Pub Date : 2025-01-17DOI: 10.1016/j.pmpp.2025.102584
Fatih Ölmez
The wheat plant is susceptible to Septoria tritici blotch (STB), a foliar disease caused by Zymoseptoria tritici which significantly reduces crop yield and has developed resistance to synthetic fungicides. Developing resistant wheat cultivars through the identification of the innate immunity is a suitable solution to control this pathogen. Molecular markers are considered a reliable approach for detecting resistant genes in wheat plant compared to conventional methods. This study aimed to employ marker-assisted selection methods utilizing eight SSR markers closed-linked to Stb resistance genes in a collection of 80 international bread wheat germplasm. The results revealed that the genetic frequency of Stb genes ranged from 8 % (Stb2) to 44 % (Stb4), with Stb4 being the most common followed by Stb5 (31 %), Stb3 (26 %), and others. A total of 130 Stb-resistant genes were identified, with Stb4 contributing 27 % of the total. The genotypes such as CItr 8441 (Argentina) and PI 591908 (Australia) harbored up to six Stb genes, while others like ''PI 584985″and PI 584984 (Croatia), did not contained any targeted resistant genes. In short, this study provides valuable insights for breeding resistant wheat cultivars against the Z. Tritici, highlighting the potential and utility of molecular markers in guiding future wheat breeding initiatives.
{"title":"Molecular screening of septoria resistance genes in international bread wheat germplasm using the close linked simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers","authors":"Fatih Ölmez","doi":"10.1016/j.pmpp.2025.102584","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pmpp.2025.102584","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The wheat plant is susceptible to Septoria tritici blotch (STB), a foliar disease caused by <em>Zymoseptoria tritici</em> which significantly reduces crop yield and has developed resistance to synthetic fungicides. Developing resistant wheat cultivars through the identification of the innate immunity is a suitable solution to control this pathogen. Molecular markers are considered a reliable approach for detecting resistant genes in wheat plant compared to conventional methods. This study aimed to employ marker-assisted selection methods utilizing eight SSR markers closed-linked to <em>Stb</em> resistance genes in a collection of 80 international bread wheat germplasm. The results revealed that the genetic frequency of <em>Stb</em> genes ranged from 8 % (<em>Stb2</em>) to 44 % (<em>Stb4</em>), with <em>Stb4</em> being the most common followed by <em>Stb5</em> (31 %), <em>Stb3</em> (26 %), and others. A total of 130 Stb<em>-</em>resistant genes were identified, with <em>Stb4</em> contributing 27 % of the total. The genotypes such as CItr 8441 (Argentina) and PI 591908 (Australia) harbored up to six <em>Stb</em> genes, while others like ''PI 584985″and PI 584984 (Croatia), did not contained any targeted resistant genes. In short, this study provides valuable insights for breeding resistant wheat cultivars against the <em>Z. Tritici,</em> highlighting the potential and utility of molecular markers in guiding future wheat breeding initiatives.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20046,"journal":{"name":"Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology","volume":"136 ","pages":"Article 102584"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143162467","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-16DOI: 10.1016/j.pmpp.2025.102585
Jin Gao , Md Mijanur Rahman Rajib , Kuai Dai , Kuikui Li , Yonghe Cui , Wenxia Wang , Jiangzhou Li , Heng Yin
Oligosaccharides derived from storage polysaccharides have shown considerable potential in boosting innate immunity. In this study, konjac glucomannan oligosaccharides (KGMOS) with degree of polymerization 2–13 obtained by enzymatic hydrolysis of storage konjac glucomannans (KGM), was employed against the harmful pathogen Fusarium foetens in Nicotiana benthamiana. The application of KGMOS at concentrations ranging from 0.025 to 0.1 mg mL−1 significantly inhibited the pathogen, reduced disease severity, and markedly increased the levels of H2O2 and callose. Comparative transcriptomic analysis revealed that distinct DEGs in KGMOS-treated plants were involved in MAPK signaling, plant hormone signal transduction, and plant-pathogen interaction pathways. Notably, defense-related genes associated with salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid/ethylene (JA/ET) pathways were upregulated. Analysis indicates that the levels of transcripts encoding PR1, PR2, PR5 and NPR1 were increased in plants treated with KGMOS. Meanwhile, transcription factors, enzymes, receptors and co-receptors associated with defense responses were also upregulated in KGMOS treatment. RT-qPCR further confirmed the significant upregulation of SA and JA/ET pathway genes in KGMOS-treated plants. Increased SA content (2.37-fold) in these plants suggests improved disease resistance. The study concludes that KGMOS effectively enhances resistance against F. foetens, with high efficiency at 0.025 mg mL−1, the lowest concentration assayed. These findings provided valuable insights into the potential application of KGMOS for disease management in sustainable agriculture and postharvest scenarios.
{"title":"Comparative transcriptomic analysis of the regulatory mechanisms underlying the resistance to Fusarium foetens mediated by konjac glucomannan oligosaccharides in tobacco","authors":"Jin Gao , Md Mijanur Rahman Rajib , Kuai Dai , Kuikui Li , Yonghe Cui , Wenxia Wang , Jiangzhou Li , Heng Yin","doi":"10.1016/j.pmpp.2025.102585","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pmpp.2025.102585","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Oligosaccharides derived from storage polysaccharides have shown considerable potential in boosting innate immunity. In this study, konjac glucomannan oligosaccharides (KGMOS) with degree of polymerization 2–13 obtained by enzymatic hydrolysis of storage konjac glucomannans (KGM), was employed against the harmful pathogen <em>Fusarium foetens</em> in <em>Nicotiana benthamiana</em>. The application of KGMOS at concentrations ranging from 0.025 to 0.1 mg mL<sup>−1</sup> significantly inhibited the pathogen, reduced disease severity, and markedly increased the levels of H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> and callose. Comparative transcriptomic analysis revealed that distinct DEGs in KGMOS-treated plants were involved in MAPK signaling, plant hormone signal transduction, and plant-pathogen interaction pathways. Notably, defense-related genes associated with salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid/ethylene (JA/ET) pathways were upregulated. Analysis indicates that the levels of transcripts encoding <em>PR1</em>, <em>PR2</em>, <em>PR5</em> and <em>NPR1</em> were increased in plants treated with KGMOS. Meanwhile, transcription factors, enzymes, receptors and co-receptors associated with defense responses were also upregulated in KGMOS treatment. RT-qPCR further confirmed the significant upregulation of SA and JA/ET pathway genes in KGMOS-treated plants. Increased SA content (2.37-fold) in these plants suggests improved disease resistance. The study concludes that KGMOS effectively enhances resistance against <em>F</em>. <em>foetens</em>, with high efficiency at 0.025 mg mL<sup>−1</sup>, the lowest concentration assayed. These findings provided valuable insights into the potential application of KGMOS for disease management in sustainable agriculture and postharvest scenarios.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20046,"journal":{"name":"Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology","volume":"136 ","pages":"Article 102585"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143163649","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-16DOI: 10.1016/j.pmpp.2025.102582
Syed Sagaff Sharifah Aliya , Syd Ali Nusaibah , Murnita Mohmad Mahyudin , Mohd Rafii Yusop
The rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis Muell. Arg.) is susceptible to an array of foliar diseases. A severe epidemic characterised by circular leaf spot symptoms on rubber leaves has recently infested rubber plantations in various rubber-producing countries, resulting in secondary leaf fall and a considerable production drop. This new disease is known as complex circular leaf spot disease (CCLS). The purpose of this study was to identify the causative pathogen(s) of CCLS disease using an in vivo pathogenicity test. Other than that, assessment of metabolites and leaf-degrading enzymes excreted by the causal pathogen(s) were carried out. The pathogenicity test was conducted using three-month-old rubber seedlings of clone PB 350. Microbe metabolite extraction was carried out on the potential isolated fungal pathogens, and the samples were subjected to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. Four enzyme assays were also conducted: polygalacturonase (E.C. 3.2.1.15), pectin lyase (E.C. 4.2.2.10), endoglucanase (E.C. 3.2.1.4), and β-glucosidase (E.C. 3.2.1.21). Results from the pathogenicity test demonstrated that both fungi were able to initiate CCLS infections. Leaf inoculated with a spore suspension of Colletotrichum siamense produced the biggest mean lesion length, and the lesion resembled the symptoms of the disease in rubber plantations. Based on observations through a scanning electron microscope, the spores of C. siamense dominate the surface of the leaf lesions. Results from GC-MS analysis showed that microbial volatile organic compounds emitted by C. siamense have higher concentrations than those emitted by Pestalotiopsis jesteri. A total of 24 metabolites were detected in C. siamense and six metabolites in P. jesteri. In addition, C. siamense were also recorded to produce higher concentration of leaf degrading enzymes compared to P. jesteri in the enzyme assays conducted.
{"title":"Pathogenicity, enzymatic assays, and differential metabolomics to assess the virulence of fungal pathogens responsible for complex circular leaf spot (CCLS) disease of rubber trees in Malaysia","authors":"Syed Sagaff Sharifah Aliya , Syd Ali Nusaibah , Murnita Mohmad Mahyudin , Mohd Rafii Yusop","doi":"10.1016/j.pmpp.2025.102582","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pmpp.2025.102582","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The rubber tree (<em>Hevea brasiliensis</em> Muell. Arg.) is susceptible to an array of foliar diseases. A severe epidemic characterised by circular leaf spot symptoms on rubber leaves has recently infested rubber plantations in various rubber-producing countries, resulting in secondary leaf fall and a considerable production drop. This new disease is known as complex circular leaf spot disease (CCLS). The purpose of this study was to identify the causative pathogen(s) of CCLS disease using an in vivo pathogenicity test. Other than that, assessment of metabolites and leaf-degrading enzymes excreted by the causal pathogen(s) were carried out. The pathogenicity test was conducted using three-month-old rubber seedlings of clone PB 350. Microbe metabolite extraction was carried out on the potential isolated fungal pathogens, and the samples were subjected to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. Four enzyme assays were also conducted: polygalacturonase (E.C. 3.2.1.15), pectin lyase (E.C. 4.2.2.10), endoglucanase (E.C. 3.2.1.4), and β-glucosidase (E.C. 3.2.1.21). Results from the pathogenicity test demonstrated that both fungi were able to initiate CCLS infections. Leaf inoculated with a spore suspension of <em>Colletotrichum siamense</em> produced the biggest mean lesion length, and the lesion resembled the symptoms of the disease in rubber plantations. Based on observations through a scanning electron microscope, the spores of <em>C. siamense</em> dominate the surface of the leaf lesions. Results from GC-MS analysis showed that microbial volatile organic compounds emitted by <em>C. siamense</em> have higher concentrations than those emitted by <em>Pestalotiopsis jesteri</em>. A total of 24 metabolites were detected in <em>C. siamense</em> and six metabolites in <em>P. jesteri</em>. In addition, <em>C. siamense</em> were also recorded to produce higher concentration of leaf degrading enzymes compared to <em>P. jesteri</em> in the enzyme assays conducted.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20046,"journal":{"name":"Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology","volume":"136 ","pages":"Article 102582"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143162975","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-13DOI: 10.1016/j.pmpp.2024.102551
Alvareen Nongsiang , Reema Vareen Diengdoh , Meera Chettri Das
Cymbidium orchids, esteemed for their enchanting beauty and delicate allure, are widely cultivated in Meghalaya and other north-eastern states of India. However, the prevalence of viral infections in Cymbidium orchid cultivation in the region has caused considerable concern among growers. Cymbidium orchids are mostly susceptible to cymbidium mosaic virus (CymMV) and odontoglossum ringspot virus (ORSV). Therefore, the primary approach to managing viral diseases in orchids involves eliminating virus-infected stocks and producing virus-free stocks. The present study evaluates the effectiveness of meristem culture, thermotherapy, and chemotherapy on the production of virus-free plants from the in vitro culture of Cymbidium elegans Lindl. (infected with both CymMV and ORSV) and Cymbidium Bremo (infected with CymMV). To confirm infection status, multiplex reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (mRT-PCR) was performed on 6-month-old in vitro plants before treatments and then on treated plants grown in vitro for 8 months after meristem culture, 4 months after thermotherapy, and 4 months after chemotherapy. Meristem culture achieved a 22.5 % virus elimination rate for both C. elegans and C. Bremo, whereas thermotherapy yielded a 37.5 % success rate in generating virus-free plants, and chemotherapy achieved an even higher rate of 55.0 % virus-free plants. Of the three in vitro therapies used in this study, chemotherapy was the most effective in producing virus-free orchid plants compared to thermotherapy and meristem culture.
{"title":"In vitro elimination of cymbidium mosaic virus (CymMV) and odontoglossum ringspot virus (ORSV) from Cymbidium orchid","authors":"Alvareen Nongsiang , Reema Vareen Diengdoh , Meera Chettri Das","doi":"10.1016/j.pmpp.2024.102551","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pmpp.2024.102551","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Cymbidium</em> orchids, esteemed for their enchanting beauty and delicate allure, are widely cultivated in Meghalaya and other north-eastern states of India. However, the prevalence of viral infections in <em>Cymbidium</em> orchid cultivation in the region has caused considerable concern among growers. <em>Cymbidium</em> orchids are mostly susceptible to cymbidium mosaic virus (CymMV) and odontoglossum ringspot virus (ORSV). Therefore, the primary approach to managing viral diseases in orchids involves eliminating virus-infected stocks and producing virus-free stocks. The present study evaluates the effectiveness of meristem culture, thermotherapy, and chemotherapy on the production of virus-free plants from the <em>in vitro</em> culture of <em>Cymbidium elegans</em> Lindl. (infected with both CymMV and ORSV) and <em>Cymbidium</em> Bremo (infected with CymMV). To confirm infection status, multiplex reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (mRT-PCR) was performed on 6-month-old <em>in vitro</em> plants before treatments and then on treated plants grown <em>in vitro</em> for 8 months after meristem culture, 4 months after thermotherapy, and 4 months after chemotherapy. Meristem culture achieved a 22.5 % virus elimination rate for both <em>C. elegans</em> and <em>C</em>. Bremo, whereas thermotherapy yielded a 37.5 % success rate in generating virus-free plants, and chemotherapy achieved an even higher rate of 55.0 % virus-free plants. Of the three <em>in vitro</em> therapies used in this study, chemotherapy was the most effective in producing virus-free orchid plants compared to thermotherapy and meristem culture.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20046,"journal":{"name":"Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology","volume":"136 ","pages":"Article 102551"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143162509","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-11DOI: 10.1016/j.pmpp.2025.102579
Dominic Schütte, Abdulmalek Remmo, Margarete Baier, Thomas Griebel
A sudden cold exposure (4 °C, 24 h) primes the resistance of Arabidopsis thaliana against the virulent biotrophic pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 (Pst) for several days. This effect is mediated by chloroplast cold sensing and activity of stromal and thylakoid-bound ascorbate peroxidases (sAPX/tAPX). In this study, we investigated the impact of cold exposure on plant defences against the necrotrophic fungus Botrytis cinerea and compared plant responses to this pathogen in sapx and tapx single knockout lines. Plant resistance was transiently enhanced if B. cinerea infection occurred immediately after cold exposure, but cold-enhanced B. cinerea resistance was absent when cold treatment and infection were separated by 5 days under normal growth conditions. Plastid ascorbate peroxidases partially contributed to the transient cold-enhanced resistance against the necrotrophic fungus. In response to B. cinerea, the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) were significantly higher in cold-pretreated Arabidopsis leaves. Pathogen-triggered ROS levels varied without sAPX, highlighting the strong capacity of sAPX-dependent ROS regulation in the chloroplast stroma. The cold-enhanced resistance against B. cinerea was associated with cold-induced plant cell wall modifications, including sAPX-dependent callose formation and significant lignification in cold-treated Arabidopsis leaves.
{"title":"Cold exposure transiently increases resistance of Arabidopsis thaliana against the fungal pathogen Botrytis cinerea","authors":"Dominic Schütte, Abdulmalek Remmo, Margarete Baier, Thomas Griebel","doi":"10.1016/j.pmpp.2025.102579","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pmpp.2025.102579","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A sudden cold exposure (4 °C, 24 h) primes the resistance of <em>Arabidopsis thaliana</em> against the virulent biotrophic pathogen <em>Pseudomonas syringae</em> pv. <em>tomato</em> DC3000 (<em>Pst</em>) for several days. This effect is mediated by chloroplast cold sensing and activity of stromal and thylakoid-bound ascorbate peroxidases (sAPX/tAPX). In this study, we investigated the impact of cold exposure on plant defences against the necrotrophic fungus <em>Botrytis cinerea</em> and compared plant responses to this pathogen in <em>sapx</em> and <em>tapx</em> single knockout lines. Plant resistance was transiently enhanced if <em>B. cinerea</em> infection occurred immediately after cold exposure, but cold-enhanced <em>B. cinerea</em> resistance was absent when cold treatment and infection were separated by 5 days under normal growth conditions. Plastid ascorbate peroxidases partially contributed to the transient cold-enhanced resistance against the necrotrophic fungus. In response to <em>B. cinerea</em>, the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) were significantly higher in cold-pretreated Arabidopsis leaves. Pathogen-triggered ROS levels varied without sAPX, highlighting the strong capacity of sAPX-dependent ROS regulation in the chloroplast stroma. The cold-enhanced resistance against <em>B. cinerea</em> was associated with cold-induced plant cell wall modifications, including sAPX-dependent callose formation and significant lignification in cold-treated Arabidopsis leaves.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20046,"journal":{"name":"Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology","volume":"136 ","pages":"Article 102579"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143163618","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-11DOI: 10.1016/j.pmpp.2025.102580
Rafia Akhtar, Senthil Kumar Thiruppathi
Fungal pathogens pose significant threats to post-harvest horticultural products, including chillies (Capsicum spp.). This study identified Lasiodiplodia iraniensis as a previously unrecognized causative agent of post-harvest decay in chillies (Capsicum spp.). The pathogen was isolated from diseased chilli fruits and confirmed through subsequent molecular identification via DNA isolation and sequencing. Its internal transcribed spacer (ITS) genetic sequence was submitted to the NCBI database (accession number PP913372). Additionally, the partial translation elongation factor-1 alpha (TEF1) gene was sequenced and submitted to the NCBI database (accession number PQ814684) to further explore its phylogenetic relationships. Subsequently, pathogenicity tests conducted on detached chilli fruits revealed the fungus's aggressive nature, leading to significant decay and confirming Koch's postulates. This highlights the emergence of L. iraniensis as a new threat to chilli quality post-harvest and underscores the need for effective pathogen management strategies to safeguard product quality.
{"title":"First report of Lasiodiplodia iraniensis causing postharvest decay in chillies (Capsicum spp.)","authors":"Rafia Akhtar, Senthil Kumar Thiruppathi","doi":"10.1016/j.pmpp.2025.102580","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pmpp.2025.102580","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Fungal pathogens pose significant threats to post-harvest horticultural products, including chillies (<em>Capsicum</em> spp.). This study identified <em>Lasiodiplodia iraniensis</em> as a previously unrecognized causative agent of post-harvest decay in chillies (<em>Capsicum</em> spp.). The pathogen was isolated from diseased chilli fruits and confirmed through subsequent molecular identification via DNA isolation and sequencing. Its internal transcribed spacer (ITS) genetic sequence was submitted to the NCBI database (accession number PP913372). Additionally, the partial translation elongation factor-1 alpha (TEF1) gene was sequenced and submitted to the NCBI database (accession number PQ814684) to further explore its phylogenetic relationships. Subsequently, pathogenicity tests conducted on detached chilli fruits revealed the fungus's aggressive nature, leading to significant decay and confirming Koch's postulates. This highlights the emergence of <em>L. iraniensis</em> as a new threat to chilli quality post-harvest and underscores the need for effective pathogen management strategies to safeguard product quality.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20046,"journal":{"name":"Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology","volume":"136 ","pages":"Article 102580"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143162498","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study aimed to evaluate the ability of Trichoderma asperellum AC.3 to induce resistance in maize plants against downy mildew caused by Peronosclerospora spp. The evaluation was done by analyzing increased defense-related biochemical activity, particularly peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase, tyrosine ammonia-lyase, and total phenolic content. Observation of the severity downy mildew was carried out inside a screen house with various treatments, including filtrate culture, conidial suspension, and sterile water. Each treatment was tested on 2 maize cultivars, namely JH 37 and Pulut Uri. The results showed that T. asperellum AC.3 induced resistance to downy mildew pathogen. The filtrate culture and suspension treatment had disease suppression between 15-39 % and 4–8% respectively. The correlation of these biochemical activities with maize defense response against downy mildew was shown by total phenolic content produced before infestation and at 48 hai, which greatly influenced the severity of the disease. In addition, the activity of the PPO enzyme at 24 hai affected the incubation period of downy mildew. The application of T. asperellum AC. 3 filtrate culture reduced the intensity of downy mildew in JH 37 and Pulut Uri varieties, as well as induced biochemical activities, specifically the accumulation of total phenolic content and PPO enzymes. Based on these results, T. asperellum AC.3 filtrate culture could be used against downy mildew of maize as a sustainable and environmentally friendly strategy.
{"title":"Biological control activities of Trichoderma asperellum AC.3 in inducing maize resistance against downy mildew disease","authors":"Nurasiah Djaenuddin , Hishar Mirsam , Eriyanto Yusnawan , Andi Nasruddin , Baharuddin Patandjengi , Tutik Kuswinanti","doi":"10.1016/j.pmpp.2025.102564","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pmpp.2025.102564","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study aimed to evaluate the ability of <em>Trichoderma asperellum</em> AC.3 to induce resistance in maize plants against downy mildew caused by <em>Peronosclerospora</em> spp. The evaluation was done by analyzing increased defense-related biochemical activity, particularly peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase, tyrosine ammonia-lyase, and total phenolic content. Observation of the severity downy mildew was carried out inside a screen house with various treatments, including filtrate culture, conidial suspension, and sterile water. Each treatment was tested on 2 maize cultivars, namely JH 37 and Pulut Uri. The results showed that <em>T. asperellum</em> AC.3 induced resistance to downy mildew pathogen. The filtrate culture and suspension treatment had disease suppression between 15-39 % and 4–8% respectively. The correlation of these biochemical activities with maize defense response against downy mildew was shown by total phenolic content produced before infestation and at 48 hai, which greatly influenced the severity of the disease. In addition, the activity of the PPO enzyme at 24 hai affected the incubation period of downy mildew. The application of <em>T. asperellum</em> AC. 3 filtrate culture reduced the intensity of downy mildew in JH 37 and Pulut Uri varieties, as well as induced biochemical activities, specifically the accumulation of total phenolic content and PPO enzymes. Based on these results, <em>T. asperellum</em> AC.3 filtrate culture could be used against downy mildew of maize as a sustainable and environmentally friendly strategy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20046,"journal":{"name":"Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology","volume":"136 ","pages":"Article 102564"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143163904","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-10DOI: 10.1016/j.pmpp.2025.102574
Lida Hashemi , Mehdi Nasr Esfahani , Ahmad Reza Golparvar , Maryam Monazzah , Arman Nasr-Esfahani , Mohammad Javad Yazdi , Mojtaba Mohammadi , Mohsen Rafiei , Marzieh Motamedi
Cucumbers (Cucumis sativus L.) are an essential vegetable crop in the globe, they confront severe problems due to Phytophthora blight, which is mostly caused by Phytophthora melonis and causes large economic losses, particularly in Iran. The aim of this study was to investigate the resistance mechanisms against this disease in different cucumber genotypes. In the current study, the resistance to damping-off in 38 different local and exotic commercial cucumber genotypes was evaluated during the seedling and maturity stages. The genotypes were divided into four classes, with the average percent of damping-off ranging from 7.92 % (resistant) to 88.01 % (highly susceptible). Genetic diversity was found by molecular analysis utilizing ISSR markers, with ISSR29 being the most informative primer that highlights the potential of ISSR markers in providing a basis for identifying new resistant cucumber varieties. Important antifungal genes (CsWRKY20, CsLecRK6.1, PR3, PR1-1a, and LOX1) were found to be elevated in resistant and moderately resistant genotypes, especially in root collars, according to gene expression analysis, indicating their role in initiating defense mechanisms. At the same time, the related marker genes modulating immunity not only against P. melonis, but also are basically resistant against other pathogenic fungi, nematodes, and abiotic stress. For instant, CsWRKY20- Sphaerotheca fusca (powdery mildew), salt, drought, and cold stress; CsLecRK6.1 and PR1-1a- S. fusca; PR-3 and LOX1 Meloidogyne incognita (root-knot nematode) and Alternaria brassicae (leaf spot). Moreover, enzyme activity assays showed that PAL and POX enzymes were linked to resistance, whereas PPO, SOD, and CAT did not show a significant correlation. The importance of certain genes and metabolic pathways, in particular POX and PAL, in enhancing cucumber resistance to P. melonis has highlighted the potential of the related defense-resistant genes and enzymes in breeding efforts, providing a basis for developing new resistant cucumber varieties.
{"title":"Susceptibility assessment and genetic analysis of cucumber genotypes to damping-off disease by Phytophthora melonis","authors":"Lida Hashemi , Mehdi Nasr Esfahani , Ahmad Reza Golparvar , Maryam Monazzah , Arman Nasr-Esfahani , Mohammad Javad Yazdi , Mojtaba Mohammadi , Mohsen Rafiei , Marzieh Motamedi","doi":"10.1016/j.pmpp.2025.102574","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pmpp.2025.102574","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Cucumbers (<em>Cucumis sativus</em> L.) are an essential vegetable crop in the globe, they confront severe problems due to Phytophthora blight, which is mostly caused by <em>Phytophthora melonis</em> and causes large economic losses, particularly in Iran. The aim of this study was to investigate the resistance mechanisms against this disease in different cucumber genotypes. In the current study, the resistance to damping-off in 38 different local and exotic commercial cucumber genotypes was evaluated during the seedling and maturity stages. The genotypes were divided into four classes, with the average percent of damping-off ranging from 7.92 % (resistant) to 88.01 % (highly susceptible). Genetic diversity was found by molecular analysis utilizing ISSR markers, with ISSR29 being the most informative primer that highlights the potential of ISSR markers in providing a basis for identifying new resistant cucumber varieties. Important antifungal genes (<em>CsWRKY20, CsLecRK6.1, PR3, PR1-1a</em>, and <em>LOX1</em>) were found to be elevated in resistant and moderately resistant genotypes, especially in root collars, according to gene expression analysis, indicating their role in initiating defense mechanisms. At the same time, the related marker genes modulating immunity not only against <em>P. melonis</em>, but also are basically resistant against other pathogenic fungi, nematodes, and abiotic stress. For instant, CsWRKY<em>20- Sphaerotheca fusca</em> (powdery mildew), salt, drought, and cold stress; <em>CsLecRK6.1</em> and <em>PR1-1a- S. fusca</em>; <em>PR-3</em> and <em>LOX1 Meloidogyne incognita</em> (root-knot nematode) and <em>Alternaria brassicae</em> (leaf spot). Moreover, enzyme activity assays showed that PAL and POX enzymes were linked to resistance, whereas PPO, SOD, and CAT did not show a significant correlation. The importance of certain genes and metabolic pathways, in particular POX and PAL, in enhancing cucumber resistance to <em>P. melonis</em> has highlighted the potential of the related defense-resistant genes and enzymes in breeding efforts, providing a basis for developing new resistant cucumber varieties.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20046,"journal":{"name":"Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology","volume":"136 ","pages":"Article 102574"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143162982","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-09DOI: 10.1016/j.pmpp.2025.102575
Neda Samandari-Najafabadi, Parissa Taheri, Mojtaba Mamarabadi
Grapes have high economic importance and are recognized as one of the key plant species cultivated across the globe, including Iran. However, this plant is sensitive to a wide range of pathogens. Bunch rot disease, caused by Alternaria spp. Stands out as one of the most critical and damaging grape diseases, worldwide. This disease has significant economic losses for producers, every year. In addition, the toxic metabolites produced by this fungus pose a serious threat to fruit yield, marketability, human and animal health. However, identification of Alternaria species causing the bunch rot disease has not been done in Iran, and no grape cultivars with complete resistance to this destructive disease have been identified, so far. Thus, identifying virulence factors of the pathogens, analyzing the resistance levels in grapevines, and examining the plant's defense responses to the disease are essential steps in creating novel and effective strategies for disease management. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to identify Alternaria species responsible for bunch rot disease, to assess pathogenicity levels and various virulence factors associated with the fungal pathogens, and to determine resistance level of various grape cultivars against Alternaria spp. Obtained from this plant in Iran. The samples were collected from grape berries exhibiting typical symptoms of the disease from vineyards in Khorasan-Razavi province of Iran. Morphological identification of the fungi was performed on potato carrot agar (PCA) medium. Three species of Alternaria were identified, including A. alternata, A. tenuissima, and A. destruens. For molecular identification, the ITS1 and ITS4 primers were utilized, followed by sequence analysis. Alternaria alternata was found to be the most prevalent species, while A. destruens was the least frequently obtained species. Three grape cultivars were examined to investigate pathogenicity of the fungal isolates and evaluate resistance levels of the host cultivars. Among the cultivars tested, Sahebi exhibited the highest resistance, while Fakhri was the most susceptible cultivar. The research revealed different degrees of virulence and aggressiveness among the fungal isolates. Isolates of A. alternata and A. destruens showed the highest pathogenicity levels. Analysis of cell wall degrading enzymes revealed that the isolates with higher pathogenicity had higher enzyme activity. This study is the first report of Alternaria spp. Responsible for bunch rot disease in Iran. Also, this is the first global report of A. destruens pathogenic on grapes and exploration of the relationship between pathogenicity factors and pathogenesis of Alternaria spp. Affecting grapes.
{"title":"Identification, pathogenicity and cell wall degrading enzymes of Alternaria spp. associated with grape bunch rot in Iran","authors":"Neda Samandari-Najafabadi, Parissa Taheri, Mojtaba Mamarabadi","doi":"10.1016/j.pmpp.2025.102575","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pmpp.2025.102575","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Grapes have high economic importance and are recognized as one of the key plant species cultivated across the globe, including Iran. However, this plant is sensitive to a wide range of pathogens. Bunch rot disease, caused by <em>Alternaria</em> spp. Stands out as one of the most critical and damaging grape diseases, worldwide. This disease has significant economic losses for producers, every year. In addition, the toxic metabolites produced by this fungus pose a serious threat to fruit yield, marketability, human and animal health. However, identification of <em>Alternaria</em> species causing the bunch rot disease has not been done in Iran, and no grape cultivars with complete resistance to this destructive disease have been identified, so far. Thus, identifying virulence factors of the pathogens, analyzing the resistance levels in grapevines, and examining the plant's defense responses to the disease are essential steps in creating novel and effective strategies for disease management. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to identify <em>Alternaria</em> species responsible for bunch rot disease, to assess pathogenicity levels and various virulence factors associated with the fungal pathogens, and to determine resistance level of various grape cultivars against <em>Alternaria</em> spp. Obtained from this plant in Iran. The samples were collected from grape berries exhibiting typical symptoms of the disease from vineyards in Khorasan-Razavi province of Iran. Morphological identification of the fungi was performed on potato carrot agar (PCA) medium. Three species of <em>Alternaria</em> were identified, including <em>A. alternata</em>, <em>A. tenuissima</em>, and <em>A. destruens</em>. For molecular identification, the ITS1 and ITS4 primers were utilized, followed by sequence analysis. <em>Alternaria alternata</em> was found to be the most prevalent species, while <em>A. destruens</em> was the least frequently obtained species. Three grape cultivars were examined to investigate pathogenicity of the fungal isolates and evaluate resistance levels of the host cultivars. Among the cultivars tested, Sahebi exhibited the highest resistance, while Fakhri was the most susceptible cultivar. The research revealed different degrees of virulence and aggressiveness among the fungal isolates. Isolates of <em>A. alternata</em> and <em>A. destruens</em> showed the highest pathogenicity levels. Analysis of cell wall degrading enzymes revealed that the isolates with higher pathogenicity had higher enzyme activity. This study is the first report of <em>Alternaria</em> spp. Responsible for bunch rot disease in Iran. Also, this is the first global report of <em>A. destruens</em> pathogenic on grapes and exploration of the relationship between pathogenicity factors and pathogenesis of <em>Alternaria</em> spp. Affecting grapes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20046,"journal":{"name":"Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology","volume":"136 ","pages":"Article 102575"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143163901","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-09DOI: 10.1016/j.pmpp.2025.102567
Abhijeet Shankar Kashyap, Nazia Manzar
This study investigates the molecular characterization and biocontrol potential of Trichoderma spp. and Bacillus spp. isolated from the wheat rhizosphere of the Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP) against Bipolaris sorokiniana, the causal agent of wheat leaf blight. Antagonistic activity of 40 isolates was assessed using dual culture assays, extracellular enzyme production (β-1,3-glucanase and chitinase), and plant growth-promoting (PGP) traits. The efficacy of botanical extracts in pathogen suppression and plant growth enhancement was also evaluated. Upon screening fungal isolates, Trichoderma asperellum WT12 demonstrated a strong pathogen inhibition (51.62 %) with significant β-1,3-glucanase and chitinase production. Bacillus amyloliquefaciens WB16 showed superior phosphate solubilization, IAA production, and pathogen inhibition (77.47 %). Botanical extracts, particularly Aloe vera, effectively inhibited pathogen growth (60.51 %) and improved plant growth parameters. Combined treatments involving T. asperellum WT12, B. amyloliquefaciens WB16, and Aloe vera extract significantly reduced disease severity and enhanced plant health compared to control treatments. This study highlights the potential of integrating microbial and botanical agents for effective and environmentally friendly wheat disease management strategies.
{"title":"Molecular characterization and biocontrol potential of rhizospheric Trichoderma and Bacillus spp. from Indo-Gangetic plains with botanical applications against Bipolaris sorokiniana in wheat","authors":"Abhijeet Shankar Kashyap, Nazia Manzar","doi":"10.1016/j.pmpp.2025.102567","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pmpp.2025.102567","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates the molecular characterization and biocontrol potential of <em>Trichoderma</em> spp. and <em>Bacillus</em> spp. isolated from the wheat rhizosphere of the Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP) against <em>Bipolaris sorokiniana</em>, the causal agent of wheat leaf blight. Antagonistic activity of 40 isolates was assessed using dual culture assays, extracellular enzyme production (β-1,3-glucanase and chitinase), and plant growth-promoting (PGP) traits. The efficacy of botanical extracts in pathogen suppression and plant growth enhancement was also evaluated. Upon screening fungal isolates, <em>Trichoderma asperellum</em> WT12 demonstrated a strong pathogen inhibition (51.62 %) with significant β-1,3-glucanase and chitinase production. <em>Bacillus amyloliquefaciens</em> WB16 showed superior phosphate solubilization, IAA production, and pathogen inhibition (77.47 %). Botanical extracts, particularly <em>Aloe vera,</em> effectively inhibited pathogen growth (60.51 %) and improved plant growth parameters. Combined treatments involving <em>T</em>. <em>asperellum</em> WT12, <em>B. amyloliquefaciens</em> WB16, and <em>Aloe vera</em> extract significantly reduced disease severity and enhanced plant health compared to control treatments. This study highlights the potential of integrating microbial and botanical agents for effective and environmentally friendly wheat disease management strategies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20046,"journal":{"name":"Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology","volume":"136 ","pages":"Article 102567"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143163903","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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