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Subir Kumar Dutta and Mitu De (Eds.), Understanding Autism: Through the Lens of Parents and Professionals Subir Kumar Dutta和Mitu De(主编),理解自闭症:通过父母和专业人士的镜头
Pub Date : 2020-06-01 DOI: 10.1177/2277436x20907705
P. C. Joshi
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引用次数: 0
Somatotype of Santal Tribal Women of West Bengal in India 印度西孟加拉邦桑塔尔部落妇女的体型
Pub Date : 2020-06-01 DOI: 10.1177/2277436X20927229
A. Adhikari, Keya Dash
Abstract Sixty-four Santal tribal women from Paschim Medinipur district, West Bengal, India, were studied for their somatotype. The studied women were with an average age of 32.5 ± 11.6 years with a wide age range of 16–70. Average height was 150.2 (±5.2) cm. Heath–Carter method (1967) was followed for somatotyping. Average somatotype of the studied Santal women was 3.9 (±1.5) – 4.1 (1.1) – 2.9 ± (1.7). A total of 16–20 year age group had an average somatotype of 3.7 (±1.0) – 3.3 (±0.7) – 3.4 (±1.5), whereas that of 21–30 had an average somatotype of 3.4 (±1.2) – 3.7 (±1.0) – 3.9 (±1.5). A total of 31–40 year age group were more mesomorphic with an average somatotype of 4.4 (±1.6) – 4.4 (±1.2) – 2.1 (±1.7). Mesomorphy component increased as the Santal women grew up. The women from age group 41 to 50 year had an average somatotype of 4.0 (±1.6) – 4.6 (±1.1) – 1.9 (±1.3), whereas that of older women of 51–70 year age group were more mesomorphic with an average value of 5.0 (±1.9) – 5.1 (±0.7) – 1.7 (±0.7). Thus, muscularity of the Santal women increased as age increased. This was due to their changed lifestyle from young age to older age where older had to do more physical work than the young adults. Thus, well-built muscular body type of Santal women was an adaptation for hard physical work for survival.
摘要对印度西孟加拉邦Paschim Medinipur地区64名桑塔尔部落妇女的体型进行了研究。研究的女性平均年龄为32.5±11.6岁,年龄范围为16-70岁。平均身高150.2(±5.2)cm。躯体分型采用Heath-Carter方法(1967)。研究对象的平均体型为3.9(±1.5)- 4.1(1.1)- 2.9±(1.7)。16 ~ 20岁年龄组平均体格型为3.7(±1.0)~ 3.3(±0.7)~ 3.4(±1.5),21 ~ 30岁年龄组平均体格型为3.4(±1.2)~ 3.7(±1.0)~ 3.9(±1.5)。31 ~ 40岁年龄组中胚型偏多,平均体格型为4.4(±1.6)~ 4.4(±1.2)~ 2.1(±1.7)。中形态成分随着桑塔尔女性的成长而增加。41 ~ 50岁女性平均体型为4.0(±1.6)~ 4.6(±1.1)~ 1.9(±1.3),而51 ~ 70岁老年女性平均体型为5.0(±1.9)~ 5.1(±0.7)~ 1.7(±0.7)。因此,随着年龄的增长,西班牙女性的肌肉量也随之增加。这是由于他们从年轻到老年的生活方式发生了变化,老年人必须比年轻人做更多的体力劳动。因此,强健的肌肉型的桑塔尔女性是为了生存而适应艰苦的体力劳动。
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引用次数: 1
On the Concept of Community: A Tribute to Professor Shyama Charan Dube (25 July 1922–4 February 1996) 论社区概念:致杜贝教授(1922年7月25日- 1996年2月4日)
Pub Date : 2020-06-01 DOI: 10.1177/2277436X20927224
V. Srivastava
Abstract About social structure, A. L. Kroeber said that it is a ‘pleasant puzzle’, because there are several opinions on its constitution. In a similar vein, R. K. Merton said that social structure is polyphyletic and polymorphous, i.e. it has many meanings and ideas. The same is true of the concept of community. We use many concepts that we understand, but when it comes to defining them in precise terms, we start facing problems, and the concept of community is one of them. This paper submits that community is one concept that is not being discussed these days. Here, it is taken up for a detailed treatment against the backdrop of the case of a pastoral community from Rajasthan.
关于社会结构,a . L. Kroeber说它是一个“令人愉快的谜”,因为对它的构成有几种不同的看法。同样,r·k·默顿(R. K. Merton)说,社会结构是多基因和多形态的,也就是说,它有许多意义和思想。社区的概念也是如此。我们使用许多我们理解的概念,但当涉及到用精确的术语定义它们时,我们开始面临问题,社区的概念就是其中之一。本文认为,社区是一个最近没有被讨论的概念。在这里,我们将以拉贾斯坦邦的一个牧区为背景,对其进行详细的处理。
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引用次数: 0
PRAJA: A Customary Village Council of the Pangwala of Himachal Pradesh 普拉加:喜马偕尔邦邦邦瓦拉的一个传统村委会
Pub Date : 2020-05-18 DOI: 10.1177/2277436X20920979
Karan Kapoor, Jagriti Mehta, Anindya Sinha, R. Sahani
Abstract Customary village councils are pre-democratic informal councils found in almost every tribal village in India. Praja is one such customary village council, yet unique in its own terms and is found in villages of Pangi tehsil of Chamba district of Himachal Pradesh. It owes its uniqueness to its geographical conditions. This article discusses about the Praja and the role it plays in the lives of the Pangwala. Praja is a social organisation which works in a close relation with the other units of the Pangwala society. Pangi’s rough geographical conditions like rugged topography and harsh climate, and lack of contact with other areas in earlier times led to formation of Praja, whose function was to deal with socio-cultural, developmental and legal matters. However, with time it became quasi-judicial in nature. Its peculiarity lies in the fact that it is an apolitical organisation. Though changes have been observed in Praja’s role, it is still the supreme body responsible for social solidarity of the Pangwala.
传统村委会是民主前的非正式村委会,几乎存在于印度的每个部落村庄。普拉贾就是这样一个传统的村委会,但在它自己的术语中是独一无二的,它位于喜马偕尔邦昌巴区的Pangi tehsil村。它的独特之处在于它的地理条件。这篇文章讨论了般若及其在潘瓦拉人生活中所扮演的角色。Praja是一个社会组织,与Pangwala社会的其他单位有着密切的关系。Pangi的地理条件恶劣,如崎岖的地形和恶劣的气候,以及早期与其他地区缺乏联系,导致了Praja的形成,其功能是处理社会文化,发展和法律事务。然而,随着时间的推移,它变成了准司法性质。它的独特之处在于它是一个非政治性组织。虽然Praja的角色发生了变化,但它仍然是负责邦瓦拉社会团结的最高机构。
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引用次数: 1
Sarat Chandra’s Women: An Anthropological Gendered Analysis of the Works of an Indian Writer of the Early Twentieth Century 萨拉特·钱德拉的女性:20世纪初印度作家作品的人类学性别分析
Pub Date : 2020-04-01 DOI: 10.1177/2277436X20905926
S. Channa
Abstract The works of literary masters often encapsulate history and anthropology of their times. Of several doyens of colonial writers in Bengal, Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyaya is well known for mirroring the position of women and also drawing some strong sketches of women reflecting social issues as well as inequality and injustice meted out to them at that period of Bengal’s history. His empathetic concern for women and his keen insight into their minds has often been commented on and appreciated. This paper is concerned with his inter-subjective relationship with the questions of class and caste and how, he as a male member of upper caste and from a genteel background dealt with his innate caste and class concerns in constructing his women characters representing various strata of society.
文学大师的作品往往浓缩了他们所处时代的历史和人类学。在孟加拉几十位殖民时期的作家中,萨拉特·钱德拉·查托帕德亚亚以反映女性的地位而闻名,他还画了一些强烈的女性素描,反映了孟加拉历史上那个时期女性所面临的社会问题以及不平等和不公正。他对女性的同情和对她们思想的敏锐洞察经常受到评论和赞赏。本文关注的是他与阶级和种姓问题的主体间关系,以及作为上层种姓的男性成员和来自绅士背景的他如何在塑造代表社会各阶层的女性角色时处理他与生俱来的种姓和阶级问题。
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引用次数: 0
Interplay of Culture and Horticulture Among the Savara of Andhra Pradesh, India 印度安得拉邦萨瓦拉地区文化与园艺的相互作用
Pub Date : 2020-03-24 DOI: 10.1177/2277436X20907706
B. V. Sharma, Gopika J.
Abstract The perception that communities are passive recipients of innovations has long been rejected. The way communities respond to any innovation is the result of unique and complex negotiations and renegotiations between their culture and the innovations. These responses can cause changes in the existing elements of the culture and lead to the emergence of new elements that act as feedback into the initial process. It is from this perspective that this article aims to understand the introduction and expansion of horticulture among the Savara of Seethampeta Mandal, Andhra Pradesh. The interplay of the Savara culture and horticulture is grounded on certain Savara institutions and their responses to the innovation of horticulture, creating a loop where positive responses from the earlier culture feed into new elements of culture that are positively oriented towards horticulture. Using ethnographic data based on fieldwork, this article seeks to understand how the earlier and emergent Savara cultures have facilitated the widespread adoption of horticulture in the area under study.
长期以来,社区是创新的被动接受者的观点一直被拒绝。社区对任何创新的反应方式都是他们的文化与创新之间独特而复杂的谈判和再谈判的结果。这些反应可能导致文化中现有元素的变化,并导致新元素的出现,这些新元素作为对初始过程的反馈。正是从这个角度出发,本文旨在了解在安得拉邦Seethampeta Mandal的萨瓦拉人中园艺的引入和扩展。萨瓦拉文化和园艺的相互作用是基于某些萨瓦拉制度和他们对园艺创新的反应,创造了一个循环,早期文化的积极反应馈入新的文化元素,这些文化元素积极地面向园艺。本文利用基于田野调查的民族志数据,试图了解早期和新兴的萨瓦拉文化是如何促进园艺在研究地区的广泛采用的。
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引用次数: 0
Comparison of Age-Related Anthropometric Changes Among Elderly Punjabi Males Residing in Old-Age Homes with Those Residing with Their Families 住在安老院与与家人同住的旁遮普男性长者与年龄有关的人体测量变化比较
Pub Date : 2020-03-17 DOI: 10.1177/2277436X20905923
K. Singh, S. Singh, G. Kaur, K. Bose
Abstract The present study was conducted to find out the changes in anthropometric measurements with advancing age among elderly males living in old-age homes and those living in family. Cross-sectional data on anthropometric measurements and other general information were obtained for 400 male subjects (200 living in old-age homes and 200 living with family) ageing 60 years and above, and data were collected from various districts in Punjab. Height decreased non-significantly and sitting height decreased significantly (p = 0.03) from 60 years to ≥80 years of age in both the groups of elderly males. Weight decreased significantly among the elderly males residing in old-age homes (p < 0.001). Biceps (p = 0.03) and thigh skinfold (p = 0.009) thicknesses decreased significantly only among elderly residing in old-age homes. Abdominal (p = 0.01) and supra-iliac (p = 0.01) skinfold thickness measurements decreased significantly among elderly residing with their families. Circumference measurements on limbs decreased significantly (p < 0.01) among both the groups of elderly (except upper arm circumference among elderly residing with their families). Abdominal circumference decreased significantly (p = 0.04) among the elderly males residing with their families. Elderly residing in old-age homes retained more abdominal subcutaneous fat mass and lost more appendicular fat mass as compared with those residing with their families. Elderly residing with their families lost lesser appendicular muscle mass as compared with their counterpart’s elderly residing in old-age homes.
摘要本研究旨在探讨居家男性与家庭男性老年人的人体测量值随年龄增长的变化。对400名60岁及以上的男性受试者(200名住在养老院,200名与家人住在一起)进行了人体测量测量的横断面数据和其他一般信息,并从旁遮普的各个地区收集了数据。两组老年男性在60岁至≥80岁期间,身高均无显著下降,而坐姿高度均显著下降(p = 0.03)。居住在养老院的老年男性体重显著下降(p < 0.001)。肱二头肌厚度(p = 0.03)和大腿皮褶厚度(p = 0.009)仅在养老院居住的老年人中显著下降。在与家人同住的老年人中,腹部(p = 0.01)和髂上(p = 0.01)皮褶厚度测量值显著降低。两组老年人的四肢围围均显著降低(p < 0.01)(与家人同住的老年人上臂围围除外)。与家人同住的老年男性的腹围明显减小(p = 0.04)。与与家人同住的长者相比,住在敬老院的长者保留较多腹部皮下脂肪量,并减少较多阑尾脂肪量。与住在安老院的长者相比,与家人同住的长者阑尾肌量减少较少。
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引用次数: 2
Verrier Elwin and His Fieldwork Method * Verrier Elwin和他的田野调查方法*
Pub Date : 2020-02-26 DOI: 10.1177/2277436X20905924
T. Subba
Abstract I would first of all like to thank the Anthropological Survey of India for inviting me to deliver the Elwin Memorial Lecture at a national seminar on ‘Verrier Elwin and his Field Method’ held at North-Eastern Hill University (NEHU) in May 2018. I have chosen to speak on ‘Verrier Elwin and his Fieldwork Method’ in view of the paucity of information on the subject, as neither Elwin has written on how he conducted his fieldwork or what his methodology of fieldwork was, nor have others written much about his method of fieldwork. Indeed, many like Enthoven (1946) and Devereux (1946) have written on the richness, soundness and reliability of his data, but they are silent about how he collected his data or what his fieldwork method was like. Among the few who I know have written on Elwin’s fieldwork method are Bhabagrahi Misra (1970, 1971), Ramachandra Guha (1998, 1999) and Vinay Kumar Srivastava (n.d., ms). I am not aware of the writings of any other author on this subject.
首先,我要感谢印度人类学调查中心邀请我于2018年5月在东北山大学(NEHU)举行的“韦里尔·埃尔温及其现场方法”全国研讨会上发表埃尔温纪念演讲。我之所以选择“Verrier Elwin和他的田野工作方法”,是因为关于这个主题的信息很少,因为Elwin没有写过他是如何进行田野工作的,也没有写过他的田野工作方法,也没有其他人写过很多关于他的田野工作方法。的确,像Enthoven(1946)和Devereux(1946)这样的许多人都写过他的数据的丰富性、健全性和可靠性,但他们对他如何收集数据或他的实地调查方法是什么保持沉默。在我所知道的少数几个撰写了关于Elwin的田野调查方法的人当中,有Bhabagrahi Misra(1970年,1971年),Ramachandra Guha(1998年,1999年)和Vinay Kumar Srivastava(未注明日期,ms)。我不知道其他任何作者关于这个主题的著作。
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引用次数: 0
Nisargopchar Ashram: Gandhi’s Legacy and Public Health in Contemporary India 尼萨尔戈查道场:甘地的遗产和当代印度的公共卫生
Pub Date : 2019-12-01 DOI: 10.1177/2277436X19881260
J. Alter
Abstract Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi was a staunch advocate for nature cure. He promoted the use of earth, air, sunlight, water and diet not only to treat medical problems but also as an integral feature of a programme for comprehensive public health reform. As such, Gandhi conceptualised healthcare as an encompassing, biomoral project designed to produce Swaraj in the broadest sense of the term. Nature cure was, in other words, fundamental to sarvodaya as a form of praxis. This essay focusses on Gandhi’s establishment of Nisargopchar, a nature cure ashram in the Uruli Kanchan village, and the conceptualisation of the ashram within the framework of the constructive programme and rural development more broadly. This focus not only highlights fundamental tensions and contradictions of social class within the Gandhian project but also sheds light on the way in which Gandhi’s vision of biomoral reform provides a perspective on how these contradictions and tensions, which are especially visible in contemporary India, reflect larger, more encompassing global problems of consumption, development and progress measured in terms of material wealth.
莫罕达斯·卡拉姆昌德·甘地是自然疗法的坚定倡导者。他提倡利用土地、空气、阳光、水和饮食,不仅用于治疗医疗问题,而且作为全面公共卫生改革方案的一个组成部分。因此,甘地将医疗保健概念化为一个包罗万象的生物工程,旨在产生最广泛意义上的斯瓦拉吉。换句话说,自然疗法是作为一种实践形式的萨沃达亚的基础。这篇文章的重点是甘地在Uruli Kanchan村建立的Nisargopchar,一个自然疗法的修行所,以及在建设性计划和更广泛的农村发展框架内的修行所的概念化。这种关注不仅突出了甘地工程中社会阶级的基本紧张和矛盾,而且还揭示了甘地的生物生物学改革愿景如何提供了一个视角,说明这些矛盾和紧张在当代印度尤其明显,如何反映出更大、更广泛的全球问题,即以物质财富衡量的消费、发展和进步。
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引用次数: 1
Mahatma Gandhi and Tribal Development 圣雄甘地和部落发展
Pub Date : 2019-12-01 DOI: 10.1177/2277436X19886420
R. Mitra
Abstract As we face intractable challenges of ever-increasing violence, growing inequalities, poverty, diseases and climate change all of which raise serious questions on our future existence, we once again turn to Mahatma Gandhi, his ideas and practices to face these adversities. The article engages with one such issue of tribes and the development initiatives of the state with ideas drawn from Gandhian economics and his model of social construction.
当我们面对日益增长的暴力、日益严重的不平等、贫困、疾病和气候变化等棘手挑战时,所有这些都对我们的未来存在提出了严重的问题,我们再次求助于圣雄甘地,他的思想和实践来面对这些逆境。本文从甘地经济学和他的社会建设模式中汲取思想,探讨部落和国家发展倡议的问题。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Journal of the Anthropological Survey of India
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