The water quality of Rawal watershed has been highly deteriorated because of increased concentration of organic nitrogen and phosphorous coming from non-point sources causing eutrophication. The main objective of this study was to use a watershed scale model SWAT (Soil & Water Assessment Tool) as a modeling tool for predicting the impact of the Land Use change on water quality of Rawal Lake. Specific objectives were to (a)develop pollution source inventory mapping(b) quantify the pollutant load (organic nitrogen and phosphorus) with respect to Land Use change that causes eutrophication and (c) model the alternative Best Management Practices (BMP’s) and evaluate their effectiveness. In the pre field phase the collection and preprocessing of data (DEM & Landsat images (30m resolution)) was done. Land Use (2001 & 2010) classification was done using Landsat imagery in ArcGIS. For the pollution source inventory, mapping the study area was surveyed. In the post field phase the model was calibrated (2002-2006) by using the observed and simulated surface runoff data and then validated (2007-2010) .The, model’s accuracy was further verified by using R2 and Nash Sutcliffe Efficiency (NSE). SWAT simulations resulted in 392.40 % and 391.72 % increase in the quantity of organic nitrogen and phosphorus with respect to Land Use change (2001 & 2010). By the application of BMP’s such as filter strips, the average reduction in the concentration of N could be 75.155% while that of P could be 96.93%, similarly by the application of terracing the average reduction in the concentration of N could be 52.73% while that of P could be 94.18% in the selected sub basins. By the application of contouring the average reduction of 35.64% for N and 92.09% for P could be achieved. This study would provide decision maker a source of information on most feasible and cost effective BMP’s.
由于非点源的有机氮和磷浓度增加，导致富营养化，拉瓦尔流域水质严重恶化。本研究的主要目的是利用流域尺度模型SWAT (Soil & Water Assessment Tool)作为模型工具，预测土地利用变化对拉瓦尔湖水质的影响。具体目标是:(a)制定污染源清单地图;(b)量化导致富营养化的土地利用变化的污染物负荷(有机氮和磷);(c)模拟备选最佳管理做法(BMP)并评估其有效性。在野外前期，对数据(DEM和Landsat图像(30m分辨率))进行了采集和预处理。土地利用(2001年和2010年)分类使用ArcGIS中的Landsat图像完成。在污染源清查方面，对研究区域进行了测绘。在后野外阶段，利用观测和模拟的地表径流数据对模型进行了校正(2002-2006年)，然后对模型进行了验证(2007-2010年)，并利用R2和Nash Sutcliffe效率(NSE)进一步验证了模型的准确性。SWAT模拟结果显示，相对于土地利用变化，有机氮和磷的数量分别增加了392.40%和391.72%(2001年和2010年)。在选择的子盆地中，采用过滤带等BMP处理，氮的平均降幅为75.155%，磷的平均降幅为96.93%;采用梯田处理，氮的平均降幅为52.73%，磷的平均降幅为94.18%。采用等高线处理，氮素平均降低35.64%，磷平均降低92.09%。这项研究将为决策者提供最可行和最具成本效益的BMP的信息来源。
{"title":"Water Quality Modeling Using Soil and Water Assessment Tool: A Case Study of Rawal Watershed","authors":"Tayyaba Qayyum, A. Shakoor","doi":"10.57041/pjosr.v2i1.20","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.57041/pjosr.v2i1.20","url":null,"abstract":"The water quality of Rawal watershed has been highly deteriorated because of increased concentration of organic nitrogen and phosphorous coming from non-point sources causing eutrophication. The main objective of this study was to use a watershed scale model SWAT (Soil & Water Assessment Tool) as a modeling tool for predicting the impact of the Land Use change on water quality of Rawal Lake. Specific objectives were to (a)develop pollution source inventory mapping(b) quantify the pollutant load (organic nitrogen and phosphorus) with respect to Land Use change that causes eutrophication and (c) model the alternative Best Management Practices (BMP’s) and evaluate their effectiveness. In the pre field phase the collection and preprocessing of data (DEM & Landsat images (30m resolution)) was done. Land Use (2001 & 2010) classification was done using Landsat imagery in ArcGIS. For the pollution source inventory, mapping the study area was surveyed. In the post field phase the model was calibrated (2002-2006) by using the observed and simulated surface runoff data and then validated (2007-2010) .The, model’s accuracy was further verified by using R2 and Nash Sutcliffe Efficiency (NSE). SWAT simulations resulted in 392.40 % and 391.72 % increase in the quantity of organic nitrogen and phosphorus with respect to Land Use change (2001 & 2010). By the application of BMP’s such as filter strips, the average reduction in the concentration of N could be 75.155% while that of P could be 96.93%, similarly by the application of terracing the average reduction in the concentration of N could be 52.73% while that of P could be 94.18% in the selected sub basins. By the application of contouring the average reduction of 35.64% for N and 92.09% for P could be achieved. This study would provide decision maker a source of information on most feasible and cost effective BMP’s.","PeriodicalId":19924,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Scientific & Industrial Research Series A: Physical Sciences","volume":"27 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79059412","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Awais, M. Khan, Muhammad Hassan Khan, Sadaat Abbas
The objective of this project is design and implementation of a health monitoring system using pulse oximeter which measures pulse rate and oxygen level. Before and especially during Covid-19 pandemic pulse oximeter is most necessary in intensive care units (ICU) and in operation rooms but there is a general shortage of such equipment and the one that is available is very expensive. In this project we aim to create an affordable device that allows a person to measure their physiological parameters and provide breathing support so that it may be used in homes and in medical facilities. This device is controlled by programmable microcontroller with some peripherals and sensor. First, the device was built in breadboard afterward it was built on vero board. This device is based on the variation of photon. This device measures pulse rate, body temperature and oxygen level with oxygen saturation of hemoglobin in blood. This device allows a patient to monitor their health at home which is especially useful for Covid patients observing self-isolation and it can be easily set up in remote areas and can be operated on battery. It is an affordable method of allowing people to monitor their health and avoid frequent visits to hospitals and clinics. The device contains a bag valve mask (BVM) that is compressed using a motor to allow for breathing supports for patients in critical condition. 'Drought,' 'After Drought,' and 'No Drought.' DenseNet, ResNet, InceptionV3, Xception, and VGG19 deep learning architectures were utilized for training the models. Accuracy, Precision, Recall, F1-Score, and ROC curves were used to evaluate all models. According to the experimental results, DenseNet and ResNet were the best-performing models with an accuracy of 70%, while VGG19 was the lowest-performing model with an accuracy of 60%.
{"title":"Health Monitoring and Breathing Support System","authors":"M. Awais, M. Khan, Muhammad Hassan Khan, Sadaat Abbas","doi":"10.57041/pjosr.v2i1.21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.57041/pjosr.v2i1.21","url":null,"abstract":"The objective of this project is design and implementation of a health monitoring system using pulse oximeter which measures pulse rate and oxygen level. Before and especially during Covid-19 pandemic pulse oximeter is most necessary in intensive care units (ICU) and in operation rooms but there is a general shortage of such equipment and the one that is available is very expensive. In this project we aim to create an affordable device that allows a person to measure their physiological parameters and provide breathing support so that it may be used in homes and in medical facilities. This device is controlled by programmable microcontroller with some peripherals and sensor. First, the device was built in breadboard afterward it was built on vero board. This device is based on the variation of photon. This device measures pulse rate, body temperature and oxygen level with oxygen saturation of hemoglobin in blood. This device allows a patient to monitor their health at home which is especially useful for Covid patients observing self-isolation and it can be easily set up in remote areas and can be operated on battery. It is an affordable method of allowing people to monitor their health and avoid frequent visits to hospitals and clinics. The device contains a bag valve mask (BVM) that is compressed using a motor to allow for breathing supports for patients in critical condition.\u0000'Drought,' 'After Drought,' and 'No Drought.' DenseNet, ResNet, InceptionV3, Xception, and VGG19 deep learning architectures were utilized for training the models. Accuracy, Precision, Recall, F1-Score, and ROC curves were used to evaluate all models. According to the experimental results, DenseNet and ResNet were the best-performing models with an accuracy of 70%, while VGG19 was the lowest-performing model with an accuracy of 60%.","PeriodicalId":19924,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Scientific & Industrial Research Series A: Physical Sciences","volume":"24 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78065213","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Internet usage has been increase drastically in past decades or we can say it has become a sensation now days as internet business has built up its strong and vast network so their must need of security of the websites as well which has become a big challenge due rising in the use of internet. Vulnerability assessment and Penetration testing (VAPT) are two different techniques of assessing to analyze the vulnerability if a website these two programs two distinct results with in the same area of application.
{"title":"Analysis of Vulnerabilities in System by Penetration Testing","authors":"Sibtul Hassan","doi":"10.57041/pjosr.v2i1.23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.57041/pjosr.v2i1.23","url":null,"abstract":"Internet usage has been increase drastically in past decades or we can say it has become a sensation now days as internet business has built up its strong and vast network so their must need of security of the websites as well which has become a big challenge due rising in the use of internet. Vulnerability assessment and Penetration testing (VAPT) are two different techniques of assessing to analyze the vulnerability if a website these two programs two distinct results with in the same area of application.","PeriodicalId":19924,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Scientific & Industrial Research Series A: Physical Sciences","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86594719","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Energy from renewables is the demand of the future. This is due to the fact that majority of the current energy generation technologies pose serious environmental hazards. Among the renewables, hydro, solar and wind power are utilized extensively, and its power plants have been installed as well in various parts of the world. However, wave power technologies are still immature in various parts of the world. This paper reviews and discusses the current state of the art of wave power technologies. Also, it a amalgamates the main concerns in the design of wave energy converters.
{"title":"Design and Analysis of Wave Energy Converter Technologies","authors":"Hafsa Mir","doi":"10.57041/pjosr.v2i1.19","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.57041/pjosr.v2i1.19","url":null,"abstract":"Energy from renewables is the demand of the future. This is due to the fact that majority of the current energy generation technologies pose serious environmental hazards. Among the renewables, hydro, solar and wind power are utilized extensively, and its power plants have been installed as well in various parts of the world. However, wave power technologies are still immature in various parts of the world. This paper reviews and discusses the current state of the art of wave power technologies. Also, it a amalgamates the main concerns in the design of wave energy converters.","PeriodicalId":19924,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Scientific & Industrial Research Series A: Physical Sciences","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79681110","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
High strength concrete (HSC) is very useful for recent construction technology; the major problem of HSC is the insufficient ductility. To investigate the ductility of HSC, the entire stress-strain curve, especially in the descending branch, shall be recorded. The aim of this study is to investigate the durability of High strength concrete for different replacement levels of mineral admixtures by alternate wetting and drying phenomenon which includes; acid attack, sulphate resistance and marine Environment and also to determine the compressive strength of concrete as GGBFS partial replacement for cement. Concrete mix is designed for M80 Grade of concrete using modified ACI method. Maximum Compressive Strength of 96.4MPa and 91.6 MPa at 28days were found for the HSC specimens at a partial replacement of cement with 30% of GGBFS in normal water curing and accelerated curing tank respectively. The specimens immersed in marine solution were found to have less weight loss when compared to acids and sulphate solution.
{"title":"Durability Studies on High Strength Concrete","authors":"Sreddy Srikanth","doi":"10.57041/pjosr.v2i1.22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.57041/pjosr.v2i1.22","url":null,"abstract":"High strength concrete (HSC) is very useful for recent construction technology; the major problem of HSC is the insufficient ductility. To investigate the ductility of HSC, the entire stress-strain curve, especially in the descending branch, shall be recorded. The aim of this study is to investigate the durability of High strength concrete for different replacement levels of mineral admixtures by alternate wetting and drying phenomenon which includes; acid attack, sulphate resistance and marine Environment and also to determine the compressive strength of concrete as GGBFS partial replacement for cement. Concrete mix is designed for M80 Grade of concrete using modified ACI method. Maximum Compressive Strength of 96.4MPa and 91.6 MPa at 28days were found for the HSC specimens at a partial replacement of cement with 30% of GGBFS in normal water curing and accelerated curing tank respectively. The specimens immersed in marine solution were found to have less weight loss when compared to acids and sulphate solution.","PeriodicalId":19924,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Scientific & Industrial Research Series A: Physical Sciences","volume":"119 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77463031","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The geographically distributed software development has attained a significant attraction in software development industry since last few decades due to its wide acceptance across the globe. The main essence of geographically distributed software development is to expand company working by follow-the-sun strategy, get skilled labors at cheaper rates from low economy regions of world and pool-up company resources to raise their utilization graph. The requirements elicitation process is considered as one of the most challenging tasks during software development process in traditional as well as geographically distributed software development projects due to its social and collaborative nature. This article presents a comprehensive insight about major challenges faced by requirements elicitation teams engaged in geographically distributed software development projects. The article also elaborates the possible strategies, which can be adopted to minimize the negative impact of geological distribution of software development activities. The presented study will help the requirements elicitation teams to better plane their requirements elicitation sessions for geological distributed software development projects by encountering the expected hurdles.
{"title":"Requirements Elicitation Challenges and Strategies for GSD Based Projects","authors":"M. A. Iqbal, Asadullah Shah","doi":"10.57041/pjosr.v1i2.9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.57041/pjosr.v1i2.9","url":null,"abstract":"The geographically distributed software development has attained a significant attraction in software development industry since last few decades due to its wide acceptance across the globe. The main essence of geographically distributed software development is to expand company working by follow-the-sun strategy, get skilled labors at cheaper rates from low economy regions of world and pool-up company resources to raise their utilization graph. The requirements elicitation process is considered as one of the most challenging tasks during software development process in traditional as well as geographically distributed software development projects due to its social and collaborative nature. This article presents a comprehensive insight about major challenges faced by requirements elicitation teams engaged in geographically distributed software development projects. The article also elaborates the possible strategies, which can be adopted to minimize the negative impact of geological distribution of software development activities. The presented study will help the requirements elicitation teams to better plane their requirements elicitation sessions for geological distributed software development projects by encountering the expected hurdles.","PeriodicalId":19924,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Scientific & Industrial Research Series A: Physical Sciences","volume":"22 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80206116","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Energy drives the economy; thus, seeking progress takes a lot of energy. According to statistics, burning fossil fuels produces the most energy and pollutes our environment. This study aims to create an automotive-speed-breaker power generator that uses two activation strokes to operate. It transforms the transport drive and brings direct gestures of the rack gear into the revolution of the immobilized gear keyed on the shaft and generator. The machine is motivated by the compression and release of the springs, which raises the machine's output. A stable frame, a dome-shaped prime, a shaft, and flywheel mechanism, a cable and sprocket system, glides, springs, a flywheel, rods, a generator, and a profound series of the battery-operated brand up this device. Utilizing engineering principles, the style was completed considering cost, utility, simplicity of use, durability, and performance. It was created with a model rated at 100kg in mind and is intended to be motivated by vehicles weighing 1,600kg (400kg each wheel).
{"title":"Power Generation with the Help of Speed Breaker","authors":"Saad Ahmed, Hasnain Riaz, H. Bajwa","doi":"10.57041/pjosr.v1i2.8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.57041/pjosr.v1i2.8","url":null,"abstract":"Energy drives the economy; thus, seeking progress takes a lot of energy. According to statistics, burning fossil fuels produces the most energy and pollutes our environment. This study aims to create an automotive-speed-breaker power generator that uses two activation strokes to operate. It transforms the transport drive and brings direct gestures of the rack gear into the revolution of the immobilized gear keyed on the shaft and generator. The machine is motivated by the compression and release of the springs, which raises the machine's output. A stable frame, a dome-shaped prime, a shaft, and flywheel mechanism, a cable and sprocket system, glides, springs, a flywheel, rods, a generator, and a profound series of the battery-operated brand up this device. Utilizing engineering principles, the style was completed considering cost, utility, simplicity of use, durability, and performance. It was created with a model rated at 100kg in mind and is intended to be motivated by vehicles weighing 1,600kg (400kg each wheel).","PeriodicalId":19924,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Scientific & Industrial Research Series A: Physical Sciences","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80006666","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Z. Arfeen, A. Khairuddin, M. Azam, U. Humayun, A. Khidrani
Electric vehicles(EV) are directed as a bequest to the intelligent grid to elevate efficient functions environmentally and economically in different working scenarios. It considerably sustains the resiliency of the local grid during disturbing events. The interaction of electric vehicles to an intelligent grid by accomplishing a synergistic affiliation to disseminate power is vibrant for refining on its way. The aptitude of EVs fleets to turn as one unit for surplus energy storage allows for the mass integration of renewable sources into a conventional grid structure. In this study, a vehicle equipped with V2G functionality offers numerous features such as support for actual and reactive power, load leveling, filtration of current harmonics, etc. Nevertheless, the concept of V2G additionally arises noticeable issues, like depletion of batteries, communiqué bottleneck between grid and vehicle, a modification for the design of a distribution network. In this review, the feasibility of an intelligent V2G system along with its impacts and limitations is thoroughly discussed with the modeling of hybrid generating sources to charge/discharge of EVs by the efficient energy management system.
{"title":"V2G FACTS AND FACETS WITH MODELING OF ELECTRIC VEHICLE FAST-CHARGING STATION-STATUS AND TECHNOLOGICAL REVIEW","authors":"Z. Arfeen, A. Khairuddin, M. Azam, U. Humayun, A. Khidrani","doi":"10.57041/pjosr.v1i2.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.57041/pjosr.v1i2.10","url":null,"abstract":"Electric vehicles(EV) are directed as a bequest to the intelligent grid to elevate efficient functions environmentally and economically in different working scenarios. It considerably sustains the resiliency of the local grid during disturbing events. The interaction of electric vehicles to an intelligent grid by accomplishing a synergistic affiliation to disseminate power is vibrant for refining on its way. The aptitude of EVs fleets to turn as one unit for surplus energy storage allows for the mass integration of renewable sources into a conventional grid structure. In this study, a vehicle equipped with V2G functionality offers numerous features such as support for actual and reactive power, load leveling, filtration of current harmonics, etc. Nevertheless, the concept of V2G additionally arises noticeable issues, like depletion of batteries, communiqué bottleneck between grid and vehicle, a modification for the design of a distribution network. In this review, the feasibility of an intelligent V2G system along with its impacts and limitations is thoroughly discussed with the modeling of hybrid generating sources to charge/discharge of EVs by the efficient energy management system.","PeriodicalId":19924,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Scientific & Industrial Research Series A: Physical Sciences","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84626836","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Gassmann’s equation can be used to determine the velocity of compressional waves that pass through rocks with various pore fluid contents, using fluid substitution concept, but is generally applied to certain conditions only (physical rock properties). Carbonate rock has properties in contrary of Gassmann’s assumption; is a heterogenic, anisotropic rock and does not have a well-interconnected pores. In this research, secondary data from laboratory measurements are used, consisting of carbonate rocks (limestone and dolomite) to test modified Gassmann’s equation on carbonate rocks. Two approaches of Gassmann’s equation are used by using k-dry and k-1 components, which are the value of compressional modulus bulk of saturated rocks. The result of both approaches shows that the usage of k-1 component is more optimal to be applied to carbonate rocks because it does not use k-dry component, which should only be used on field measurements, as there is a difference in the environment condition (air, temperature, and pressure) on reservoir and laboratory.
{"title":"Fluid Substitution Analysis Using Gassmann’s Equation Modification on Carbonate Environment","authors":"Amanda Safira, Dina Yulianita, W. Utama","doi":"10.57041/pjosr.v1i2.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.57041/pjosr.v1i2.6","url":null,"abstract":"Gassmann’s equation can be used to determine the velocity of compressional waves that pass through rocks with various pore fluid contents, using fluid substitution concept, but is generally applied to certain conditions only (physical rock properties). Carbonate rock has properties in contrary of Gassmann’s assumption; is a heterogenic, anisotropic rock and does not have a well-interconnected pores. In this research, secondary data from laboratory measurements are used, consisting of carbonate rocks (limestone and dolomite) to test modified Gassmann’s equation on carbonate rocks. Two approaches of Gassmann’s equation are used by using k-dry and k-1 components, which are the value of compressional modulus bulk of saturated rocks. The result of both approaches shows that the usage of k-1 component is more optimal to be applied to carbonate rocks because it does not use k-dry component, which should only be used on field measurements, as there is a difference in the environment condition (air, temperature, and pressure) on reservoir and laboratory.","PeriodicalId":19924,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Scientific & Industrial Research Series A: Physical Sciences","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74831150","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A user often wants to do some tasks which don’t need a specific time to complete but are important, due to busy routines and possible memory loss problems user forgets to accomplish such tasks or delay them to manage later. The task may be about conveying some information to a person when the user meets him, sort things in his wardrobe, or locker, etc. A user can meet the person anywhere or anytime so he cannot set a reminder for a specific time. Such tasks can be accomplished if the user has a reminder system, which reminds him about the tasks at runtime. In this paper, we present a reminder system based on speech recognition & speaker identification; personal voice- controlled aid for the user to remind about the tasks when some specific keyword/phrase is spoken by the user or user reaches a specific location so that the user can accomplish the important time independent tasks without being time-bound. The specified keyword can be anything, person name, place name, and any phrase. The user can speak to the assistant to remind about some task without un- locking his mobile or opening the application for a specific keyword/phrase & location. When the specific keyword/phrase is spoken or user reaches the specific location the assistant also speaks and reminds the user about the task. Voice reminder assistant supports Text-Independent Speaker Identification unlike other voice assistants already available.
{"title":"Voice Reminder Assistant based on Speech Recognition and Speaker Identification using Kaldi","authors":"A. Ali, Javeria Naveed, Meer A. Hamza","doi":"10.57041/pjosr.v1i2.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.57041/pjosr.v1i2.7","url":null,"abstract":"A user often wants to do some tasks which don’t need a specific time to complete but are important, due to busy routines and possible memory loss problems user forgets to accomplish such tasks or delay them to manage later. The task may be about conveying some information to a person when the user meets him, sort things in his wardrobe, or locker, etc. A user can meet the person anywhere or anytime so he cannot set a reminder for a specific time. Such tasks can be accomplished if the user has a reminder system, which reminds him about the tasks at runtime. In this paper, we present a reminder system based on speech recognition & speaker identification; personal voice- controlled aid for the user to remind about the tasks when some specific keyword/phrase is spoken by the user or user reaches a specific location so that the user can accomplish the important time independent tasks without being time-bound. The specified keyword can be anything, person name, place name, and any phrase. The user can speak to the assistant to remind about some task without un- locking his mobile or opening the application for a specific keyword/phrase & location. When the specific keyword/phrase is spoken or user reaches the specific location the assistant also speaks and reminds the user about the task. Voice reminder assistant supports Text-Independent Speaker Identification unlike other voice assistants already available.","PeriodicalId":19924,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Scientific & Industrial Research Series A: Physical Sciences","volume":"67 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83849707","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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