Tea, a perennial shrub, is severely impacted by various biotic and abiotic stresses, among which grey blight, caused by Pestalotiopsis microspora, plays a major role in significant crop loss. In this study, out of 15 locally available plants, the ethyl acetate extracts of Cymbopogon citratus and Piper nigrum were scrutinised. The in vitro bioassay revealed that C. citratus at 5 mL/L and 10 mL/L completely inhibited P. microspora under the food poisoning technique. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of C. citratus extract was found to be 2 mg/mL. The GC-MS analysis confirmed the presence of 1-Iodo-2-methylundecane, Silane, trichlorooctadecyl-, and 1,3-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, bis(2-ethylhexyl) ester at higher levels, with saturated hydrocarbons as the most abundant class (48 %). The Elongation Factor 1-alpha (EF1) of Pseudopestalotiopsis theae was taken as the target protein, and a 3D model was built and validated with an active site containing 98 amino acid residues. The molecular docking results highlighted the compound 2,6-Dimethyl-6-trifluoroacetoxyoctane, having a binding affinity of −5.8 kcal/mol, compared to Carbendazim with −6.5 kcal/mol. Under visualisation, the ligands of 2,6-Dimethyl-6-trifluoroacetoxyoctane formed conventional hydrogen bonds at ILE60, CYS80, and ILE83, aiding in the interaction and stability of the ligand-protein complex. Finally, C. citratus established a satisfactory control of 61 % against grey blight disease, which was on par with the organic recommended schedule under field conditions. This study suggests a sustainable and environmental-friendly control measure by reducing synthetic chemical inputs through an integrated disease management (IDM) strategy.
{"title":"Bioefficacy of Cymbopogon citratus in controlling grey blight disease in tea (Camellia sinensis) caused by Pestalotiopsis microspora","authors":"Francis Lijo Mendez , Nepolean Paneerselvam , Rishikaran Selladurai , Murugavel Kuppusamy","doi":"10.1016/j.pmpp.2025.102638","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pmpp.2025.102638","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Tea, a perennial shrub, is severely impacted by various biotic and abiotic stresses, among which grey blight, caused by <em>Pestalotiopsis microspora</em>, plays a major role in significant crop loss. In this study, out of 15 locally available plants, the ethyl acetate extracts of <em>Cymbopogon citratus</em> and <em>Piper nigrum</em> were scrutinised. The <em>in vitro</em> bioassay revealed that <em>C. citratus</em> at 5 mL/L and 10 mL/L completely inhibited <em>P. microspora</em> under the food poisoning technique. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of <em>C. citratus</em> extract was found to be 2 mg/mL. The GC-MS analysis confirmed the presence of 1-Iodo-2-methylundecane, Silane, trichlorooctadecyl-, and 1,3-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, bis(2-ethylhexyl) ester at higher levels, with saturated hydrocarbons as the most abundant class (48 %). The Elongation Factor 1-alpha (EF1) of <em>Pseudopestalotiopsis theae</em> was taken as the target protein, and a 3D model was built and validated with an active site containing 98 amino acid residues. The molecular docking results highlighted the compound 2,6-Dimethyl-6-trifluoroacetoxyoctane, having a binding affinity of −5.8 kcal/mol, compared to Carbendazim with −6.5 kcal/mol. Under visualisation, the ligands of 2,6-Dimethyl-6-trifluoroacetoxyoctane formed conventional hydrogen bonds at ILE60, CYS80, and ILE83, aiding in the interaction and stability of the ligand-protein complex. Finally, <em>C. citratus</em> established a satisfactory control of 61 % against grey blight disease, which was on par with the organic recommended schedule under field conditions. This study suggests a sustainable and environmental-friendly control measure by reducing synthetic chemical inputs through an integrated disease management (IDM) strategy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20046,"journal":{"name":"Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology","volume":"138 ","pages":"Article 102638"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143549012","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Plants have evolved elegant defense strategies against biotic and abiotic stresses by principally using the secondary metabolites alkaloids, terpenoids, flavonoids; phenolics, etc. Secondary metabolites (e.g. alkaloids, terpenoids, flavonoids, and phenolics) play roles in constitutive defenses (e.g., tomatine) and induced responses (e.g., phytoalexins), that enable plants effective defense against pathogens and herbivores. This review integrates current information on biosynthesis and ecological roles of secondary metabolites ranging from biotrophic, and hemi-biotrophic to necrotrophic pathogens in the activation of such a metabolic diversity. This present discussion is about the regulation of response via their key signaling molecules, namely jasmonic acid and salicylic acid, and their function from both sides of defense trade-offs. Overview of recent advances in genetic engineering and metabolic engineering approaches for engineering the production of metabolites to replace synthetic agrochemicals sustainably. This review emphasizes the role of secondary metabolites in integrated pest management and sustainable agriculture, despite their potential pharmaceutical applications. In the future, research should address the molecular base of secondary metabolism and open ways for biotechnological tools to develop climate-resilient crops. This review integrates basic concepts of plant defense with an applied biotechnology theme to provide lessons learned on the use of secondary metabolites to promote sustainable agriculture.
{"title":"Plant secondary metabolites in defense against phytopathogens: Mechanisms, biosynthesis, and applications","authors":"Punet Kumar , Deepak Kumar , Sushma Pal , Sangam Singh","doi":"10.1016/j.pmpp.2025.102639","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pmpp.2025.102639","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Plants have evolved elegant defense strategies against biotic and abiotic stresses by principally using the secondary metabolites alkaloids, terpenoids, flavonoids; phenolics, etc. Secondary metabolites (e.g. alkaloids, terpenoids, flavonoids, and phenolics) play roles in constitutive defenses (e.g., tomatine) and induced responses (e.g., phytoalexins), that enable plants effective defense against pathogens and herbivores. This review integrates current information on biosynthesis and ecological roles of secondary metabolites ranging from biotrophic, and hemi-biotrophic to necrotrophic pathogens in the activation of such a metabolic diversity. This present discussion is about the regulation of response via their key signaling molecules, namely jasmonic acid and salicylic acid, and their function from both sides of defense trade-offs. Overview of recent advances in genetic engineering and metabolic engineering approaches for engineering the production of metabolites to replace synthetic agrochemicals sustainably. This review emphasizes the role of secondary metabolites in integrated pest management and sustainable agriculture, despite their potential pharmaceutical applications. In the future, research should address the molecular base of secondary metabolism and open ways for biotechnological tools to develop climate-resilient crops. This review integrates basic concepts of plant defense with an applied biotechnology theme to provide lessons learned on the use of secondary metabolites to promote sustainable agriculture.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20046,"journal":{"name":"Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology","volume":"138 ","pages":"Article 102639"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143549011","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Transcription Factors (TFs) serve as master regulators of disease resistance in plants. Given the significant roles of trihelix TFs in model plants and their role in multiple disease resistance, current research was aimed at identifying and predicting their tentative function in grapevines. This study discovered 33 complete VvTH genes within the grape genome, categorized into five groups: GT-1 with 5 genes, GT-2 with 8 genes, GTγ with 4 genes, SH4 with 4 genes, and SIP1 with 12 genes. The gene structures and conserved motifs of VvTHs in the same subfamily were highly consistent and contained similar domain patterns. Subcellular localization analysis exhibited that most VvTHs are present in the nucleus region. Chromosomal mapping revealed that VvChr08 and VvChr13 contain the highest number of trihelix family members. In addition, most cis elements found in promoter regions were related to biotic stress response and phytohormone related. ABA-responsive element (ABRE) was identified predominately among members. Dynamic expression profiling of all VvTH genes under various diseases and defense-related phytohormones suggests their involvement in defense regulation. Furthermore, qRT-PCR-based expression analysis revealed the crucial roles of VvTH08, VvTH12, VvTH13, VvTH15, and VvTH22 in anthracnose stress. Our study provides insights into the functions of trihelix transcription factors in grapevine response to multiple biotic stresses and presents new key genes for biotic stress-tolerance breeding.
{"title":"Identification of trihelix transcription factors in grapevine and expression dynamics in response to biotic stress and hormone treatment","authors":"Vivek Yadav , Fuchun Zhang , Hao Wang, Chuan Zhang, Songlin Zhang, Jing Zhang, Na Xu, Xiaoming Zhou, Haixia Zhong, Xinyu Wu","doi":"10.1016/j.pmpp.2025.102628","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pmpp.2025.102628","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Transcription Factors (TFs) serve as master regulators of disease resistance in plants. Given the significant roles of trihelix TFs in model plants and their role in multiple disease resistance, current research was aimed at identifying and predicting their tentative function in grapevines. This study discovered 33 complete <em>VvTH</em> genes within the grape genome, categorized into five groups: GT-1 with 5 genes, GT-2 with 8 genes, GTγ with 4 genes, SH4 with 4 genes, and SIP1 with 12 genes. The gene structures and conserved motifs of <em>VvTHs</em> in the same subfamily were highly consistent and contained similar domain patterns. Subcellular localization analysis exhibited that most <em>VvTHs</em> are present in the nucleus region. Chromosomal mapping revealed that <em>VvChr08</em> and <em>VvChr13</em> contain the highest number of trihelix family members. In addition, most cis elements found in promoter regions were related to biotic stress response and phytohormone related. ABA-responsive element (ABRE) was identified predominately among members. Dynamic expression profiling of all <em>VvTH</em> genes under various diseases and defense-related phytohormones suggests their involvement in defense regulation. Furthermore, qRT-PCR-based expression analysis revealed the crucial roles of <em>VvTH08, VvTH12, VvTH13, VvTH15</em>, and <em>VvTH22</em> in anthracnose stress. Our study provides insights into the functions of trihelix transcription factors in grapevine response to multiple biotic stresses and presents new key genes for biotic stress-tolerance breeding.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20046,"journal":{"name":"Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology","volume":"137 ","pages":"Article 102628"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143512473","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-22DOI: 10.1016/j.pmpp.2025.102629
U. Keerthana , S.R. Prabhukarthikeyan , A.K. Senapati , Manas Kumar Bag , C. Parameswaran , R. Naveenkumar , Sucharita Mohapatra , Manoj Kumar Yadav , Mathew S. Baite , S.D. Mohapatra
Magnaporthe oryzae, the causative agent of rice blast disease, poses a significant threat to rice yield. Aromatic rice landraces offer significant variation in disease resistance. However, the mechanisms underlying these responses remain poorly understood. Understanding how these landraces respond to blast infection can contribute to developing effective strategies for disease control. In this study, we conducted a comparative analysis of protein profiles in two aromatic rice genotypes, 'Benugopal' (resistant) and 'Kalikati 2' (susceptible), with contrasting blast resistance using two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2D-PAGE) and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry. A total of 18 protein spots were identified as differentially expressed between the two genotypes, showing significant intensity differences at 0, 24, 48, and 72 h post-inoculation with M. oryzae. These differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were primarily associated with disease resistance, plant defense, signaling, stress response, growth, and development in rice. To validate protein expression changes at the transcript level, qRT-PCR was performed, revealing a positive correlation between mRNA levels and protein fold changes for eight selected genes. In conclusion, this study offers valuable insights into the molecular mechanisms driving the resistance of aromatic rice genotypes to M. oryzae infection.
{"title":"Comparative proteomic analysis of resistant and susceptible aromatic rice landraces in response to blast pathogen, Magnaporthe oryzae","authors":"U. Keerthana , S.R. Prabhukarthikeyan , A.K. Senapati , Manas Kumar Bag , C. Parameswaran , R. Naveenkumar , Sucharita Mohapatra , Manoj Kumar Yadav , Mathew S. Baite , S.D. Mohapatra","doi":"10.1016/j.pmpp.2025.102629","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pmpp.2025.102629","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Magnaporthe oryzae</em>, the causative agent of rice blast disease, poses a significant threat to rice yield. Aromatic rice landraces offer significant variation in disease resistance. However, the mechanisms underlying these responses remain poorly understood. Understanding how these landraces respond to blast infection can contribute to developing effective strategies for disease control. In this study, we conducted a comparative analysis of protein profiles in two aromatic rice genotypes, 'Benugopal' (resistant) and 'Kalikati 2' (susceptible), with contrasting blast resistance using two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2D-PAGE) and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry. A total of 18 protein spots were identified as differentially expressed between the two genotypes, showing significant intensity differences at 0, 24, 48, and 72 h post-inoculation with <em>M. oryzae</em>. These differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were primarily associated with disease resistance, plant defense, signaling, stress response, growth, and development in rice. To validate protein expression changes at the transcript level, qRT-PCR was performed, revealing a positive correlation between mRNA levels and protein fold changes for eight selected genes. In conclusion, this study offers valuable insights into the molecular mechanisms driving the resistance of aromatic rice genotypes to <em>M. oryzae</em> infection.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20046,"journal":{"name":"Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology","volume":"137 ","pages":"Article 102629"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143479938","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Downy mildew, caused by Plasmopara viticola (P. viticola, Berk. & M. A. Curtis; Berl. & De Toni), represents a major threat to the grapevine industry in China. Although Trichoderma harzianum has been identified as an effective biocontrol agent, the molecular mechanisms by which it modulates grapevine resistance to P. viticola remain poorly understood. This study utilized Vitis vinifera cv. ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’ grape leaves as experimental material, with treatments consisting of inoculation with sterile water (control) or T. harzianum, followed by P. viticola inoculation 24 h later. Transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses were conducted at 0, 1, and 5 days post-inoculation. A total of 13,292 distinct genes exhibiting differential expression were identified, and the KEGG pathway enrichment analysis indicated that these genes were primarily associated with plant hormone signal transduction, plant-pathogen interactions, phenylpropanoid metabolism, and flavonoid synthesis. Notably, T. harzianum treatment significantly upregulated key genes encoding phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), 4-coumarate-CoA ligase (4CL), and flavonoid 3-hydroxylase (F3H), leading to enhanced synthesis of lignin and flavonoids, which augmented grapevine resistance to P. viticola infection. Additionally, metabolomic analysis demonstrated a substantial accumulation of various metabolites, including flavonoids (e.g., luteolin) and phenolic acids (e.g., caffeic acid and ferulic acid), in response to T. harzianum treatment. These metabolites are likely involved in reinforcing the cell wall and inhibiting pathogen spread, thereby contributing to enhanced disease resistance. Correlation analysis further revealed a significant positive association between flavonoid compounds and defense-related gene expression, suggesting that T. harzianum enhances grapevine resistance to downy mildew through modulation of secondary metabolite accumulation and related gene expression. Collectively, these findings provide new insights into the complex regulatory mechanisms by which T. harzianum enhances grapevine resistance to P. viticola, offering a theoretical framework for employing biological control strategies to improve grapevine disease resistance and inform breeding programs aimed at developing downy mildew-resistant cultivars.
{"title":"Integrated transcriptomics and metabolomics analyses revealed mechanisms of Trichoderma harzianum-induced resistance to downy mildew in grapevine","authors":"Chengnan Li, Shuang Cao, Yulei Zhao, Rui Wang, Xiao Yin","doi":"10.1016/j.pmpp.2025.102619","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pmpp.2025.102619","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Downy mildew, caused by <em>Plasmopara viticola</em> (<em>P. viticola</em>, Berk. & M. A. Curtis; Berl. & De Toni), represents a major threat to the grapevine industry in China. Although <em>Trichoderma harzianum</em> has been identified as an effective biocontrol agent, the molecular mechanisms by which it modulates grapevine resistance to <em>P. viticola</em> remain poorly understood. This study utilized <em>Vitis vinifera</em> cv. ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’ grape leaves as experimental material, with treatments consisting of inoculation with sterile water (control) or <em>T. harzianum</em>, followed by <em>P. viticola</em> inoculation 24 h later. Transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses were conducted at 0, 1, and 5 days post-inoculation. A total of 13,292 distinct genes exhibiting differential expression were identified, and the KEGG pathway enrichment analysis indicated that these genes were primarily associated with plant hormone signal transduction, plant-pathogen interactions, phenylpropanoid metabolism, and flavonoid synthesis. Notably, <em>T. harzianum</em> treatment significantly upregulated key genes encoding phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), 4-coumarate-CoA ligase (4CL), and flavonoid 3-hydroxylase (F3H), leading to enhanced synthesis of lignin and flavonoids, which augmented grapevine resistance to <em>P. viticola</em> infection. Additionally, metabolomic analysis demonstrated a substantial accumulation of various metabolites, including flavonoids (e.g., luteolin) and phenolic acids (e.g., caffeic acid and ferulic acid), in response to <em>T. harzianum</em> treatment. These metabolites are likely involved in reinforcing the cell wall and inhibiting pathogen spread, thereby contributing to enhanced disease resistance. Correlation analysis further revealed a significant positive association between flavonoid compounds and defense-related gene expression, suggesting that <em>T. harzianum</em> enhances grapevine resistance to downy mildew through modulation of secondary metabolite accumulation and related gene expression. Collectively, these findings provide new insights into the complex regulatory mechanisms by which <em>T. harzianum</em> enhances grapevine resistance to <em>P. viticola</em>, offering a theoretical framework for employing biological control strategies to improve grapevine disease resistance and inform breeding programs aimed at developing downy mildew-resistant cultivars.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20046,"journal":{"name":"Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology","volume":"137 ","pages":"Article 102619"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143508330","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-19DOI: 10.1016/j.pmpp.2025.102616
Pooja Bhardwaj , Virendra K. Baranwal , Susheel K. Sharma, Nishant Srivastava, Malyaj R. Prajapati, Rakesh Kumar, Nitika Gupta
Banana streak MY virus (BSMYV) and banana bunchy top virus (BBTV) are considered as major constraints to banana production globally, severely impacting yield and international trade. Early detection of these viruses is vital for their effective management. In the present study, a sensitive, easy to use rapid duplex Reverse Transcription-Recombinase Polymerase Amplification (RT-RPA) and RPA assay have been developed for the simultaneous detection of BSMYV and BBTV. The assay utilizes a simple template preparation method involving crude leaf extracts prepared in GEB3 extraction buffer, eliminating the need for complex RNA/DNA isolation and expensive reagents. Further, no cross-reactivity was observed with other banana viruses indicating that the primers used were very specific for the detection of BSMYV and BBTV infections. Optimization results revealed 37 °C for 30 min to be the ideal conditions for the simultaneous amplification of the viruses. The developed RPA based assays showed higher sensitivity, detecting both the viruses at extremely low concentrations i.e. at dilutions of up to 10−6compared to conventional RT-PCR/PCR. Thus, the developed duplex RPA based assays are significant advancement in virus detection for quick detection in resource constrained laboratories and will be highly useful for certification programs, thereby supporting sustainable banana production in India and worldwide.
{"title":"Duplex RT-RPA/RPA assay for simultaneous detection of banana streak MY virus and banana bunchy top virus","authors":"Pooja Bhardwaj , Virendra K. Baranwal , Susheel K. Sharma, Nishant Srivastava, Malyaj R. Prajapati, Rakesh Kumar, Nitika Gupta","doi":"10.1016/j.pmpp.2025.102616","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pmpp.2025.102616","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Banana streak MY virus (BSMYV) and banana bunchy top virus (BBTV) are considered as major constraints to banana production globally, severely impacting yield and international trade. Early detection of these viruses is vital for their effective management. In the present study, a sensitive, easy to use rapid duplex Reverse Transcription-Recombinase Polymerase Amplification (RT-RPA) and RPA assay have been developed for the simultaneous detection of BSMYV and BBTV. The assay utilizes a simple template preparation method involving crude leaf extracts prepared in GEB3 extraction buffer, eliminating the need for complex RNA/DNA isolation and expensive reagents. Further, no cross-reactivity was observed with other banana viruses indicating that the primers used were very specific for the detection of BSMYV and BBTV infections. Optimization results revealed 37 °C for 30 min to be the ideal conditions for the simultaneous amplification of the viruses. The developed RPA based assays showed higher sensitivity, detecting both the viruses at extremely low concentrations i.e. at dilutions of up to 10<sup>−6</sup>compared to conventional RT-PCR/PCR. Thus, the developed duplex RPA based assays are significant advancement in virus detection for quick detection in resource constrained laboratories and will be highly useful for certification programs, thereby supporting sustainable banana production in India and worldwide.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20046,"journal":{"name":"Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology","volume":"137 ","pages":"Article 102616"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143471685","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-18DOI: 10.1016/j.pmpp.2025.102615
Waquar Akhter Ansari , Mohammad Abul Farah , Shiv Charan Kumar , Mohammad Imran Mir , Mohammad Shahid , Khalid Mashay Al-Anazi , Lukman Ahamad , Mohammad Tarique Zeyad , Talat Ilyas , Zaryab Shafi , Mohammad Danish
Halotolerant rhizobacteria present a promising and eco-friendly approach to enhancing salt tolerance mechanisms in plants. Here, Achromobacter xylosoxidans SPSB-5 (Accession no. PP257882) tolerated sodium chloride (NaCl; 200 mM), polyethylene glycol (PEG-6000; 15 %), nickel (Ni; 400 μgmL−1), chromium (Cr; 600 μgmL−1), chlorpyrifos (CF; 400 μgmL−1) and imidacloprid (IMD; 200 μgmL−1). The strain produced growth-promoting substances; indole-3-acetic acid (116 μgIAAmL−1), ACC deaminase (26.1 μ mol α-ketobutyrate mg−1 protein h−1), ammonia, and siderophore. Strain SPSB-5 efficiently solubilized phosphate under varying environmental conditions, including temperatures (25–40 °C), pH (3.0–7.5), incubation periods (2–10 days), medium volume, and abiotic stresses. Strain SPSB-5 exhibited strong antagonistic activity against fungal phytopathogens, inhibiting growth of Alternaria solani (67 %), Rhizoctonia solani (62 %), Fusarium oxysporum (71 %), and Macrophomina phaseolina (80 %), while producing extracellular enzymes such as amylase, cellulase, lipase, and protease. The plant growth regulating (PGP) substances of strain SPSB-5 were increased and varied at increasing salt concentrations. While applied, strain SPSB-5 enhanced germination attributes and growth characteristics of 25, 50, 100, 150 and 200 mM NaCl-exposed Brassica juncea seedlings. For instance, at 25 mM NaCl, SPSB-5-inoculation significantly (p ≤ 0.05) increased the germination (15 %), root length (42 %), root biomass (51 %), and Vigor index (13 %). Moreover, inoculating bacterial strain significantly (p ≤ 0.05) alleviated salt-induced oxidative stress in B. juncea. Bacterial inoculation significantly reduced proline, malondialdehyde (MDA), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), membrane injury, and sodium (Na+) ion concentrations by 62.6 %, 77.5 %, 61 %, 75 %, and 62 %, respectively, in seedlings exposed to 25 mM NaCl, compared to non-inoculated treatments. Additionally, A. xylosoxidans enhances salt tolerance mechanism in B. juncea seedlings by boosting antioxidant enzyme activity, including peroxidase (POD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) in both root and shoot tissues. This study clearly demonstrated that SPSB-5 has the potential to be used as a biofertilizer in saline soils, offering significant benefits for soil productivity and environmental health. Long-term application of salinity alleviator can improve soil fertility by decreasing the need for chemical fertilizers.
{"title":"Harnessing Achromobacter xylosoxidans SPSB-5 for enhanced P-solubilization, biotic/abiotic stress tolerance, and improved growth of Brassica juncea (L.) seedlings in saline environment","authors":"Waquar Akhter Ansari , Mohammad Abul Farah , Shiv Charan Kumar , Mohammad Imran Mir , Mohammad Shahid , Khalid Mashay Al-Anazi , Lukman Ahamad , Mohammad Tarique Zeyad , Talat Ilyas , Zaryab Shafi , Mohammad Danish","doi":"10.1016/j.pmpp.2025.102615","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pmpp.2025.102615","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Halotolerant rhizobacteria present a promising and eco-friendly approach to enhancing salt tolerance mechanisms in plants. Here, <em>Achromobacter xylosoxidans</em> SPSB-5 (Accession no. PP257882) tolerated sodium chloride (NaCl; 200 mM), polyethylene glycol (PEG-6000; 15 %), nickel (Ni; 400 μgmL<sup>−1</sup>), chromium (Cr; 600 μgmL<sup>−1</sup>), chlorpyrifos (CF; 400 μgmL<sup>−1</sup>) and imidacloprid (IMD; 200 μgmL<sup>−1</sup>). The strain produced growth-promoting substances; indole-3-acetic acid (116 μgIAAmL<sup>−1</sup>), ACC deaminase (26.1 μ mol α-ketobutyrate mg<sup>−1</sup> protein h<sup>−1</sup>), ammonia, and siderophore. Strain SPSB-5 efficiently solubilized phosphate under varying environmental conditions, including temperatures (25–40 °C), pH (3.0–7.5), incubation periods (2–10 days), medium volume, and abiotic stresses. Strain SPSB-5 exhibited strong antagonistic activity against fungal phytopathogens, inhibiting growth of <em>Alternaria solani</em> (67 %), <em>Rhizoctonia solani</em> (62 %), <em>Fusarium oxysporum</em> (71 %), and <em>Macrophomina phaseolina</em> (80 %), while producing extracellular enzymes such as amylase, cellulase, lipase, and protease. The plant growth regulating (PGP) substances of strain SPSB-5 were increased and varied at increasing salt concentrations. While applied, strain SPSB-5 enhanced germination attributes and growth characteristics of 25, 50, 100, 150 and 200 mM NaCl-exposed <em>Brassica juncea</em> seedlings. For instance, at 25 mM NaCl, SPSB-5-inoculation significantly (<em>p</em> ≤ 0.05) increased the germination (15 %), root length (42 %), root biomass (51 %), and Vigor index (13 %). Moreover, inoculating bacterial strain significantly (<em>p</em> ≤ 0.05) alleviated salt-induced oxidative stress in <em>B. juncea</em>. Bacterial inoculation significantly reduced proline, malondialdehyde (MDA), hydrogen peroxide (H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>), membrane injury, and sodium (Na<sup>+</sup>) ion concentrations by 62.6 %, 77.5 %, 61 %, 75 %, and 62 %, respectively, in seedlings exposed to 25 mM NaCl, compared to non-inoculated treatments. Additionally, <em>A. xylosoxidans</em> enhances salt tolerance mechanism in <em>B. juncea</em> seedlings by boosting antioxidant enzyme activity, including peroxidase (POD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) in both root and shoot tissues. This study clearly demonstrated that SPSB-5 has the potential to be used as a biofertilizer in saline soils, offering significant benefits for soil productivity and environmental health. Long-term application of salinity alleviator can improve soil fertility by decreasing the need for chemical fertilizers.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20046,"journal":{"name":"Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology","volume":"137 ","pages":"Article 102615"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143452956","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-17DOI: 10.1016/j.pmpp.2025.102614
Shi-heng Li, Ping Wang
Powdery mildew (PM) is the primary disease affecting Cucurbita pepo cultivation, and one of the significant factors influencing its yield. The VQ protein is involved in a diverse range of signal transduction pathways, exerting influences on plant growth and development, while also playing a pivotal role in response to both biotic and abiotic stresses. This study investigates the response of CpVQ27 (XM_023689058.1) gene in Cucurbita pepo to powdery mildew infection. Its function in tobacco powdery mildew was examined through genetic transformation. Compared to the wild-type (WT), CpVQ27-overexpression tobacco exacerbated the powdery mildew symptoms. Antioxidant enzyme activities decreased, while reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels increased. Powdery mildew mycelium growth rate and biomass also increased. The disease resistance-related genes expression decreased in CpVQ27-overexpression tobacco. Overexpression of CpVQ27 enhances the susceptibility of tobacco to powdery mildew.
{"title":"Overexpression of Cucurbita pepo CpVQ27 increased susceptibility of tobacco to powdery mildew","authors":"Shi-heng Li, Ping Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.pmpp.2025.102614","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pmpp.2025.102614","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Powdery mildew (PM) is the primary disease affecting <em>Cucurbita pepo</em> cultivation, and one of the significant factors influencing its yield. The VQ protein is involved in a diverse range of signal transduction pathways, exerting influences on plant growth and development, while also playing a pivotal role in response to both biotic and abiotic stresses. This study investigates the response of <em>CpVQ27</em> (XM_023689058.1) gene in <em>Cucurbita pepo</em> to powdery mildew infection. Its function in tobacco powdery mildew was examined through genetic transformation. Compared to the wild-type (WT), <em>CpVQ27-</em>overexpression tobacco exacerbated the powdery mildew symptoms. Antioxidant enzyme activities decreased, while reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels increased. Powdery mildew mycelium growth rate and biomass also increased. The disease resistance-related genes expression decreased in <em>CpVQ27</em>-overexpression tobacco. Overexpression of <em>CpVQ27</em> enhances the susceptibility of tobacco to powdery mildew.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20046,"journal":{"name":"Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology","volume":"137 ","pages":"Article 102614"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143445694","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-17DOI: 10.1016/j.pmpp.2025.102613
Jie Gao , Jin-Xian Fu , Jiao Jiao , Qing-Yan Gai , Zi-Yi Zhang , Xiao-Qing Wang , Yu-Jie Fu
Legume root rot caused by Rhizoctonia solani is a devastating fungal disease. The use of endophytic fungi for biological control is considered to be a safe, effective, and environmentally friendly strategy. In the present study, an endophytic fungus J-219 isolated from pigeon pea was found to have significant antagonistic activity against R. solani. The endophytic fungus J-219 was identified as Dichotomopilus funicola. The crude extracts of D. funicola J-219 could significantly inhibit R. solani growth and even cause the collapse of R. solani or disrupt mycelia. D. funicola J-219 could produce antimicrobial compounds of host pigeon pea (genistein, genistin, and cajaninstilbene acid) as well as genus-specific antimicrobial compounds (chaetocin and chaetoglobosins A), which were likely to be the active substances that inhibited R. solani growth. In addition, D. funicola J-219 inoculation could significantly alleviate root rot of pigeon pea seedlings caused by R. solani. Compared to R. solani-infected pigeon pea roots, co-inoculation of D. funicola J-219 and R. solani could significantly reduce the contents of defensive phenolic compounds and the expression levels of pathogenesis- and phenolic biosynthesis-related genes, indicating that D. funicola J-219 could alleviate root rot of pigeon pea seedlings mainly by inhibiting the growth of the pathogen R. solani, rather than inducing the host secondary metabolic defense response to pathogen infection. Overall, the D. funicola J-219 showed promising potential for the control of R. solani root rot of pigeon pea seedlings, which held important implications for the control of legume root rot and provided valuable insights for the development of environmentally friendly biocontrol agents against R. solani root rot.
{"title":"An endophytic fungus Dichotomopilus funicola J-219 for the control of pigeon pea root rot caused by Rhizoctonia solani and its role in regulating the secondary metabolic defense response","authors":"Jie Gao , Jin-Xian Fu , Jiao Jiao , Qing-Yan Gai , Zi-Yi Zhang , Xiao-Qing Wang , Yu-Jie Fu","doi":"10.1016/j.pmpp.2025.102613","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pmpp.2025.102613","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Legume root rot caused by <em>Rhizoctonia solani</em> is a devastating fungal disease. The use of endophytic fungi for biological control is considered to be a safe, effective, and environmentally friendly strategy. In the present study, an endophytic fungus J-219 isolated from pigeon pea was found to have significant antagonistic activity against <em>R. solani</em>. The endophytic fungus J-219 was identified as <em>Dichotomopilus funicola</em>. The crude extracts of <em>D. funicola</em> J-219 could significantly inhibit <em>R. solani</em> growth and even cause the collapse of <em>R. solani</em> or disrupt mycelia. <em>D. funicola</em> J-219 could produce antimicrobial compounds of host pigeon pea (genistein, genistin, and cajaninstilbene acid) as well as genus<em>-</em>specific antimicrobial compounds (chaetocin and chaetoglobosins A), which were likely to be the active substances that inhibited <em>R. solani</em> growth. In addition, <em>D. funicola</em> J-219 inoculation could significantly alleviate root rot of pigeon pea seedlings caused by <em>R. solani</em>. Compared to <em>R. solani</em>-infected pigeon pea roots, co-inoculation of <em>D. funicola</em> J-219 and <em>R. solani</em> could significantly reduce the contents of defensive phenolic compounds and the expression levels of pathogenesis- and phenolic biosynthesis-related genes, indicating that <em>D. funicola</em> J-219 could alleviate root rot of pigeon pea seedlings mainly by inhibiting the growth of the pathogen <em>R. solani</em>, rather than inducing the host secondary metabolic defense response to pathogen infection. Overall, the <em>D. funicola</em> J-219 showed promising potential for the control of <em>R. solani</em> root rot of pigeon pea seedlings, which held important implications for the control of legume root rot and provided valuable insights for the development of environmentally friendly biocontrol agents against <em>R. solani</em> root rot.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20046,"journal":{"name":"Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology","volume":"137 ","pages":"Article 102613"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143465299","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Western Ghats, a renowned biodiversity hotspot, holds immense biological and geographical significance. Kerala, located in this region, harbors diverse forests featuring major Indian forest types. Its favorable climatic conditions support the thriving growth of a wide variety of microbiota. During roving survey, Coffea travancorensis (Rubiaceae), a wild coffee plant exhibiting symptoms of leaf spot and blight disease was collected from medicinal plants garden of Kerala Forest Research Institute, near the Peechi-Vazhani Wildlife Sanctuary, Kerala. The fungal pathogen associated with the disease was isolated using the standard tissue isolation method and its pathogenicity was confirmed. Identification of the fungal pathogen was performed based on morpho-cultural characteristics and multigene sequence analysis (ITS, LSU, and tub2 regions). The analysis revealed that the leaf-pathogenic fungus belongs to Paramyrothecium travancorense. Phylogenetic analysis further showed that P. travancorense formed a distinct clade, separated from the closely related species, P. roridum and P. breviseta. However, morphologically, P. travancorense differs from these species as its conidiophores and conidia are larger. Additionally, setae are absent in P. travancorense, whereas they are present in P. roridum and P. breviseta. This study represents the first record of the novel fungal pathogen P. travancorense on C. travancorensis. The findings highlight the need for enhanced disease monitoring and the development of sustainable, effective management strategies to mitigate its impact, thereby supporting conservation efforts and crop resilience in Kerala, India.
{"title":"Paramyrothecium travancorense: A novel fungal pathogen causing leaf spots and blights on Coffea travancorensis in Kerala, India","authors":"Shambhu Kumar , Bhadhra Milton , K.T. Mufeeda , Raghvendra Singh","doi":"10.1016/j.pmpp.2025.102609","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pmpp.2025.102609","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Western Ghats, a renowned biodiversity hotspot, holds immense biological and geographical significance. Kerala, located in this region, harbors diverse forests featuring major Indian forest types. Its favorable climatic conditions support the thriving growth of a wide variety of microbiota. During roving survey, <em>Coffea travancorensis</em> (<em>Rubiaceae</em>), a wild coffee plant exhibiting symptoms of leaf spot and blight disease was collected from medicinal plants garden of Kerala Forest Research Institute, near the Peechi-Vazhani Wildlife Sanctuary, Kerala. The fungal pathogen associated with the disease was isolated using the standard tissue isolation method and its pathogenicity was confirmed. Identification of the fungal pathogen was performed based on morpho-cultural characteristics and multigene sequence analysis (ITS, LSU, and <em>tub2</em> regions). The analysis revealed that the leaf-pathogenic fungus belongs to <em>Paramyrothecium travancorense</em>. Phylogenetic analysis further showed that <em>P. travancorense</em> formed a distinct clade, separated from the closely related species, <em>P. roridum</em> and <em>P. breviseta</em>. However, morphologically, <em>P. travancorense</em> differs from these species as its conidiophores and conidia are larger. Additionally, setae are absent in <em>P. travancorense</em>, whereas they are present in <em>P. roridum</em> and <em>P. breviseta</em>. This study represents the first record of the novel fungal pathogen <em>P. travancorense</em> on <em>C. travancorensis</em>. The findings highlight the need for enhanced disease monitoring and the development of sustainable, effective management strategies to mitigate its impact, thereby supporting conservation efforts and crop resilience in Kerala, India.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20046,"journal":{"name":"Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology","volume":"137 ","pages":"Article 102609"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143445693","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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