Pub Date : 2019-11-28DOI: 10.52763/pjsir.phys.sci.62.3.2019.181.189
Waqar Ahmad, Z. Shams, H. Abbasi, M. Farooq, M. Zafar, A. Zubair
This study was conducted to assess the water quality of the lower Indus Basin, Pakistan. Eighty- two water samples were collected from forty-one locations of lower Indus Basin (Kashmore to Keti-Bander) during pre and post monsoon seasons. The variation pattern in the water quality has been observed in both seasons. The samples were analysed for physical quality (temperature, pH, turbidity, dissolved oxygen, total dissolved solids, salinity and conductivity), chemical quality (chloride, total alkalinity, total hardness, sulphate, potassium, sodium, iron, zinc, lead, mercury, copper, cadmium and nitrate) and biological quality (coliform bacteria). The study reveals that the concentrations of lead, mercury, and cadmium in water samples during both seasons were slightly higher than the permissible limits, whereas, all other parameters were within WHO guidelines. The higher concentration of heavy metals must be rectified by the concerned authorities in order to protect human health.
{"title":"Multivariate Analysis of Heavy Metals, Physicochemical and Microbial Characteristics to Determine the Water Quality of Lower Indus Basin, Pakistan","authors":"Waqar Ahmad, Z. Shams, H. Abbasi, M. Farooq, M. Zafar, A. Zubair","doi":"10.52763/pjsir.phys.sci.62.3.2019.181.189","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52763/pjsir.phys.sci.62.3.2019.181.189","url":null,"abstract":"This study was conducted to assess the water quality of the lower Indus Basin, Pakistan. Eighty- two water samples were collected from forty-one locations of lower Indus Basin (Kashmore to Keti-Bander) during pre and post monsoon seasons. The variation pattern in the water quality has been observed in both seasons. The samples were analysed for physical quality (temperature, pH, turbidity, dissolved oxygen, total dissolved solids, salinity and conductivity), chemical quality (chloride, total alkalinity, total hardness, sulphate, potassium, sodium, iron, zinc, lead, mercury, copper, cadmium and nitrate) and biological quality (coliform bacteria). The study reveals that the concentrations of lead, mercury, and cadmium in water samples during both seasons were slightly higher than the permissible limits, whereas, all other parameters were within WHO guidelines. The higher concentration of heavy metals must be rectified by the concerned authorities in order to protect human health. \u0000 ","PeriodicalId":19924,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Scientific & Industrial Research Series A: Physical Sciences","volume":"94 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78684172","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-11-28DOI: 10.52763/pjsir.phys.sci.62.3.2019.167.173
Bilal Odin, G. Suparta, A. Hermanto, D. S. Palupi, Y. Sardjono, R. A
A simulation study on the Double-layer Beam Shaping Assembly (DBSA) system has been carried out. This study used fast neutron beam resulting from reactions of 30 MeV protons with beryllium target. The MCNPX code was utilized to design the DBSA and the phantom as well as to calculate neutron flux on the phantom. The distribution of epithermal neutron flux and gamma in the DBSA and phantom were computed using the PHITS code. The spectrum of radiation beams generated by the DBSA shows the characteristics that the typical epithermal neutron flux of 1.0 x109 n/(cm2.s), the ratio of epithermal to the thermal and fast neutron flux of 344 and 85, respectively and the ratio of gamma dose to the epithermal neutron flux of 1.82 x 10-13 Gy.cm2. The test of epithermal neutron beams irradiation on the water phantom shows that epithermal neutrons are thermalized and penetrate the phantom up to 12 cm in depth. The maximum value of neutron flux is 1.1 x 109 n/(cm2.s) at a depth of 2 cm in phantom.
{"title":"Characteristics of Thermal Neutron Flux Distribution in a Phantom Irradiated by Epithermal Neutron Beam from Double Layer Beam Shaping Assembly (DBSA)","authors":"Bilal Odin, G. Suparta, A. Hermanto, D. S. Palupi, Y. Sardjono, R. A","doi":"10.52763/pjsir.phys.sci.62.3.2019.167.173","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52763/pjsir.phys.sci.62.3.2019.167.173","url":null,"abstract":"A simulation study on the Double-layer Beam Shaping Assembly (DBSA) system has been carried out. This study used fast neutron beam resulting from reactions of 30 MeV protons with beryllium target. The MCNPX code was utilized to design the DBSA and the phantom as well as to calculate neutron flux on the phantom. The distribution of epithermal neutron flux and gamma in the DBSA and phantom were computed using the PHITS code. The spectrum of radiation beams generated by the DBSA shows the characteristics that the typical epithermal neutron flux of 1.0 x109 n/(cm2.s), the ratio of epithermal to the thermal and fast neutron flux of 344 and 85, respectively and the ratio of gamma dose to the epithermal neutron flux of 1.82 x 10-13 Gy.cm2. The test of epithermal neutron beams irradiation on the water phantom shows that epithermal neutrons are thermalized and penetrate the phantom up to 12 cm in depth. The maximum value of neutron flux is 1.1 x 109 n/(cm2.s) at a depth of 2 cm in phantom. \u0000 ","PeriodicalId":19924,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Scientific & Industrial Research Series A: Physical Sciences","volume":"108 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90313588","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-08-09DOI: 10.52763/pjsir.phys.sci.62.2.2019.67.75
K. Javed, F. Kanwal, S. Siddiqi, S. Atiq, Waheeda Mushtaq, K. Ahmed
In this work pure polyindole and its composites with wollastonite have been prepared by using anhydrous ferric chloride (FeCl3) as an oxidizing agent. Wollastonite (CaSiO3) was prepared by sol gel method using citric acid, calcium nitrate and tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS) for the synthesis of composites. Particle size of the synthesized wollastonite was 58.8 nm. Effect of wollastonite weight percentages ranging from 1-25% of the polyindole in polyindole wollastonite (PIn/CaSiO3) composites was studied. Chemical structure was elucidated for polyindole/wollastonite (PIn/CaSiO3) composites and wollastonite (CaSiO3) was done through Fourier transform infra red spectroscopy (FTIR), which revealed successful fabrication of polyindole/wollastonite (PIn/CaSiO3) composites and wollastonite (CaSiO3) particles. Scanning electron microscopic technique was used for surface morphological studies. Thermal stability of the composites was examined through thermogravimetry. Four probe method was used to measure DC-conductivity of the samples. Composites showed DC conductivity in the range, 3.71´10-7 Siemens per centimeter.
{"title":"Facile Synthesis and Characterization of Wollastonite Polyindole Composites to Study their Electrical Conductivity Behaviour","authors":"K. Javed, F. Kanwal, S. Siddiqi, S. Atiq, Waheeda Mushtaq, K. Ahmed","doi":"10.52763/pjsir.phys.sci.62.2.2019.67.75","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52763/pjsir.phys.sci.62.2.2019.67.75","url":null,"abstract":"In this work pure polyindole and its composites with wollastonite have been prepared by using anhydrous ferric chloride (FeCl3) as an oxidizing agent. Wollastonite (CaSiO3) was prepared by sol gel method using citric acid, calcium nitrate and tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS) for the synthesis of composites. Particle size of the synthesized wollastonite was 58.8 nm. Effect of wollastonite weight percentages ranging from 1-25% of the polyindole in polyindole wollastonite (PIn/CaSiO3) composites was studied. Chemical structure was elucidated for polyindole/wollastonite (PIn/CaSiO3) composites and wollastonite (CaSiO3) was done through Fourier transform infra red spectroscopy (FTIR), which revealed successful fabrication of polyindole/wollastonite (PIn/CaSiO3) composites and wollastonite (CaSiO3) particles. Scanning electron microscopic technique was used for surface morphological studies. Thermal stability of the composites was examined through thermogravimetry. Four probe method was used to measure DC-conductivity of the samples. Composites showed DC conductivity in the range, 3.71´10-7 Siemens per centimeter.","PeriodicalId":19924,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Scientific & Industrial Research Series A: Physical Sciences","volume":"56 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73583260","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-08-09DOI: 10.52763/pjsir.phys.sci.62.2.2019.98.103
Saif-ur-Rehman Kashif, A. Hanif
The Lahore city, Pakistan has 400 plus filling stations, which are busy in fuel filling round the clock. During supply, storage and its breathing, filling process, volatile compounds are released to the atmosphere which increase VOCs concentration not only on filling stations but also to adjoining areas. These VOCs especially benzene/toluene is reported to be a potential for smog formation in addition to other causes, which is being observed in this city for last two years since 2016. Six company petrol filling stations (5 pumps for each company) were monitored using Haz Scanner HIM-6000 to measure VOCs near each filling station. Readings were taken at 5 feet and 50 feet distance from fuel dispenser in triplicate from each filling station at a height of 2 feet above ground from selected petrol pumps in morning (8 am-11:50 am) and after noon time (12:30 pm-3:30 pm) in the month of Oct and Nov, 2017. It was found that VOCs at all stations of Pakistan State Oil (PSO) were higher than others. Further, highest skin irritation was observed in Shell Pakistan (80%) followed by PSO and Caltex Pakistan. Although Parco Pakistan has also longer working time but workers have no skin irritation issue.
{"title":"Assessment of Volatile Organic Compounds at Gasoline Filling Stations and Possible Impacts on Human Health in Lahore, Pakistan","authors":"Saif-ur-Rehman Kashif, A. Hanif","doi":"10.52763/pjsir.phys.sci.62.2.2019.98.103","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52763/pjsir.phys.sci.62.2.2019.98.103","url":null,"abstract":"The Lahore city, Pakistan has 400 plus filling stations, which are busy in fuel filling round the clock. During supply, storage and its breathing, filling process, volatile compounds are released to the atmosphere which increase VOCs concentration not only on filling stations but also to adjoining areas. These VOCs especially benzene/toluene is reported to be a potential for smog formation in addition to other causes, which is being observed in this city for last two years since 2016. Six company petrol filling stations (5 pumps for each company) were monitored using Haz Scanner HIM-6000 to measure VOCs near each filling station. Readings were taken at 5 feet and 50 feet distance from fuel dispenser in triplicate from each filling station at a height of 2 feet above ground from selected petrol pumps in morning (8 am-11:50 am) and after noon time (12:30 pm-3:30 pm) in the month of Oct and Nov, 2017. It was found that VOCs at all stations of Pakistan State Oil (PSO) were higher than others. Further, highest skin irritation was observed in Shell Pakistan (80%) followed by PSO and Caltex Pakistan. Although Parco Pakistan has also longer working time but workers have no skin irritation issue.","PeriodicalId":19924,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Scientific & Industrial Research Series A: Physical Sciences","volume":"24 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81891533","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-08-09DOI: 10.52763/pjsir.phys.sci.62.2.2019.76.81
A. Shah, Fayyaz Ahmed Keerio, S. Memon, G. Z. Memon
A new method of cloud point extraction was determined for preconcentration and determination of different metal ions like copper(II), nickel(II) and cobalt(II) ions. The complexation has been done by bis(2-acetyl pyridine 4-phenyl 3-thiosemicarbazone) (APPT) using sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) as surfactant. Metal ions are extracted into the phase rich in SDS after centrifugation. Initially, micellar phase was dissolved in 10 mL of deionized water then acidified with 0.5 mol/L HNO3, enhanced the surfactant- rich phase and analyzed by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS). The effects of pH, the concen- trations of metal ions and chelating agent (APPT), volume of surfactant (SDS), equilibration temperature and time were studied on CPE. The preconcentration factor obtained was 25 and the limits of detection(DL) obtained for cobalt(II), nickel(II) and copper(II) were 1.5, 1.7 and 2.4 ng/mL, respectively. This method of preconcentration was effectively useful for the determination of cobalt(II), nickel(II) and copper(II) in water samples.
{"title":"Cloud Point Extraction for the Determination of Different Metal Ions by Using Bis(2-Acetyl Pyridine 4-Phenyl 3-Thiosemicarbazone) as Complexing Reagent","authors":"A. Shah, Fayyaz Ahmed Keerio, S. Memon, G. Z. Memon","doi":"10.52763/pjsir.phys.sci.62.2.2019.76.81","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52763/pjsir.phys.sci.62.2.2019.76.81","url":null,"abstract":"A new method of cloud point extraction was determined for preconcentration and determination of different metal ions like copper(II), nickel(II) and cobalt(II) ions. The complexation has been done by bis(2-acetyl pyridine 4-phenyl 3-thiosemicarbazone) (APPT) using sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) as surfactant. Metal ions are extracted into the phase rich in SDS after centrifugation. Initially, micellar phase was dissolved in 10 mL of deionized water then acidified with 0.5 mol/L HNO3, enhanced the surfactant- rich phase and analyzed by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS). The effects of pH, the concen- trations of metal ions and chelating agent (APPT), volume of surfactant (SDS), equilibration temperature and time were studied on CPE. The preconcentration factor obtained was 25 and the limits of detection(DL) obtained for cobalt(II), nickel(II) and copper(II) were 1.5, 1.7 and 2.4 ng/mL, respectively. This method of preconcentration was effectively useful for the determination of cobalt(II), nickel(II) and copper(II) in water samples.","PeriodicalId":19924,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Scientific & Industrial Research Series A: Physical Sciences","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91317067","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-08-09DOI: 10.52763/pjsir.phys.sci.62.2.2019.92.97
O. Ajayi, G. Olatunji
The staining activity of twelve (12) anthraquinone dye derivatives was carried out to investigate the potential of the compounds as staining agents. The reactions of the compounds on organism cell walls were determined, and a comparison was drawn between the mechanism of action of the compounds against established mechanism of reaction of standard dyes used in biological staining. These compounds are BRAM/acetylated PPD, BRAM/PAP/p-TsCl, BRAM/Biaryl/PAP and BRAM/BzCl/PAP, BRAM/aniline, BRAM/o-toluidine, BRAM/p-toluidine, BRAM/m-toluidine, BRAM/p-anisidine, BRAM/m-anisidine, BRAM/PAP, and BRAM/p-iodoaniline. The antibacterial and antifungal activity of these compounds was determined. BRAM/BzCl/PAP exhibited higher biological activity on the bacterial types than most of the controls. From the results of the antifungal test, BRAM/m-toluidine and BRAM/acetylated PPD indicated very significant activity as much as the controls. The staining tests carried out on the compounds show that they are viable alternatives to existing dyes currently used in bacterial and fungal identification.
{"title":"Comparative Study of Antimicrobial and Staining Activity of Selected Anthraquinone Dyes","authors":"O. Ajayi, G. Olatunji","doi":"10.52763/pjsir.phys.sci.62.2.2019.92.97","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52763/pjsir.phys.sci.62.2.2019.92.97","url":null,"abstract":"The staining activity of twelve (12) anthraquinone dye derivatives was carried out to investigate the potential of the compounds as staining agents. The reactions of the compounds on organism cell walls were determined, and a comparison was drawn between the mechanism of action of the compounds against established mechanism of reaction of standard dyes used in biological staining. These compounds are BRAM/acetylated PPD, BRAM/PAP/p-TsCl, BRAM/Biaryl/PAP and BRAM/BzCl/PAP, BRAM/aniline, BRAM/o-toluidine, BRAM/p-toluidine, BRAM/m-toluidine, BRAM/p-anisidine, BRAM/m-anisidine, BRAM/PAP, and BRAM/p-iodoaniline. The antibacterial and antifungal activity of these compounds was determined. BRAM/BzCl/PAP exhibited higher biological activity on the bacterial types than most of the controls. From the results of the antifungal test, BRAM/m-toluidine and BRAM/acetylated PPD indicated very significant activity as much as the controls. The staining tests carried out on the compounds show that they are viable alternatives to existing dyes currently used in bacterial and fungal identification.","PeriodicalId":19924,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Scientific & Industrial Research Series A: Physical Sciences","volume":"38 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81054409","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-08-09DOI: 10.52763/pjsir.phys.sci.62.2.2019.113.123
S. Ashraf, M. Luqman, Z. Y. Hassan, A. Yaqoob
This survey research based study sought determinants of biogas technology adoption in rural areas of Pakistan. Stratified random sampling technique was employed to select respondents because the population was unknown and heterogeneous in nature. Total 240 respondents (150 biogas users and 120 potential users) were selected and face to face interviewed using a structured, validated and pre-tested questionnaire. Along with descriptive analysis of data logistics regression model was applied to investigate the determinants of biogas adoption. Findings affirmed significant role of socio-economic characteristics of respondents in the adoption of biogas technology. Empirical findings reported a significant impact of education, the income of households and the number of animals on the adoption of biogas technology. This implies that unit increase in education, income and number of animals will escalate the adoption of biogas technology. Tackling energy crisis, economic benefits, and production of slurry for soil fertility, health gains and environment-friendly nature of biogas were perceived reasons of biogas adoption among the biogas users. Non-government organizations and neighbours were leading motivational factors behind adoption as revealed by users. However, role of electronic media, print media and government institutionsin promoting biogas was reported dismal. This study urge that biogas is valuable alternative source of energy to combat energy crisis. In this way, provision of subsidies, interest free loans and technical backstopping could invoke potential users to adopt biogas technology.
{"title":"Determinants of Biogas Technology Adoption in Pakistan","authors":"S. Ashraf, M. Luqman, Z. Y. Hassan, A. Yaqoob","doi":"10.52763/pjsir.phys.sci.62.2.2019.113.123","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52763/pjsir.phys.sci.62.2.2019.113.123","url":null,"abstract":"This survey research based study sought determinants of biogas technology adoption in rural areas of Pakistan. Stratified random sampling technique was employed to select respondents because the population was unknown and heterogeneous in nature. Total 240 respondents (150 biogas users and 120 potential users) were selected and face to face interviewed using a structured, validated and pre-tested questionnaire. Along with descriptive analysis of data logistics regression model was applied to investigate the determinants of biogas adoption. Findings affirmed significant role of socio-economic characteristics of respondents in the adoption of biogas technology. Empirical findings reported a significant impact of education, the income of households and the number of animals on the adoption of biogas technology. This implies that unit increase in education, income and number of animals will escalate the adoption of biogas technology. Tackling energy crisis, economic benefits, and production of slurry for soil fertility, health gains and environment-friendly nature of biogas were perceived reasons of biogas adoption among the biogas users. Non-government organizations and neighbours were leading motivational factors behind adoption as revealed by users. However, role of electronic media, print media and government institutionsin promoting biogas was reported dismal. This study urge that biogas is valuable alternative source of energy to combat energy crisis. In this way, provision of subsidies, interest free loans and technical backstopping could invoke potential users to adopt biogas technology. \u0000 ","PeriodicalId":19924,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Scientific & Industrial Research Series A: Physical Sciences","volume":"50 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76383319","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-08-09DOI: 10.52763/pjsir.phys.sci.62.2.2019.82.91
E. E. Jude, I. Nkafamiya, D. B. Jen, Isaac Ernest
Pectin is a naturally occurring biopolymer which can be used for food and pharmaceutical applications. In this study the effect of temperature, time and pH on the yield, physicochemical characteristics of pectin extracted from Bombax ceiba fruits was investigated. The extraction of pectin was done using citric acid buffer followed by 96% alcohol precipitation. The optimum temperature, time and pH for the extraction of pectin were determined to be 85 °C, 90 min and 2.0, respectively. The yield of pectin under these optimum conditions was found to be 16.35%. The physicochemical properties determined under these optimum conditions were found to be; equivalent weight; 765.40 mg/mol, methoxyl content: 6.62%, anhydrouronic acid content; 65.25%, degree of esterification; 72.45%, moisture content; 1.30% and ashcontent; 0.60% for Bombax ceiba fruits extracted pectin, respectively. FTIR was also utilized for characterizing the pectins. Generally, the findings of the study showed that the pectin extracted from Bombax ceiba fruit can find industrial applications, especially in food processing and pharmaceutical industries.
{"title":"Physicochemical Characterization and FTIR Spectroscopic Study of Pectin from Bombax ceiba (Bamta) Fruit","authors":"E. E. Jude, I. Nkafamiya, D. B. Jen, Isaac Ernest","doi":"10.52763/pjsir.phys.sci.62.2.2019.82.91","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52763/pjsir.phys.sci.62.2.2019.82.91","url":null,"abstract":"Pectin is a naturally occurring biopolymer which can be used for food and pharmaceutical applications. In this study the effect of temperature, time and pH on the yield, physicochemical characteristics of pectin extracted from Bombax ceiba fruits was investigated. The extraction of pectin was done using citric acid buffer followed by 96% alcohol precipitation. The optimum temperature, time and pH for the extraction of pectin were determined to be 85 °C, 90 min and 2.0, respectively. The yield of pectin under these optimum conditions was found to be 16.35%. The physicochemical properties determined under these optimum conditions were found to be; equivalent weight; 765.40 mg/mol, methoxyl content: 6.62%, anhydrouronic acid content; 65.25%, degree of esterification; 72.45%, moisture content; 1.30% and ashcontent; 0.60% for Bombax ceiba fruits extracted pectin, respectively. FTIR was also utilized for characterizing the pectins. Generally, the findings of the study showed that the pectin extracted from Bombax ceiba fruit can find industrial applications, especially in food processing and pharmaceutical industries.","PeriodicalId":19924,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Scientific & Industrial Research Series A: Physical Sciences","volume":"32 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84073385","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-08-09DOI: 10.52763/pjsir.phys.sci.62.2.2019.104.112
D. R. Hashmi, Akhtar Shareef, Talha Qadri, M. Azam
Present study was carried out to analyze the concentration of the pollutants due to air born particulate matter (PM10) and infectious trace gases and their effects on human health at ten different locations along busy intersections in the commercial, residential and industrial areas of Karachi city. At each selected location, the study was carried out to determine the level of particulate matter and trace gases for a period of 8 h twice in a month during the year 2015. Samples were collected at ten selected locations i.e. Karimabad(C-1), Tibet Centre(C-2), and Liaquatabad(C-3) in commercial areas; PIB Colony(R-1), Nazimabad(R-2) and Gulshan-e-Iqbal(R-3) in residential areas; Siemens G. Belt(I-E1), Naurus G Belt (I-E2), Singer Chowrangi(I-W3) and Chamra Chowrangi(I-W4) in industrial areas of the city. Resultsreceived from different air quality categories were calculated according to National Environmental Quality Standard (NEQS) at selected locations, as in commercial areas showing poor pollution level for trace gases and PM10 due to high traffic density. In Residential areas PIB Colony (R-1) and Gulshan-e-Iqbal (R-3), found under good category with respect to the trace gases and moderate pollution level for the PM10 pollution, having low traffic density whereas Nazimabad(R-2) presents moderate category for trace gases and unhealthy category for PM10 pollution with high traffic density. In industrial areas Singer Chowrangi (I-W3) and Chamra Chowrangi(I-W4) found under moderate pollution level with moderate traffic density, whereas, Siemens G. Belt(I-E1) and Naurus G. Belt(I-E2) locations are represented by moderate pollution values for trace gases and found under poor pollution level for PM10 pollution, may be due to industrial emissions and heavy vehicular emission. Level of PM10 and trace gases at all the selected sites excluding residential areas, exceeds the permissible limits as specified by NEQS.
本研究旨在分析卡拉奇市商业、住宅和工业区繁忙十字路口沿线10个不同地点空气中悬浮微粒(PM10)和传染性微量气体污染物的浓度及其对人体健康的影响。在每个选定的地点，进行了研究，以确定2015年每个月两次为期8小时的颗粒物和微量气体水平。样本在十个选定的地点收集，即商业区的Karimabad(C-1)、西藏中心(C-2)和Liaquatabad(C-3);PIB Colony(R-1)、Nazimabad(R-2)和Gulshan-e-Iqbal(R-3)在居民区;Siemens G. Belt(I-E1)， aurus G Belt(I-E2)， Singer Chowrangi(I-W3)和Chamra Chowrangi(I-W4)在城市的工业区。根据国家环境质量标准(NEQS)计算了选定地点的不同空气质量类别的结果，例如由于交通密度高，痕量气体和PM10污染水平较差的商业区。在居民区，PIB Colony (R-1)和Gulshan-e-Iqbal (R-3)的微量气体污染属于良好类别，PM10污染属于中等污染水平，交通密度低，而Nazimabad(R-2)的微量气体污染属于中等类别，PM10污染属于不健康类别，交通密度高。Singer Chowrangi(I-W3)和Chamra Chowrangi(I-W4)工业区处于中等污染水平，交通密度中等，而Siemens G. Belt(I-E1)和Naurus G. Belt(I-E2)地区的微量气体污染值为中等，PM10污染水平较差，可能是由于工业排放和重型车辆排放所致。除居民区外，所有选定地点的PM10和微量气体浓度均超过国家环境质量体系规定的允许限值。
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Pub Date : 2019-04-08DOI: 10.52763/pjsir.phys.sci.62.1.2019.20.27
S. K. Suri, R. Khan
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