endemic countries, diagnosis is mainly based on rapid diagnostic tests (RDT) and microscopy. However, increasing reports of false negatives caused by low parasitemia and pfhrp2/3 deletions raise concerns about HRP2-based RDT usefulness. This study aimed to assess RDT and microscopy performance and to describe pfhrp2/3 deletions in a cohort of 418 pregnant women in Burkina Faso. Malaria was diagnosed using RDT and microscopy and blood samples were collected during antenatal care visits. Diagnostic results were compared to PCR as gold standard. Pfhrp2 and pfhrp3 deletions were characterized for patients with confirmed P. falciparum infection. RDT had better sensitivity (76%) but lower specificity (83%) than microscopy (sensitivity = 57%; specificity = 98%). Low parasitemia (<150 parasites/µL), especially in multigravidae, was the principal factor causing false negatives by both methods. Moreover, pfhrp2 deletion frequency among overall false negatives by RDT was 21.43%. Higher frequency of deletions was found among all samples, independently of RDT result, for example around 2% of samples had double deletions meaning that the majority of deletions had no effect on RDT testing. Finally, it was found higher pfhrp2 deletion in women with lower uterine height during the first trimester. Wider and National surveillance study of deletions is recommended among pregnant women and in Burkina Faso.

The development of rapid, accurate, and efficient detection methods for protozoan parasites can substantially control the outbreak of protozoan parasites infection, which poses a threat to global public health. Idealistically, electrochemical biosensors would be able to overcome the limitations of current detection methods due to their simplified detection procedure, on-site quantitative analysis, rapid detection time, high sensitivity, and portability. The objective of this scoping review is to evaluate the current state of electrochemical biosensors for detecting protozoan parasites. This review followed the most recent Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) recommendations. Using electrochemical biosensor and protozoan parasite keywords, a literature search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and ScienceDirect on journals published between January 2014 and January 2022. Of the 52 studies, 19 were evaluated for eligibility, and 11 met the review's inclusion criteria to evaluate the effectiveness and limitations of the developed electrochemical biosensor platforms for detecting protozoan parasite including information about the samples, biomarkers, bioreceptors, detection system platform, nanomaterials used in fabrication, and limit of detection (LoD). Most electrochemical biosensors were fabricated using conventional electrodes rather than screen-printed electrodes (SPE). The range of the linear calibration curves for the developed electrochemical biosensors was between 200 ng/ml and 0.77 pM. The encouraging detection performance of the electrochemical biosensors demonstrate their potential as a superior alternative to existing detection techniques. On the other hand, more study is needed to determine the sensitivity and specificity of the electrochemical sensing platform for protozoan parasite detection.

Occupational immunization is an integral part of institutional occupational safety and health (OSH) programs. Laboratory animal workers (LAWs) are personnel working with various small and large vertebrate animals. LAWs are at the risk of contracting a myriad of zoonotic infections as they are occupationally exposed to animals and their biological products. Immunizing employees against such zoonotic pathogens is the best way to prevent disease transmission. This review provides information on various zoonotic diseases, vaccines available to protect against such infections, and vaccination schedules. Certain sections of institutional occupational immunization programs such as risk evaluation, immunizing special categories of personnel and exemption from immunization among others are also described. Additionally, the authors have discussed various probable modes of impact through which occupational immunization of laboratory animal workers fulfills different United Nations Sustainable Development Goals.