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Studying Bureaucracy in Post-Colonial India: The Normative and the Quotidian 后殖民时代印度官僚制度研究:规范与日常
Pub Date : 2021-04-26 DOI: 10.1177/2277436X211008302
Bhaskar Chakrabarti, Mufsin Puthan Purayil, M. Thakur
This article presents a critical assessment of the new wave of anthropological scholarship on bureaucracy and its relevance in India. Dealing primarily with everyday bureaucratic practices, and their entanglements with local hierarchies of power, status and wealth, such studies underline the contingent and contextual nature of the enterprise of ‘state-making’. Moreover, they direct our attention away from the normative, formal-institutional configurations of state power to the quotidian workings of the state through its materiality and discursive representations at multiple loci of state–citizen interface in post-colonial India that are invariably orchestrated bureaucratically. While bringing out the implications of this change in theoretical, methodological and substantive focus for our understandings of the interrelated ideas of state and citizenship, the article concludes by outlining a few possible trajectories for further scholarly engagement so far as studies of bureaucracy in India are concerned.
这篇文章提出了对官僚主义及其在印度的相关性的人类学学术新浪潮的批判性评估。这些研究主要处理日常的官僚实践,以及它们与地方权力、地位和财富等级的纠缠,强调了“国家建立”企业的偶然和背景性质。此外,它们将我们的注意力从国家权力的规范性,正式制度配置转移到国家的日常运作上,通过其在后殖民时期印度国家-公民界面的多个地点的物质性和话语表征,这些都是官僚主义精心策划的。在提出这一变化对我们理解国家和公民身份相关概念的理论、方法和实质性关注的影响的同时,文章最后概述了一些可能的轨迹,以进一步研究印度的官僚主义。
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引用次数: 2
M. K. Gandhi, Our Moral Action Compass: His Selected Guiding Communications for the Changing India* 甘地,《我们的道德行动指南:他为改变中的印度所选的指导通讯》*
Pub Date : 2021-02-21 DOI: 10.1177/2277436X20970301
R. Khare
This paper discusses M. K. Gandhi’s selected short writings of the early and mid-twentieth century by topics, themes and some major timely issues. Gandhi’s April 1933 advice to his readers, spelling his central moral–spiritual experiential truths, frames this writing. In an apperceptive view of Gandhi, he morally, spiritually, and socially ‘contextualized’ and ‘nuanced’ his direct, concise writings. These expressed his life’s core: ‘truth and nonviolence’. Three following topics exemplify his daily regimens in ‘food, health and hygiene’, commentaries on independence-seeking India during the troubled and violent 1940s, and his last 1947 radio speech. The two concluding sections overview how twenty-first-century 3.4 billion modern Indians still lack unity across different castes, religions and regional socioeconomic inequalities. Gandhi’s self-cultivated, disciplined moral, social, and civil bonds are needed. The drivers of such change must be the morally inspired, self-disciplined diverse younger Indians.
本文从选题、主题和一些重大的时代性问题等方面论述了甘地20世纪早期和中期的短篇作品选集。甘地1933年4月给读者的建议,阐述了他的核心道德-精神经验真理,构成了本书的框架。在对甘地的敏锐观察中,他在道德上、精神上和社会上“语境化”和“细致入微”了他直接、简洁的作品。这些表达了他的人生核心:“真理与非暴力”。以下三个主题是他日常生活中的“食物、健康和卫生”,对动乱和暴力的20世纪40年代寻求独立的印度的评论,以及他1947年的最后一次广播演讲。最后两部分概述了21世纪34亿现代印度人在不同种姓、宗教和地区社会经济不平等方面仍然缺乏团结。我们需要甘地那种自我培养、自律的道德、社会和公民纽带。这种变化的推动者一定是那些受道德启发、自律的多样化的印度年轻人。
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引用次数: 0
Migrant Workers and COVID-19: Listening to the Unheard Voices of Invisible India 农民工与2019冠状病毒病:倾听隐形印度的无声之声
Pub Date : 2020-12-01 DOI: 10.1177/2277436x20968984
Sangeeta Yadav, K. R. Priya
The internal migrant workers in India, despite being highly vulnerable in terms of physical and mental health, have remained the backbone of the Indian economy. However, the recent lockdown situation created by pandemic has put them in a more precarious condition. On one hand, they have lost their jobs and earnings, while on the other, they did not have enough resources to survive at the place of migration. As a result, the nation witnessed mass exodus, where men, women, children were seen returning to their native places on foot. This article, through a critical review of interdisciplinary and ethnographic research, focuses on the status of migrant workers in India amidst lockdown and strategies that may help to mitigate the situation. This article also explores the future course of action that can improve migrant workers’ condition.
印度的国内移徙工人尽管在身心健康方面非常脆弱,但仍然是印度经济的支柱。然而,最近大流行造成的封锁局势使他们处于更加危险的境地。一方面,他们失去了工作和收入,另一方面,他们没有足够的资源在移民地生存。结果,全国出现了大规模的人口外流,人们看到男人、女人和儿童步行返回他们的家乡。本文通过对跨学科和人种学研究的批判性回顾,重点关注在封锁期间印度移民工人的状况以及可能有助于缓解这种情况的策略。本文还探讨了未来可以改善农民工状况的行动方针。
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引用次数: 5
M. Sasikumar, Matriliny among the Khasis: A Study in Retrospect and Prospect 卡西族的母系制:回顾与展望
Pub Date : 2020-12-01 DOI: 10.1177/2277436X20970298
Chakraverti Mahajan
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引用次数: 0
Srinivas and His Sociological Imagination * * I dedicate this article to Mrs Rukmini Srinivas who was my surrogate mother during a difficult and awkward phase of my teenage and early adulthood years. 斯里尼瓦斯和他的社会学想象* *我把这篇文章献给鲁克米尼·斯里尼瓦斯夫人,她是我在青春期和成年早期艰难而尴尬的阶段的代理母亲。
Pub Date : 2020-12-01 DOI: 10.1177/2277436X20967861
M. Panini
This essay searches for the models of society and social change that emerge from Srinivas’ extensive contributions to sociology. This task also inevitably leads to his notions of theory and method. Srinivas’s academic studies of social change in India also shaped the course of social change because the concepts that he coined entered the vocabulary of politics and social life in India.
本文从斯里尼瓦斯对社会学的广泛贡献中寻找社会和社会变革的模式。这个任务也不可避免地导致他的理论和方法的概念。斯里尼瓦斯对印度社会变革的学术研究也塑造了社会变革的进程,因为他创造的概念进入了印度政治和社会生活的词汇。
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引用次数: 0
Under the Tutelage of M. N. Srinivas: Homage of the Last Pupil 在M. N.斯里尼瓦斯的指导下:对最后一个学生的敬意
Pub Date : 2020-12-01 DOI: 10.1177/2277436x20971870
R. Prasad
My close and direct association with Srinivas (MNS) as his last student began in 1976 that lasted till I joined the University of Hyderabad in June 1991 as a faculty in the Department of Anthropology. After joining the University of Hyderabad, I physically got distanced. I also learnt that he was a bit annoyed with me as I was moving out of Bangalore and he never wanted me to leave Bangalore. I was also not very happy to get distanced from him physically. Professor Srinivas and Mrs Srinivas always treated me as a family member and almost like a son. However, my condition was such that I had to get out of the Institute of Social and Economic Change (ISEC) to get into a secure academic job, as I was on a tenurial project position at ISEC. Also, I was not growing any younger. V. S. Parthasarathy (hereafter VSP), a close associate of MNS, told him about my plight but still, the hurt feeling remained. I feel that I have always been unlucky in this regard. These things apart, I have immensely gained academically under his tutelage. If I count my meetings and interactions for my PhD thesis, they are only a few and far between. However, during my frequent interactions with him (every Saturday morning, I used to visit him from 1987 till I left Bangalore in 1991 June, and I tried to make a catalogue of the books in his library), I have learnt about many scholars of all hues, the discipline of anthropology and sociology, academic politics, and much more. Each meeting with him was a rich experience of learning. That is why, it is difficult for me as to where and how to begin to write about my journey under MNS’ tutelage. There were also some misgivings created by circumstances (maybe also by some persons) which also had impacted the relationship with MNS sometime in the middle. Because of perseverance, they all got dissolved and the relationship was always in a buoyance state. In other words, there were times of trials and tribulations in this journey, but patience and perseverance always paid in managing my relationship with MNS. He used to enquire about my problems and always tried to comfort me. This I have always tried to do with my students as it helps them to overcome any psychological trauma that they face. Anyway, I will not discuss in this write-up non-academic or personal matters. Let me make this write-up a little structured. I would like to divide this into five parts of timeline events that happened during my association with him and how each one taught me many things, including also as to how to face problems in career and life.
作为斯里尼瓦斯的最后一个学生,我与他密切而直接的联系始于1976年,一直持续到1991年6月我加入海德拉巴大学,成为人类学系的一名教员。进入海德拉巴大学后,我的身体变得疏远了。我还了解到,他对我有点生气,因为我要离开班加罗尔,他从来不想让我离开班加罗尔。我也不喜欢和他保持身体上的距离。斯里尼瓦斯教授和斯里尼瓦斯夫人总是把我当作家人,几乎像儿子一样对待。然而,我的情况是,我必须离开社会与经济变革研究所(ISEC),才能找到一份稳定的学术工作,因为我在ISEC担任终身项目职位。而且,我也不再年轻了。V. S. Parthasarathy(以下简称VSP), MNS的亲密伙伴,告诉他我的困境,但受伤的感觉仍然存在。我觉得我在这方面一直很不幸。除此之外,在他的指导下,我在学术上获得了巨大的进步。如果我把我的会议和互动算作我的博士论文,它们只是少数,而且相隔甚远。然而,在我与他频繁的互动中(从1987年到1991年6月我离开班加罗尔,我每个星期六早上都去拜访他,我试图为他的图书馆的书籍制作目录),我了解了许多不同流派的学者,人类学和社会学的学科,学术政治,等等。与他的每一次会面都是一次丰富的学习经历。这就是为什么我很难从哪里以及如何开始写我在MNS指导下的旅程。也有一些由环境(可能也由某些人)造成的疑虑,这些疑虑也在中间的某个时候影响了与MNS的关系。因为坚持,他们都溶解了,关系一直处于一种浮躁的状态。换句话说,在这段旅程中有很多考验和磨难,但在处理与MNS的关系时,耐心和毅力总是有回报的。他过去常常询问我的问题,并总是设法安慰我。我一直试图这样对待我的学生,因为这有助于他们克服他们所面临的任何心理创伤。无论如何,我不会在这篇文章中讨论非学术或个人问题。让我把这篇文章写得有条理一些。我想把这篇文章分成五个部分,分别是我和他交往期间发生的事情,以及每一件事情教会了我很多东西,包括如何面对事业和生活中的问题。
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引用次数: 0
Comments on ‘Draft of the Policies for Great Andamanese and Sentinelese’ Published in journal of Anthropological Survey of India, 69(1), 165–176 《大安达曼人和森提纳人的政策草案》,《印度人类学调查》,69(1),165-176
Pub Date : 2020-12-01 DOI: 10.1177/2277436x20969223
K. Saxena, Vijoy S. Sahay, Subho Roy, T. Pandit
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引用次数: 0
Relevance of Methodology of M. N. Srinivas Today: Some Issues 今天斯里尼瓦斯方法论的相关性:一些问题
Pub Date : 2020-12-01 DOI: 10.1177/2277436X20968952
Sukant K. Chaudhury
This article aims at analysing the methods and techniques used by M. N. Srinivas, the pioneer of Indian sociology and social anthropology. Srinivas was the founder of sociology department at two universities in India: Baroda and Delhi, where his focus was to pursue lengthy fieldwork with participant observation technique by the researcher. He was influenced by Radcliffe-Brown’s structural-functional approach and pursued it in village studies in India. His village studies in Rampura produced many ideas and concepts par excellence: Sanskritisation, Westernisation, Secularisation and Dominant Caste including the concept of vote bank. Further, this article discusses the interface between sociology and social anthropology as advocated by him.
本文旨在分析印度社会学和社会人类学的先驱m·n·斯里尼瓦斯所使用的方法和技巧。斯里尼瓦斯是印度巴罗达和德里两所大学社会学系的创始人,他的重点是通过研究人员的参与式观察技术进行长期的实地调查。他受到拉德克利夫-布朗的结构-功能方法的影响,并在印度的乡村研究中沿用了这一方法。他在兰普拉的乡村研究产生了许多杰出的想法和概念:梵化、西方化、世俗化和统治种姓,包括选票库的概念。在此基础上,本文进一步探讨了他所倡导的社会学与社会人类学的衔接。
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引用次数: 0
Socio-Demographic Factors Associated with Health Condition among Adult Bhantu Population of Andaman: A Cross-Sectional Study 与安达曼成年班图人健康状况相关的社会人口因素:一项横断面研究
Pub Date : 2020-12-01 DOI: 10.1177/2277436X20969227
K. Mukherjee, M. Pandi, K. V. Rao
Malnutrition encompassing both under and over nutrition increases health risks in the adult population. In recent days, the increase in obesity and in turn, the incidence of chronic disease in adult population, now urges weight management interventions in obese adults. Bhantu, a De-notified Community of Andaman, labelled as a Criminal Tribe during British administration for their criminal acts, was settled here after their imprisonment. The present study is the first attempt to understand the impact of socio-economic determinants of health condition of Bhantu. It is a community-based study conducted among 305 adult individuals including males and females. Anthropometric measurements of height (cm) and weight (kg) were taken using standard technique and Body Mass Index (BMI) was calculated. To access socio-demographic condition of Bhantu community, a well-structured questionnaire was used for all participants to collect information on their income, literacy, marital status, types of family and so on. Results revealed that maximum number of males and females were overweight and socio-demographic variables have shown effect on their health. In conclusion, this study highlighted the importance of considering socio-demographic factors in the context of health study and incorporation of socio-demographic determinants in further research work is crucial for maintenance of health, functional independence and quality of life.
包括营养不足和营养过剩在内的营养不良增加了成年人的健康风险。最近几天,肥胖的增加,反过来,成人慢性疾病的发病率,现在迫切需要对肥胖成人进行体重管理干预。Bhantu是安达曼的一个被取消通知的社区,在英国统治期间因其犯罪行为而被标记为犯罪部落,在他们被监禁后定居在这里。本研究是第一次试图了解班图人健康状况的社会经济决定因素的影响。这是一项以社区为基础的研究,对包括男性和女性在内的305名成年人进行了调查。采用标准技术测量身高(cm)和体重(kg),计算身体质量指数(BMI)。为了了解Bhantu社区的社会人口状况,对所有参与者使用了结构良好的问卷,以收集他们的收入、识字率、婚姻状况、家庭类型等信息。结果显示,男性和女性超重的人数最多,社会人口变量对他们的健康有影响。总之,这项研究强调了在健康研究中考虑社会人口因素的重要性,在进一步的研究工作中纳入社会人口决定因素对于维持健康、功能独立和生活质量至关重要。
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引用次数: 0
Development Induced Displacement: Issues and Indian Experiences 发展导致的流离失所:问题和印度的经验
Pub Date : 2020-12-01 DOI: 10.1177/2277436X20979760
A. Singh
Development-induced displacement debate has attracted academicians, planners and policymakers in the last hundred years because of its contradictory connotation. The twentieth century is considered to be the period of unprecedented economic development in many areas of the world. Megaprojects, like irrigation projects and large dams, have become symbols of economic development; apart from generating energy, these projects have also generated employment and income for the people affected. Post-Independence India has witnessed a large number of development projects for fulfilling the socio-economic needs of a different section of society residing in different parts of the country. Efforts have been made by government authorities for the promotion of major, medium and small-scale developmental projects in sectors like irrigation, industries, power, transportation and so on. However such mega-development projects involve the acquisition of land from common and poor people resulting in forced mass displacement which disrupts the socio-economic fabric and spoils the environmental flavour of the surrounding areas. A large number of people are deprived of their cultural identities and livelihood primarily as a direct consequence of land acquisition. The experiences suggest that the long drawn-out process of displacement has caused widespread traumatic psychological and socio-cultural consequences including the dismantling of traditional production systems, desecration of ancestral sacred zones, graves and places of worship, scattering of kinship groups, disruptions of the family system and informal social network (Kothari, 1995. Economic & Political Weekly, 31(24), 1476–1485). Under this type of parochial treatment, the fundamental goal of economic development, that is, to promote the welfare and wellbeing of the people remains a daydream, and the vulnerable groups of human society are denied of their fundamental/human rights and have to bear the situation at the cost of development.
在过去的一百年里,发展引发的流离失所争论吸引了学者、规划者和决策者,因为其矛盾的内涵。20世纪被认为是世界许多地区经济空前发展的时期。灌溉工程和大型水坝等大型工程已经成为经济发展的象征;除了发电外,这些项目还为受影响的人民创造了就业和收入。独立后的印度实施了大量发展项目,以满足居住在该国不同地区的社会不同阶层的社会经济需要。政府主管部门努力推动灌溉、工业、电力、交通等部门的大、中、小型发展项目。然而,这些大型开发项目涉及从普通和穷人手中征用土地,导致被迫大规模流离失所,破坏了社会经济结构,破坏了周围地区的环境味道。许多人被剥夺了他们的文化特性和生计,这主要是土地征用的直接后果。经验表明,长期的流离失所过程造成了广泛的心理和社会文化创伤后果,包括传统生产系统的瓦解、祖传的圣地、坟墓和礼拜场所的亵渎、亲属团体的分散、家庭制度和非正式社会网络的破坏(Kothari, 1995年)。经济与政治周刊,31(24),1476-1485。在这种狭隘的待遇下,经济发展的根本目标,即促进人民的福利和福祉,仍然是一个白日梦,人类社会的弱势群体被剥夺了基本人权,不得不以牺牲发展为代价来承担这种情况。
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引用次数: 5
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Journal of the Anthropological Survey of India
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