Energy plays an essential role in the development and economic growth of a country. A balanced energy sector leads to social development and political stability. An efficient use of available resources as well as harnessing of environmentally friendly new resources is imperative for sustainable energy development and economic stability. Alternative and clean energy resources are required to meet electricity demand and to fight against the adverse environmental problems. This research is carried out to analyze the current energy scenario of Pakistan and to identify potential solutions. Pakistan has a vast potential of renewable energy that could be utilized to overcome the energy shortage. However, unfortunately, due to lack of proper energy policies and infrastructure, this vast potential remains underutilized. Discontinuity and reversal of various national energy policies has also compounded the problem. In power sector, increased generation costs due to increased dependence on thermal generation and high line losses have resulted into increased tariffs for the consumers. This, in turn, has increased the circular debt in the energy sector. Disagreement between various provinces on construction of large dams as well as water distribution disputes with India, are key factors that have reduced the share of cheap hydropower in the national grid. The establishment of a strong energy sector utilizing indigenous energy resources is must for a prosperous Pakistan as economic growth and energy availability are interlinked. Energy Intensity, Energy Diversity, Energy Import Dependence, and Energy Transportation determine energy security. The paper analyzes current energy crisis of Pakistan in the light of above mentioned energy security parameters and explores the potential of renewable energy resources as a worthwhile alternative to fossil fuels. The analysis is based on realistic data collected from various authentic sources.
{"title":"Current Energy Crisis of Pakistan: Status, Impact and Potential Solutions","authors":"Javeria Rehman","doi":"10.57041/pjosr.v1i1.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.57041/pjosr.v1i1.1","url":null,"abstract":"Energy plays an essential role in the development and economic growth of a country. A balanced energy sector leads to social development and political stability. An efficient use of available resources as well as harnessing of environmentally friendly new resources is imperative for sustainable energy development and economic stability. Alternative and clean energy resources are required to meet electricity demand and to fight against the adverse environmental problems.\u0000This research is carried out to analyze the current energy scenario of Pakistan and to identify potential solutions. Pakistan has a vast potential of renewable energy that could be utilized to overcome the energy shortage. However, unfortunately, due to lack of proper energy policies and infrastructure, this vast potential remains underutilized. Discontinuity and reversal of various national energy policies has also compounded the problem.\u0000In power sector, increased generation costs due to increased dependence on thermal generation and high line losses have resulted into increased tariffs for the consumers. This, in turn, has increased the circular debt in the energy sector. Disagreement between various provinces on construction of large dams as well as water distribution disputes with India, are key factors that have reduced the share of cheap hydropower in the national grid.\u0000The establishment of a strong energy sector utilizing indigenous energy resources is must for a prosperous Pakistan as economic growth and energy availability are interlinked. Energy Intensity, Energy Diversity, Energy Import Dependence, and Energy Transportation determine energy security. The paper analyzes current energy crisis of Pakistan in the light of above mentioned energy security parameters and explores the potential of renewable energy resources as a worthwhile alternative to fossil fuels. The analysis is based on realistic data collected from various authentic sources.","PeriodicalId":19924,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Scientific & Industrial Research Series A: Physical Sciences","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88412915","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper describes the working of a Sabertooth based high power smart wheelchair. It is focused at removing the wheelchair drive issues by using a compendious motor driver. This driver is programmed and synchronized to allow stable movement in long drives, ramps, and slopes along with over current and heating protection. In addition, it aims at making disabled people independent by decreasing the use of physical, perceptual and cognitive skills. Further, it has been integrated with an Arduino, obstacle avoidance sensors (HC-SRO4), pulse and temperature sensors, and an android app to create automatic controllability and a comfortable drive with added monitoring features.
{"title":"Sabertooth Based Smart Electric Wheelchair with Advanced Features","authors":"Sharoze Sohail, Muhammad Saad Saleem","doi":"10.57041/pjosr.v1i1.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.57041/pjosr.v1i1.4","url":null,"abstract":"This paper describes the working of a Sabertooth based high power smart wheelchair. It is focused at removing the wheelchair drive issues by using a compendious motor driver. This driver is programmed and synchronized to allow stable movement in long drives, ramps, and slopes along with over current and heating protection. In addition, it aims at making disabled people independent by decreasing the use of physical, perceptual and cognitive skills. Further, it has been integrated with an Arduino, obstacle avoidance sensors (HC-SRO4), pulse and temperature sensors, and an android app to create automatic controllability and a comfortable drive with added monitoring features.","PeriodicalId":19924,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Scientific & Industrial Research Series A: Physical Sciences","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90403444","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Self driving cars are the need of future technology, there are many companies that are trying to perfect this particular project but there are still some deficiencies there. Most of the companies are using Expensive sensors like RADAR and LiDAR to get the idea of environment, which are very hard to use and need a lot of processing power. Our project focuses on using only visual aid to drive a car, particularly following the lane of the road. We trained a model using Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), in a simulated environment and tested the model in the same environment.
{"title":"Visual Perception Deep Drive Model for Self-Driving Car","authors":"Waleed Razzaq, Usman Arif, Zia Mohi U Din","doi":"10.57041/pjosr.v1i1.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.57041/pjosr.v1i1.5","url":null,"abstract":"Self driving cars are the need of future technology, there are many companies that are trying to perfect this particular project but there are still some deficiencies there. Most of the companies are using Expensive sensors like RADAR and LiDAR to get the idea of environment, which are very hard to use and need a lot of processing power. Our project focuses on using only visual aid to drive a car, particularly following the lane of the road. We trained a model using Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), in a simulated environment and tested the model in the same environment.","PeriodicalId":19924,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Scientific & Industrial Research Series A: Physical Sciences","volume":"23 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81991823","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Organizations are nowadays focusing on utilizing the latest technologies to reduce the overall manufacturing costs without compromising on the product quality, and getting a competitive advantage. Lean principles are hence the mostly used manufacturing principles to get this objective of increased productivity by lowering the waste. Lean management and implementation is surely a complete teamwork as we can say, but is still majorly dependent on the senior management of any organization. This study goes with the purpose of investigating the criticality of the role of the senior or executive level management in the successful implementation of the lean manufacturing principles and how much difference it’s going to show with the current scenarios. The data has been collected by sending a questionnaire, which has 8 statements, targeting on the critical success factors, to the top management of 50 automotive manufacturing organizations of Karachi. The lean manufacturing trend and the involvement of the senior management towards its implementation is being identified after critically examining the received feedbacks.
{"title":"Lean Manufacturing Practices with Context to Senior Management: A Study of Manufacturing Companies of Pakistan","authors":"Saima Yaqoob, Javeria Younus, Maria Iruj","doi":"10.57041/pjosr.v1i1.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.57041/pjosr.v1i1.3","url":null,"abstract":"Organizations are nowadays focusing on utilizing the latest technologies to reduce the overall manufacturing costs without compromising on the product quality, and getting a competitive advantage. Lean principles are hence the mostly used manufacturing principles to get this objective of increased productivity by lowering the waste. Lean management and implementation is surely a complete teamwork as we can say, but is still majorly dependent on the senior management of any organization. This study goes with the purpose of investigating the criticality of the role of the senior or executive level management in the successful implementation of the lean manufacturing principles and how much difference it’s going to show with the current scenarios. The data has been collected by sending a questionnaire, which has 8 statements, targeting on the critical success factors, to the top management of 50 automotive manufacturing organizations of Karachi. The lean manufacturing trend and the involvement of the senior management towards its implementation is being identified after critically examining the received feedbacks.","PeriodicalId":19924,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Scientific & Industrial Research Series A: Physical Sciences","volume":"41 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83890316","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Public Private Partnership (PPP) is a mechanism adopted to support the development in a country facing financial problems. In achieving successful PPP projects, one of the major criteria is attaining value for money. There are several barriers which can affect adoption of PPP which are essential to uncover for enhancing the adoption level of PPP. Hence, this project has focused on identifying barriers affecting PPP projects of Pakistan. Data collection for this study was done through questionnaire survey among the personnel involved in handling PPP projects. From statistical analysis of collected data it was found that unhealthy bid competition, lack of managerial skills and experience and public sector related problems are major barriers in adoption of value for money in PPP projects of Pakistan.
{"title":"Barriers to PPP Projects in Construction Sector of Pakistan","authors":"M. Qureshi","doi":"10.57041/pjosr.v1i1.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.57041/pjosr.v1i1.2","url":null,"abstract":"Public Private Partnership (PPP) is a mechanism adopted to support the development in a country facing financial problems. In achieving successful PPP projects, one of the major criteria is attaining value for money. There are several barriers which can affect adoption of PPP which are essential to uncover for enhancing the adoption level of PPP. Hence, this project has focused on identifying barriers affecting PPP projects of Pakistan. Data collection for this study was done through questionnaire survey among the personnel involved in handling PPP projects. From statistical analysis of collected data it was found that unhealthy bid competition, lack of managerial skills and experience and public sector related problems are major barriers in adoption of value for money in PPP projects of Pakistan.","PeriodicalId":19924,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Scientific & Industrial Research Series A: Physical Sciences","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81842305","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-01DOI: 10.52763/PJSIR.PHYS.SCI.64.1.2021.19.25
Sajad Ali, F. Nawaz, Y. Iqbal
To know about the nature of gangue associated with the ores, characterization has become an integral part in mineral processing and beneficiation, therefore, the as-mined iron ore collected from Karak region of KP has been characterized for its phase, microstructure and chemical composition via XRD, SEM and EDS respectively. Beneficiation of the iron ore has been carried out by shaking table and magnetic separator. XRD analysis confirmed the presence of iron oxide (Fe203) as the major phase along with quartz (Si02) as the minor phase. Finely grinded iron ore powder of 100 (149 µm) and 200 (74 µm) mesh sizes were passed via shaking table and magnetic separator subsequently. The iron ore was successfully upgraded from 28.27 wt.% to 36.51 wt.% at 100 mesh and 38.70 wt.% at 200 mesh via shaking table, thus achieving a maximum of 10% upgraded iron ore. The magnetic separator did not become so effective due to non- magnetic nature of hematite.
{"title":"Phase, Microstructural Characterization and Beneficiation of Iron Ore by Shaking Table","authors":"Sajad Ali, F. Nawaz, Y. Iqbal","doi":"10.52763/PJSIR.PHYS.SCI.64.1.2021.19.25","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52763/PJSIR.PHYS.SCI.64.1.2021.19.25","url":null,"abstract":"To know about the nature of gangue associated with the ores, characterization has become an integral part in mineral processing and beneficiation, therefore, the as-mined iron ore collected from Karak region of KP has been characterized for its phase, microstructure and chemical composition via XRD, SEM and EDS respectively. Beneficiation of the iron ore has been carried out by shaking table and magnetic separator. XRD analysis confirmed the presence of iron oxide (Fe203) as the major phase along with quartz (Si02) as the minor phase. Finely grinded iron ore powder of 100 (149 µm) and 200 (74 µm) mesh sizes were passed via shaking table and magnetic separator subsequently. The iron ore was successfully upgraded from 28.27 wt.% to 36.51 wt.% at 100 mesh and 38.70 wt.% at 200 mesh via shaking table, thus achieving a maximum of 10% upgraded iron ore. The magnetic separator did not become so effective due to non- magnetic nature of hematite. \u0000 \u0000 ","PeriodicalId":19924,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Scientific & Industrial Research Series A: Physical Sciences","volume":"392 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77843598","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-11-28DOI: 10.52763/pjsir.phys.sci.62.3.2019.190.196
Saif-ur-Rehman Kashif, Sadia Ismail Shah, F. Arooj
This study was conducted to estimate the contribution of vehicular exhaust gases towards ambient air quality in Lahore, Pakistan during 2017. LANDCOM-III flue gas analyzer was used for determination of vehicular exhaust pollutants (CO, SO2, NO2, NO, H2S, HC) for five vehicles groups (motor bikes, Qingqi rickshaw, local cars, imported cars and public transport vans) from April to September, 2017. Major pollutants were compared with their National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS) for the country. Ambient air quality was monitored using Haz scanner HIM-6000 during smog formation in the city in October and November, 2017. From the study, it was concluded that except local and imported cars, all vehicles groups emit high concentration of pollutants as compared to the standard values. It is also observed that public transport vehicles i.e. Qingqi rickshaw and vans contribute more towards atmospheric pollution as compared to other vehicle groups in the city. During smog formation in the city, PM2.5 and PM10, NO, NO2 (NOx) concentration was decreased whereas concentration of O3, H2S and VOCs increased in November than October. Ozone concentration during the smog was below NEQS indicating that smog was not totally photochemical smog but mainly originated from vehicular and industrial exhaust gases.
{"title":"Outdoor Air Quality as Influenced by Vehicular Exhaust in Metropolitan City of Lahore, Pakistan","authors":"Saif-ur-Rehman Kashif, Sadia Ismail Shah, F. Arooj","doi":"10.52763/pjsir.phys.sci.62.3.2019.190.196","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52763/pjsir.phys.sci.62.3.2019.190.196","url":null,"abstract":"This study was conducted to estimate the contribution of vehicular exhaust gases towards ambient air quality in Lahore, Pakistan during 2017. LANDCOM-III flue gas analyzer was used for determination of vehicular exhaust pollutants (CO, SO2, NO2, NO, H2S, HC) for five vehicles groups (motor bikes, Qingqi rickshaw, local cars, imported cars and public transport vans) from April to September, 2017. Major pollutants were compared with their National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS) for the country. Ambient air quality was monitored using Haz scanner HIM-6000 during smog formation in the city in October and November, 2017. From the study, it was concluded that except local and imported cars, all vehicles groups emit high concentration of pollutants as compared to the standard values. It is also observed that public transport vehicles i.e. Qingqi rickshaw and vans contribute more towards atmospheric pollution as compared to other vehicle groups in the city. During smog formation in the city, PM2.5 and PM10, NO, NO2 (NOx) concentration was decreased whereas concentration of O3, H2S and VOCs increased in November than October. Ozone concentration during the smog was below NEQS indicating that smog was not totally photochemical smog but mainly originated from vehicular and industrial exhaust gases. \u0000","PeriodicalId":19924,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Scientific & Industrial Research Series A: Physical Sciences","volume":"104 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77508610","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-11-28DOI: 10.52763/pjsir.phys.sci.62.3.2019.135.145
Chibuike Onyeogulu, M. Ibezim-Ezeani
Feasibility studies on the thermodynamics of Cr (VI) ions adsorption in aqueous medium by maleic acid red onion skin extract resin (MRER) was undertaken. The acetone extract of red onion skin was used in the synthesis of MRER. The regression analysis of the models at different temperatures and concentrations was found to closely fit the experimental data in the order: Freundlich > Langmuir > Temkin. Investigation of the thermodynamics of adsorption reaction revealed values for the change in enthalpy (- 34.05414 kJ/mol), Gibbs free energy (-18.001, -17.362, -17.860, -15.809 and -16.154 kJ/mol) and entropy (-52.7839 J/K/mol), which reflected the process spontaneity, exothermic nature and feasible affinity of the interacting metal ions at the adsorption sites. Dubinin-Radushkevich (DR) isotherm was applied in studying the sorption pathway, and it was observed that physisorption is the dominant pathway. Kinetic study showed that pseudo-second order best describe the experimental data with respect to its highest correlation coefficient (R2) values.
{"title":"Chromium (VI) Ion Adsorption onto Maleic Acid Red Onion Skin Extract Resin (MRER) in Aqueous Solution","authors":"Chibuike Onyeogulu, M. Ibezim-Ezeani","doi":"10.52763/pjsir.phys.sci.62.3.2019.135.145","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52763/pjsir.phys.sci.62.3.2019.135.145","url":null,"abstract":"Feasibility studies on the thermodynamics of Cr (VI) ions adsorption in aqueous medium by maleic acid red onion skin extract resin (MRER) was undertaken. The acetone extract of red onion skin was used in the synthesis of MRER. The regression analysis of the models at different temperatures and concentrations was found to closely fit the experimental data in the order: Freundlich > Langmuir > Temkin. Investigation of the thermodynamics of adsorption reaction revealed values for the change in enthalpy (- 34.05414 kJ/mol), Gibbs free energy (-18.001, -17.362, -17.860, -15.809 and -16.154 kJ/mol) and entropy (-52.7839 J/K/mol), which reflected the process spontaneity, exothermic nature and feasible affinity of the interacting metal ions at the adsorption sites. Dubinin-Radushkevich (DR) isotherm was applied in studying the sorption pathway, and it was observed that physisorption is the dominant pathway. Kinetic study showed that pseudo-second order best describe the experimental data with respect to its highest correlation coefficient (R2) values.","PeriodicalId":19924,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Scientific & Industrial Research Series A: Physical Sciences","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84134783","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-11-28DOI: 10.52763/pjsir.phys.sci.62.3.2019.174.180
M. A. Ashraf, Amna Amjad, A. Farooq, Jawairia Umar Khan
Different types of radiations have been found to be widely applicable in modifying the properties of materials. In this work colour strength (K/S) and colour fastness of reactive dyed cotton fabric has been studied with the application of three radiations; microwave, ultraviolet and ultrasonic. Analysis of variance and comparison of mean values statistical tests were carried out to find out the effect of different radiation treatment time and fabric density on colour strength of cotton fabrics. The colour strength (K/S) of dyed fabric enhanced significantly by pretreatment with different radiations and highest shade depth is achieved in case of microwave in comparison to untreated ultrasonic and ultraviolet irradiated samples. Furthermore, irradiated samples have shown better colour fastness to washing in all three cases. Therefore these radiations can be used to enhance the colour properties of dyed fabrics.
{"title":"Pretreatment of Cotton with Different Radiations to Improve Colour Strength and Fastness Properties in Reactive Dyeing","authors":"M. A. Ashraf, Amna Amjad, A. Farooq, Jawairia Umar Khan","doi":"10.52763/pjsir.phys.sci.62.3.2019.174.180","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52763/pjsir.phys.sci.62.3.2019.174.180","url":null,"abstract":" Different types of radiations have been found to be widely applicable in modifying the properties of materials. In this work colour strength (K/S) and colour fastness of reactive dyed cotton fabric has been studied with the application of three radiations; microwave, ultraviolet and ultrasonic. Analysis of variance and comparison of mean values statistical tests were carried out to find out the effect of different radiation treatment time and fabric density on colour strength of cotton fabrics. The colour strength (K/S) of dyed fabric enhanced significantly by pretreatment with different radiations and highest shade depth is achieved in case of microwave in comparison to untreated ultrasonic and ultraviolet irradiated samples. Furthermore, irradiated samples have shown better colour fastness to washing in all three cases. Therefore these radiations can be used to enhance the colour properties of dyed fabrics. \u0000 ","PeriodicalId":19924,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Scientific & Industrial Research Series A: Physical Sciences","volume":"109 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74829676","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-11-28DOI: 10.52763/pjsir.phys.sci.62.3.2019.146.156
C. Obi, Armstrong Ehiedu Pat-Okunbor, M. Ibezim-Ezeani
This study reveals the removal of Pb (II) and Cd (II) ions from aqueous system using unmodified Cola lepidota extract (UCE) and modified Cola lepidota extract resin (ECER). The modification was achieved by using ethanedioic acid and the adsorption process was carried out with respect to initial concentrations, temperature and pH. Phytochemical analysis of the seeds was done by Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). The zero point charge was evaluated and Pb (II) and Cd (II) ions equilibrium concentration was determined using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). The GC-MS spectra suggested the seed contained 22 compounds. The zero point charge of UCE and ECER was found to be 4.0 and 7.0, respectively. Percentage removal of Pb (II) and Cd (II) ions onto ECER and UCE gave 89.35%, 83.45%, 75.32% and 80.11%, respectively. Optimal temperatures were 313 K and 303 K for Pb (II) and Cd (II) ions onto UCE, 303 K and 353 K for Pb (II) and Cd (II) ions onto ECER with 97.60%, 91.04%, 97.44% and 90.22% metal ions removal. Optimal pH was 4.0 for Pb (II) ion onto UCE and ECER, 8.0 for Cd (II) ion onto UCE and 6.0 to 8.0 for Cd (II) ion onto ECER with 98.40%, 98.40%, 95.11% and 98.37% removal. Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin, Dubinin-Radushkevich and Redlich-Peterson isotherm model equations were tested and the result showed that Freundlich adsorption isotherm model equation fitted well with the removal of the metal ions onto UCE and ECER. Adsorption of Pb (II) ion onto UCE and ECER and Cd (II) ion onto UCE was exothermic with negative entropy while Cd (II) ion onto ECER was endothermic with positive entropy. The change in Gibbs free energy, 11G0, was negative for all the metal ions. The unmodified Cola lepidota extract (UCE) and the ethanedoic acid Cola lepidota extract resin (ECER) can be recommended empirically as surfaces for heterogeneous reactions.
{"title":"Equilibrium and Thermodynamic Studies using Eco-Friendly Cola lepidota Seed Resins as Novel Adsorbents in the Removal of Pb (II) and Cd (II) Ions from Aqueous System","authors":"C. Obi, Armstrong Ehiedu Pat-Okunbor, M. Ibezim-Ezeani","doi":"10.52763/pjsir.phys.sci.62.3.2019.146.156","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52763/pjsir.phys.sci.62.3.2019.146.156","url":null,"abstract":"This study reveals the removal of Pb (II) and Cd (II) ions from aqueous system using unmodified Cola lepidota extract (UCE) and modified Cola lepidota extract resin (ECER). The modification was achieved by using ethanedioic acid and the adsorption process was carried out with respect to initial concentrations, temperature and pH. Phytochemical analysis of the seeds was done by Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). The zero point charge was evaluated and Pb (II) and Cd (II) ions equilibrium concentration was determined using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). The GC-MS spectra suggested the seed contained 22 compounds. The zero point charge of UCE and ECER was found to be 4.0 and 7.0, respectively. Percentage removal of Pb (II) and Cd (II) ions onto ECER and UCE gave 89.35%, 83.45%, 75.32% and 80.11%, respectively. Optimal temperatures were 313 K and 303 K for Pb (II) and Cd (II) ions onto UCE, 303 K and 353 K for Pb (II) and Cd (II) ions onto ECER with 97.60%, 91.04%, 97.44% and 90.22% metal ions removal. Optimal pH was 4.0 for Pb (II) ion onto UCE and ECER, 8.0 for Cd (II) ion onto UCE and 6.0 to 8.0 for Cd (II) ion onto ECER with 98.40%, 98.40%, 95.11% and 98.37% removal. Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin, Dubinin-Radushkevich and Redlich-Peterson isotherm model equations were tested and the result showed that Freundlich adsorption isotherm model equation fitted well with the removal of the metal ions onto UCE and ECER. Adsorption of Pb (II) ion onto UCE and ECER and Cd (II) ion onto UCE was exothermic with negative entropy while Cd (II) ion onto ECER was endothermic with positive entropy. The change in Gibbs free energy, 11G0, was negative for all the metal ions. The unmodified Cola lepidota extract (UCE) and the ethanedoic acid Cola lepidota extract resin (ECER) can be recommended empirically as surfaces for heterogeneous reactions. \u0000 ","PeriodicalId":19924,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Scientific & Industrial Research Series A: Physical Sciences","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73987667","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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