Grapevine trunk diseases (GTDs), including Botryosphaeria dieback, severely reduce grapevine yield and vineyard longevity worldwide. Bacillus velezensis HT_B8, an endophytic bacterium isolated from Vitis vinifera cv. Muscat of Italy in Bouargoub (Nabeul, Tunisia), efficiently colonizes grapevine tissues and strongly inhibits major GTD pathogens. Its draft genome is 4,066,534 bp (GC 45 %) and encodes 3848 proteins, 84 tRNAs, and 3 rRNA operons. Genome analysis revealed numerous biosynthetic gene clusters for antimicrobial secondary metabolites, including bacillaene, difficidin, surfactin, and fengycin, as well as genes linked to plant-microbe interactions such as motility, biofilm formation, siderophore production, and auxin biosynthesis. Comparative genomics identified unique genes potentially enhancing biocontrol efficacy, consistent with in vitro assays showing potent antifungal activity. These results provide insights into the genetic determinants of HT_B8's biocontrol potential and support its use as a sustainable strategy to manage grapevine trunk diseases.
葡萄树干病害（GTDs），包括葡萄枯萎病（Botryosphaeria dieback），严重影响葡萄产量和葡萄园寿命。葡萄芽孢杆菌HT_B8是从葡萄中分离得到的内生细菌。意大利的马斯喀特在Bouargoub （Nabeul，突尼斯）有效地定植葡萄藤组织并强烈抑制主要GTD病原体。其基因组草图为4,066,534 bp (GC 45%)，编码3848个蛋白质，84个trna和3个rRNA操作子。基因组分析揭示了许多抗菌次生代谢物的生物合成基因簇，包括杆菌烯、艰难梭菌素、表面素和风霉素，以及与植物-微生物相互作用相关的基因，如运动、生物膜形成、铁载体产生和生长素的生物合成。比较基因组学鉴定出可能增强生物防治效果的独特基因，与体外检测显示的有效抗真菌活性一致。这些结果为HT_B8生物防治潜力的遗传决定因素提供了见解，并支持其作为管理葡萄树干疾病的可持续策略。
{"title":"Genome of Bacillus velezensis HT_B8 unravels endophytic strategies and biocontrol potential for grapevine sustainability","authors":"Hiba Trabelsi , Ghedira kais , Oussema Khamessi , Synda Chenenaoui , Sabrine Hdira , Ghada Mahjoub , Rihab Mahjoub , Hassen Zemni , Ameni Ben Alaya , Mohsen Hanana , Yosr Zaouali , Vincenzo Mondello , Asma Bensalem , Chokri Messaoud , Florence Fontaine , Asma Ben Ghnaya-Chakroun","doi":"10.1016/j.pmpp.2026.103120","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pmpp.2026.103120","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Grapevine trunk diseases (GTDs), including Botryosphaeria dieback, severely reduce grapevine yield and vineyard longevity worldwide. <em>Bacillus velezensis</em> HT_B8, an endophytic bacterium isolated from <em>Vitis vinifera</em> cv. Muscat of Italy in Bouargoub (Nabeul, Tunisia), efficiently colonizes grapevine tissues and strongly inhibits major GTD pathogens. Its draft genome is 4,066,534 bp (GC 45 %) and encodes 3848 proteins, 84 tRNAs, and 3 rRNA operons. Genome analysis revealed numerous biosynthetic gene clusters for antimicrobial secondary metabolites, including bacillaene, difficidin, surfactin, and fengycin, as well as genes linked to plant-microbe interactions such as motility, biofilm formation, siderophore production, and auxin biosynthesis. Comparative genomics identified unique genes potentially enhancing biocontrol efficacy, consistent with <em>in vitro</em> assays showing potent antifungal activity. These results provide insights into the genetic determinants of HT_B8's biocontrol potential and support its use as a sustainable strategy to manage grapevine trunk diseases.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20046,"journal":{"name":"Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology","volume":"142 ","pages":"Article 103120"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146076840","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-21DOI: 10.1016/j.pmpp.2026.103118
Francisco Henrique Nunes da Silva Alves, Nikolas Emanuel Chaves-Silva, Jorge Luis Badel
Understanding the mechanisms underlying bacterial pathogenicity, how they are diversified, and how they evolve is essential for a more rationalized use of plant genetic resistance. Common Bacterial Blight (CBB) is a serious disease affecting common bean production, attributed mainly to the Gram-negative bacteria Xanthomonas citri pv. fuscans and Xanthomonas phaseoli pv. phaseoli. Essential for Xanthomonas pathogenicity is the delivery of type III secretion effectors (T3SE) whose encoding genes are activated by HrpG and HrpX, two global regulatory proteins. This study aimed to investigate the genomic diversity and plasticity of the CBB pathogens by pangenomic analysis in a collection of 35 X. citri pv. fuscans and 36 X. phaseoli pv. phaseoli isolates. Additionally, candidate T3SE repertoires were predicted in the same collection of isolates as well as in model isolates by identifying genes activated by HrpG and HrpX and/or showing sequence similarity to previously known T3SE, to gain insights into their richness and diversity. The pangenome analysis showed that both pathovars exhibit significant genetic diversity and plasticity without a clear clustering of isolates by geographic origin. The pangenomes of X. citri pv. fuscans and X. phaseoli pv. phaseoli share 29 candidate effector families with only a few being exclusive to each pathogen. A comparison of the effector complements of model isolates X. citri pv. fuscans CFBM-UFV-0001 and X. phaseoli pv. phaseoli NCPPB 3035 revealed 24 candidate effector families in common, and 7 exclusive to either isolate, which may be determinants of differential interaction with common bean plants. Collectively, these findings provide important insights into the mechanisms that Xanthomonas species may utilize to infect common bean plants.
{"title":"Pangenomic and type III secretion effector repertoire differences and commonalities between Xanthomonas that cause common bacterial blight in common bean","authors":"Francisco Henrique Nunes da Silva Alves, Nikolas Emanuel Chaves-Silva, Jorge Luis Badel","doi":"10.1016/j.pmpp.2026.103118","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pmpp.2026.103118","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Understanding the mechanisms underlying bacterial pathogenicity, how they are diversified, and how they evolve is essential for a more rationalized use of plant genetic resistance. Common Bacterial Blight (CBB) is a serious disease affecting common bean production, attributed mainly to the Gram-negative bacteria <em>Xanthomonas citri</em> pv. <em>fuscans</em> and <em>Xanthomonas phaseoli</em> pv. <em>phaseoli</em>. Essential for <em>Xanthomonas</em> pathogenicity is the delivery of type III secretion effectors (T3SE) whose encoding genes are activated by HrpG and HrpX, two global regulatory proteins. This study aimed to investigate the genomic diversity and plasticity of the CBB pathogens by pangenomic analysis in a collection of 35 <em>X. citri</em> pv<em>. fuscans</em> and 36 <em>X. phaseoli</em> pv<em>. phaseoli</em> isolates. Additionally, candidate T3SE repertoires were predicted in the same collection of isolates as well as in model isolates by identifying genes activated by HrpG and HrpX and/or showing sequence similarity to previously known T3SE, to gain insights into their richness and diversity. The pangenome analysis showed that both pathovars exhibit significant genetic diversity and plasticity without a clear clustering of isolates by geographic origin. The pangenomes of <em>X. citri</em> pv<em>. fuscans</em> and <em>X. phaseoli</em> pv<em>. phaseoli</em> share 29 candidate effector families with only a few being exclusive to each pathogen. A comparison of the effector complements of model isolates <em>X. citri</em> pv. <em>fuscans</em> CFBM-UFV-0001 and <em>X. phaseoli</em> pv<em>. phaseoli</em> NCPPB 3035 revealed 24 candidate effector families in common, and 7 exclusive to either isolate, which may be determinants of differential interaction with common bean plants. Collectively, these findings provide important insights into the mechanisms that <em>Xanthomonas</em> species may utilize to infect common bean plants.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20046,"journal":{"name":"Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology","volume":"142 ","pages":"Article 103118"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146037448","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sheath blight (ShB), caused by Rhizoctonia solani, is one of the most destructive diseases of rice, causing substantial yield losses worldwide. Effective management remains challenging due to the absence of resistant genetic sources and the ability of the pathogen to persist under diverse environmental conditions. The sugar transporter OsSWEET11 acts as a susceptibility factor by facilitating pathogen-induced sucrose efflux, but complete loss-of-function mutations compromise grain filling and yield. In this study, we employed CRISPR/Cas9-mediated promoter editing to fine-tune OsSWEET11 expression in the rice cultivar ASD16, aiming to enhance disease resistance while preserving agronomic performance. Random edits were introduced into distinct regions of the OsSWEET11 promoter, generating four classes of promoter-edited mutants (S11–47, S11–91, S11-157, and S11-189). Homozygous promoter-edited mutants showed approximately 20–35 % lower ShB disease severity compared with the wild-type (WT). Agronomic evaluation of two independent homozygous mutants from each class showed that edits outside the effector-binding element (EBE) region (S11–47, S11-91, and S11-157) maintained normal growth and grain yield, whereas edits overlapping the EBE region (S11-189) resulted in a modest reduction in fertility and yield. From each promoter-edited region, a single transgene-free mutant was selected for subsequent analysis. Upon R. solani infection, promoter-edited mutants exhibited a ∼48.7–∼60.7 % reduction in fungal biomass compared with the WT as determined by qPCR. Basal OsSWEET11 expression was lower in mutants, and after infection, they showed reduced induction (∼2.2–2.4-fold) compared with WT (∼3.3-fold). Similarly, sugar accumulation in mutants (∼40.4–∼68.0 %) was lower than in WT (∼83.6 %) following R. solani infection. The decreased OsSWEET11 expression and lower sucrose levels correlated with reduced susceptibility to ShB in the promoter-edited mutants. Taken together, these results demonstrate that promoter editing of OsSWEET11 is a promising strategy to engineer ShB disease resistance in rice without yield penalties.
{"title":"CRISPR/Cas9-mediated promoter editing of OsSWEET11 confers resistance to sheath blight in rice","authors":"Vignesh Ponnurangan , R.K. Mohana Pradeep , Raghunandhan Namachivayam , Shanthinie Ashokkumar , Krish.K. Kumar , Kokiladevi Eswaran , Arul Loganathan , Paranidharan Vaikuntavasan , Djanaguiraman Maduraimuthu , Varanavasiappan Shanmugam","doi":"10.1016/j.pmpp.2026.103117","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pmpp.2026.103117","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Sheath blight (ShB), caused by <em>Rhizoctonia solani</em>, is one of the most destructive diseases of rice, causing substantial yield losses worldwide. Effective management remains challenging due to the absence of resistant genetic sources and the ability of the pathogen to persist under diverse environmental conditions. The sugar transporter <em>OsSWEET11</em> acts as a susceptibility factor by facilitating pathogen-induced sucrose efflux, but complete loss-of-function mutations compromise grain filling and yield. In this study, we employed CRISPR/Cas9-mediated promoter editing to fine-tune <em>OsSWEET11</em> expression in the rice cultivar ASD16, aiming to enhance disease resistance while preserving agronomic performance. Random edits were introduced into distinct regions of the <em>OsSWEET11</em> promoter, generating four classes of promoter-edited mutants (S11–47, S11–91, S11-157, and S11-189). Homozygous promoter-edited mutants showed approximately 20–35 % lower ShB disease severity compared with the wild-type (WT). Agronomic evaluation of two independent homozygous mutants from each class showed that edits outside the effector-binding element (EBE) region (S11–47, S11-91, and S11-157) maintained normal growth and grain yield, whereas edits overlapping the EBE region (S11-189) resulted in a modest reduction in fertility and yield. From each promoter-edited region, a single transgene-free mutant was selected for subsequent analysis. Upon <em>R. solani</em> infection, promoter-edited mutants exhibited a ∼48.7–∼60.7 % reduction in fungal biomass compared with the WT as determined by qPCR. Basal <em>OsSWEET11</em> expression was lower in mutants, and after infection, they showed reduced induction (∼2.2–2.4-fold) compared with WT (∼3.3-fold). Similarly, sugar accumulation in mutants (∼40.4–∼68.0 %) was lower than in WT (∼83.6 %) following <em>R. solani</em> infection. The decreased <em>OsSWEET11</em> expression and lower sucrose levels correlated with reduced susceptibility to ShB in the promoter-edited mutants. Taken together, these results demonstrate that promoter editing of <em>OsSWEET11</em> is a promising strategy to engineer ShB disease resistance in rice without yield penalties.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20046,"journal":{"name":"Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology","volume":"142 ","pages":"Article 103117"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145977033","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-09DOI: 10.1016/j.pmpp.2026.103115
Yajun Ran , Meijiao Hu , Jinhua Sun , Gengxin Chen , Min Li
Mango (Mangifera indica L.) is a tropical fruit tree of significant economic value in the world. In November 2024, a severe leaf spot was observed on mango from Ding'an County, Hainan Province, China, with 8.5 % disease incidence of tree. Infected leaves develop circular to irregular brown lesions, often surrounded by a pale yellow halo, Numerous morphologically similar fungal colonies were isolated and purified from the diseased leaf samples. The representative isolates HNCR01, HNCR02 and HNCR03 identified as Corynespora cassiicola via morphological characteristics, and multilocus phylogenetic analysis, which including ITS, TEF and TUB2 sequences. The Koch's postulates were performed, as the re-isolated fungi consistent with the original pathogen obtained from the field -collected samples. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of Corynespora cassiicola causing leaf spot on mango in China.
{"title":"First report of leaf spot on mango caused by Corynespora cassiicola in China","authors":"Yajun Ran , Meijiao Hu , Jinhua Sun , Gengxin Chen , Min Li","doi":"10.1016/j.pmpp.2026.103115","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pmpp.2026.103115","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Mango (<em>Mangifera indica</em> L.) is a tropical fruit tree of significant economic value in the world. In November 2024, a severe leaf spot was observed on mango from Ding'an County, Hainan Province, China, with 8.5 % disease incidence of tree. Infected leaves develop circular to irregular brown lesions, often surrounded by a pale yellow halo, Numerous morphologically similar fungal colonies were isolated and purified from the diseased leaf samples. The representative isolates HNCR01, HNCR02 and HNCR03 identified as <em>Corynespora cassiicola</em> via morphological characteristics, and multilocus phylogenetic analysis, which including ITS, <em>TEF</em> and <em>TUB2</em> sequences. The Koch's postulates were performed, as the re-isolated fungi consistent with the original pathogen obtained from the field -collected samples. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of <em>Corynespora cassiicola</em> causing leaf spot on mango in China.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20046,"journal":{"name":"Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology","volume":"142 ","pages":"Article 103115"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145977032","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-08DOI: 10.1016/j.pmpp.2026.103116
Marynold Purificacion , Analiza Dote , Fe Dela Cueva , Dionisio Alvindia , Evangelyn Alocilja , Divina Amalin , Lilia Fernando
Lasiodiplodia theobromae is a causal pathogen of pod rot and dieback symptoms in cacao. One strategy to improve the management of cacao diseases is by early detection of its causal pathogen. In this study, we optimized a sequential magnetic cell capture using functionalized magnetic nanoparticles (MNP-F1) that can be used for rapid screening of infected cacao samples. Afterwards, we developed and compared three colorimetric methods for DNA-based detection of L. theobromae using: (a) dextrin-capped gold nanoparticles (d-AuNPs) with unmodified oligonucleotide probe (Clr1), (b) AuNPs conjugated with thiolated oligonucleotide probe (AuNP-SH probe) (Clr2), and (c) AuNPs functionalized with 11-mercaptoundecanoic acid (AuNP-MUDA) with aminated probe (Clr3). The three methods showed that the presence or absence of L. theobromae can be detected visually. In the presence of target DNA, the color of the solution after the reaction remained red. In contrast, in the absence of target DNA, the solution changed from red to purple/clear color. The selectivity and sensitivity of the developed methods were also determined and compared. The results showed that even though all the methods are selective to L. theobromae, Clr3 showed the highest linearity and lowest limit of detection. Thus, Clr3 was used for the genomic DNA detection of L. theobromae isolated from infected cacao samples. This study proved that Clr3 can be used for the fabrication of a DNA-based nanobiosensor for L. theobromae.
{"title":"Magnetic cell capture and DNA-based colorimetric methods for early detection of Lasiodiplodia theobromae (Pat.) Griffon & Maubl. in cacao (Theobroma cacao L.)","authors":"Marynold Purificacion , Analiza Dote , Fe Dela Cueva , Dionisio Alvindia , Evangelyn Alocilja , Divina Amalin , Lilia Fernando","doi":"10.1016/j.pmpp.2026.103116","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pmpp.2026.103116","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Lasiodiplodia theobromae</em> is a causal pathogen of pod rot and dieback symptoms in cacao. One strategy to improve the management of cacao diseases is by early detection of its causal pathogen. In this study, we optimized a sequential magnetic cell capture using functionalized magnetic nanoparticles (MNP-F1) that can be used for rapid screening of infected cacao samples. Afterwards, we developed and compared three colorimetric methods for DNA-based detection of <em>L. theobromae</em> using: (a) dextrin-capped gold nanoparticles (d-AuNPs) with unmodified oligonucleotide probe (Clr1), (b) AuNPs conjugated with thiolated oligonucleotide probe (AuNP-SH probe) (Clr2), and (c) AuNPs functionalized with 11-mercaptoundecanoic acid (AuNP-MUDA) with aminated probe (Clr3). The three methods showed that the presence or absence of <em>L. theobromae</em> can be detected visually. In the presence of target DNA, the color of the solution after the reaction remained red. In contrast, in the absence of target DNA, the solution changed from red to purple/clear color. The selectivity and sensitivity of the developed methods were also determined and compared. The results showed that even though all the methods are selective to <em>L. theobromae</em>, Clr3 showed the highest linearity and lowest limit of detection. Thus, Clr3 was used for the genomic DNA detection of <em>L. theobromae</em> isolated from infected cacao samples. This study proved that Clr3 can be used for the fabrication of a DNA-based nanobiosensor for <em>L. theobromae.</em></div></div>","PeriodicalId":20046,"journal":{"name":"Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology","volume":"142 ","pages":"Article 103116"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-01-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145924706","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In October 2023, typical shot-hole (target spot) symptoms were observed on the leaves of Mesosphaerum suaveolens, a known medicinal plant commonly found in tropical and subtropical regions, at the agricultural farm of Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India. Isolation, purification, and morphological characterization revealed that the associated pathogen belongs to the genus Corynespora. Further, multilocus sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region, large ribosomal subunit (LSU), and DNA-directed RNA polymerase II (RPB2) genes confirmed Corynespora cassiicola as the causal organism responsible for the shot-hole in M. suaveolens. Pathogenicity was confirmed by fulfilling Koch's postulates. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of C. cassiicola causing shot-hole on M. suaveolens in India. This finding highlights its emerging threat and calls for monitoring, host–pathogen studies, and management of disease to protect this plants.
2023年10月，在印度瓦拉纳西巴纳拉斯印度教大学（Banaras Hindu University）农场，在热带和亚热带地区常见的已知药用植物Mesosphaerum suaveolens叶片上观察到典型的弹孔（靶斑）症状。分离、纯化和形态学鉴定表明，相关病原体属于Corynespora属。此外，对内部转录间隔区（ITS）、大核糖体亚基（LSU）和dna定向RNA聚合酶II （RPB2）基因的多位点测序和系统发育分析证实，cassiicola Corynespora cassiicola是导致suaveolens弹孔的致病生物。通过满足科赫的假设，证实了致病性。据我们所知，这是印度首次报道卡西柯菌在suaveolens上引起弹孔。这一发现突出了其新出现的威胁，并呼吁进行监测、寄主-病原体研究和疾病管理，以保护这种植物。
{"title":"First report of Corynespora cassiicola causing shot-hole diseases in Mesosphaerum suaveolens in India based on polyphasic evidence","authors":"Abhinav , Ajaya Kumar Naik , Soumyadeep Rajwar , Gargee Singh , Raghvendra Singh , Shambhu Kumar","doi":"10.1016/j.pmpp.2026.103112","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pmpp.2026.103112","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In October 2023, typical shot-hole (target spot) symptoms were observed on the leaves of <em>Mesosphaerum suaveolens</em>, a known medicinal plant commonly found in tropical and subtropical regions, at the agricultural farm of Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India. Isolation, purification, and morphological characterization revealed that the associated pathogen belongs to the genus <em>Corynespora</em>. Further, multilocus sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region, large ribosomal subunit (LSU), and DNA-directed RNA polymerase II (<em>RPB2</em>) genes confirmed <em>Corynespora cassiicola</em> as the causal organism responsible for the shot-hole in <em>M. suaveolens</em>. Pathogenicity was confirmed by fulfilling Koch's postulates. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of <em>C. cassiicola</em> causing shot-hole on <em>M. suaveolens</em> in India. This finding highlights its emerging threat and calls for monitoring, host–pathogen studies, and management of disease to protect this plants.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20046,"journal":{"name":"Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology","volume":"142 ","pages":"Article 103112"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-01-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145924612","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-07DOI: 10.1016/j.pmpp.2026.103114
Rochelle C. Olana , Sukanya Haituk , Anuruddha Karunarathna , Christian Joseph R. Cumagun , Ratchadawan Cheewangkoon , Dulanjalee Lakmali Harishchandra
The significant threat of chilli anthracnose to worldwide chilli production is compounded by environmental and health concerns surrounding chemical control methods. Microbial biocontrol, such as antagonistic yeast, is a sustainable alternative because of its economic and ecological soundness. In this study, epiphytic yeasts isolated from Fabaceae were evaluated against Colletotrichum scovillei CDEP 229 using in vitro and in vivo interaction assays. Dual culture plate assay revealed that several yeast isolates suppressed the mycelial growth of C. scovillei with inhibition rates up to 50 %. The best-performing yeast strains, Papiliotrema flavescens CDEP 232, Torulaspora pretoriensis CDEP 231, and Aureobasidium thailandense CDEP 230, acted against C. scovillei through competition for nutrients and inhibition of spore germination via volatile compounds and extracellular lytic enzymes (chitinase, β-glucanase, and protease). In the adhesion assay, P. flavescens and T. pretoriensis exhibited strong attachment to C. scovillei hyphae coupled with chitinolytic activities, suggesting mycoparasitic potential and competitive advantage for nutrient acquisition. In vivo experiment revealed that yeast antagonists delayed the progression of chilli anthracnose, and protective treatments were more effective than eradicative treatments. P. flavescens exhibited the highest disease reduction among the yeast antagonists tested, achieving 70 % efficacy following the fungicide treatment (95 %). These results highlight antagonistic yeasts as a promising eco-friendly approach for chilli anthracnose management.
{"title":"Exploring the biocontrol potential of epiphytic yeasts from fabaceae against Colletotrichum scovillei causing chilli anthracnose","authors":"Rochelle C. Olana , Sukanya Haituk , Anuruddha Karunarathna , Christian Joseph R. Cumagun , Ratchadawan Cheewangkoon , Dulanjalee Lakmali Harishchandra","doi":"10.1016/j.pmpp.2026.103114","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pmpp.2026.103114","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The significant threat of chilli anthracnose to worldwide chilli production is compounded by environmental and health concerns surrounding chemical control methods. Microbial biocontrol, such as antagonistic yeast, is a sustainable alternative because of its economic and ecological soundness. In this study, epiphytic yeasts isolated from Fabaceae were evaluated against <em>Colletotrichum scovillei</em> CDEP 229 using <em>in vitro</em> and <em>in vivo</em> interaction assays. Dual culture plate assay revealed that several yeast isolates suppressed the mycelial growth of <em>C. scovillei</em> with inhibition rates up to 50 %. The best-performing yeast strains, <em>Papiliotrema flavescens</em> CDEP 232, <em>Torulaspora pretoriensis</em> CDEP 231<em>,</em> and <em>Aureobasidium thailandense</em> CDEP 230, acted against <em>C. scovillei</em> through competition for nutrients and inhibition of spore germination via volatile compounds and extracellular lytic enzymes (chitinase, β-glucanase, and protease). In the adhesion assay, <em>P. flavescens</em> and <em>T. pretoriensis</em> exhibited strong attachment to <em>C. scovillei</em> hyphae coupled with chitinolytic activities, suggesting mycoparasitic potential and competitive advantage for nutrient acquisition. <em>In vivo</em> experiment revealed that yeast antagonists delayed the progression of chilli anthracnose, and protective treatments were more effective than eradicative treatments. <em>P. flavescens</em> exhibited the highest disease reduction among the yeast antagonists tested, achieving 70 % efficacy following the fungicide treatment (95 %). These results highlight antagonistic yeasts as a promising eco-friendly approach for chilli anthracnose management.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20046,"journal":{"name":"Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology","volume":"142 ","pages":"Article 103114"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-01-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145924608","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-05DOI: 10.1016/j.pmpp.2026.103113
Junepyo Oh , Julien G. Levy , Azucena Mendoza Herrera , Cecilia Tamborindeguy
'Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum' is a phloem-limited Gram-negative bacterium transmitted by psyllids. Several haplotypes have been reported worldwide infecting different plants including solanaceous and apiaceous crops. In the United States of America, haplotypes A and B severely impact tomato and potato production. While the molecular mechanisms at play during 'Ca. L. solanacearum' infection remain unclear, this pathogen might manipulate its host plants by secreting effector proteins. Effectors that induce or suppress plant immunity can provide insights into the pathogen-host plant interactions leading to plant infection, but to date, 'Ca. L. solanacearum' effectors inducing immunity remain poorly studied. HPE21 is a 'Ca. L. solanacearum' effector previously reported as inducing reactive oxygen species in plants. Here, it is confirmed that HPE21 induced H2O2 accumulation in Nicotiana benthamiana. It was also discovered that this haplotype B-specific effector induced cell death in N. benthamiana and interacted with tomato aldo-keto reductase 1 (SlAKR1). Furthermore, the expression of SlAKR1 decreased HPE21-induced H2O2 accumulation in N. benthamiana. Finally, it was demonstrated that H2O2 accumulates in a haplotype-dependent manner in 'Ca. L. solanacearum'-infected plants. These results suggest that oxidative stress might play a key role in disease progression in 'Ca. L. solanacearum'-infected plants, and the interaction between HPE21 and SlAKR1 can be involved in the pathogenicity differences between the 'Ca. L. solanacearum' haplotypes A and B.
“番茄自由候选菌”是一种由木虱传播的韧皮部限制性革兰氏阴性细菌。在世界范围内，已经报道了几种单倍型感染不同的植物，包括茄科和蜂科作物。在美国，单倍型A和B严重影响番茄和马铃薯的生产。虽然在“Ca. L. solanacearum”感染过程中起作用的分子机制尚不清楚，但这种病原体可能通过分泌效应蛋白来操纵其寄主植物。诱导或抑制植物免疫的效应物可以深入了解导致植物感染的病原菌与寄主植物的相互作用，但迄今为止，对诱导免疫的“Ca. L. solanacearum”效应物的研究仍然很少。HPE21是一种“Ca. L. solanacearum”效应物，以前报道过在植物中诱导活性氧。本研究证实了HPE21诱导了烟叶中H2O2的积累。还发现该单倍型b特异性效应物诱导N. benthamiana细胞死亡，并与番茄醛酮还原酶1 （SlAKR1）相互作用。此外，SlAKR1的表达降低了hpe21诱导的benthamiana中H2O2的积累。最后，证明了H2O2在‘Ca. L. solanacearum’侵染植株中以单倍型依赖的方式积累。这些结果表明，氧化应激可能在茄红枯病植株的发病过程中起关键作用，HPE21和SlAKR1的相互作用可能参与了茄红枯病单倍型a和B的致病性差异。
{"title":"HPE21, a liberibacter effector modulating H2O2 accumulation in tomato plants","authors":"Junepyo Oh , Julien G. Levy , Azucena Mendoza Herrera , Cecilia Tamborindeguy","doi":"10.1016/j.pmpp.2026.103113","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pmpp.2026.103113","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>'<em>Candidatus</em> Liberibacter solanacearum' is a phloem-limited Gram-negative bacterium transmitted by psyllids. Several haplotypes have been reported worldwide infecting different plants including solanaceous and apiaceous crops. In the United States of America, haplotypes A and B severely impact tomato and potato production. While the molecular mechanisms at play during '<em>Ca</em>. L. solanacearum' infection remain unclear, this pathogen might manipulate its host plants by secreting effector proteins. Effectors that induce or suppress plant immunity can provide insights into the pathogen-host plant interactions leading to plant infection, but to date, '<em>Ca</em>. L. solanacearum' effectors inducing immunity remain poorly studied. HPE21 is a '<em>Ca</em>. L. solanacearum' effector previously reported as inducing reactive oxygen species in plants. Here, it is confirmed that HPE21 induced H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> accumulation in <em>Nicotiana benthamiana.</em> It was also discovered that this haplotype B-specific effector induced cell death in <em>N. benthamiana</em> and interacted with tomato aldo-keto reductase 1 (SlAKR1). Furthermore, the expression of SlAKR1 decreased HPE21-induced H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> accumulation in <em>N</em>. <em>benthamiana</em>. Finally, it was demonstrated that H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> accumulates in a haplotype-dependent manner in '<em>Ca</em>. L. solanacearum'-infected plants. These results suggest that oxidative stress might play a key role in disease progression in '<em>Ca</em>. L. solanacearum'-infected plants, and the interaction between HPE21 and SlAKR1 can be involved in the pathogenicity differences between the '<em>Ca</em>. L. solanacearum' haplotypes A and B.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20046,"journal":{"name":"Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology","volume":"142 ","pages":"Article 103113"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-01-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145924705","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-02DOI: 10.1016/j.pmpp.2025.103109
Zsolt Spitzmüller , Tibor Kiss, Xénia Pálfi, Luca A. Lepres, Kálmán Z. Váczy
QoI (Quinone outside Inhibitor) fungicides (FRAC code 11) are widely used to control grapevine downy mildew, but resistance caused by mitochondrial cyt b mutations threatens their long-term efficacy. The G143A substitution, often occurring in heteroplasmic form, complicates detection and monitoring. We investigated cyt b allele prevalence in Plasmopara viticola populations from northern Hungary where QoIs had not been used for three years. A CAPS-PCR assay (Cleaved Amplified Polymorphic Sequence Polymerase Chain Reaction) targeting codon 143, complemented by Sanger sequencing and TA cloning, was applied to 121 field samples. CAPS-PCR revealed 75 % heteroplasmic isolates, 24 % wild-type, and only 1 % mutant. Clone-based sequencing confirmed heteroplasmy (A143 frequencies 3.3–67.9 %), with substantial within-isolate variation and minimal population structure (FST = 0.018). The proportion of heteroplasmic isolates increased seasonally. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and field incidence analyses indicated that both temporal dynamics and low disease pressure contributed to stable maintenance of mixed mitochondrial haplotypes. Despite the absence of QoI applications, resistant alleles persisted at high frequencies, suggesting negligible fitness cost. These findings highlight stable mitochondrial heteroplasmy as a key factor maintaining QoI-resistance potential in Hungarian P. viticola populations and underscore the need for ongoing molecular surveillance.
{"title":"Persistent heteroplasmy of the G143A mutation in Plasmopara viticola populations of Hungary: Long-term maintenance of QoI resistance in the absence of selection pressure","authors":"Zsolt Spitzmüller , Tibor Kiss, Xénia Pálfi, Luca A. Lepres, Kálmán Z. Váczy","doi":"10.1016/j.pmpp.2025.103109","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pmpp.2025.103109","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>QoI (Quinone outside Inhibitor) fungicides (FRAC code 11) are widely used to control grapevine downy mildew, but resistance caused by mitochondrial <em>cyt b</em> mutations threatens their long-term efficacy. The G143A substitution, often occurring in heteroplasmic form, complicates detection and monitoring. We investigated <em>cyt b</em> allele prevalence in <em>Plasmopara viticola</em> populations from northern Hungary where QoIs had not been used for three years. A CAPS-PCR assay (Cleaved Amplified Polymorphic Sequence Polymerase Chain Reaction) targeting codon 143, complemented by Sanger sequencing and TA cloning, was applied to 121 field samples. CAPS-PCR revealed 75 % heteroplasmic isolates, 24 % wild-type, and only 1 % mutant. Clone-based sequencing confirmed heteroplasmy (A143 frequencies 3.3–67.9 %), with substantial within-isolate variation and minimal population structure (FST = 0.018). The proportion of heteroplasmic isolates increased seasonally. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and field incidence analyses indicated that both temporal dynamics and low disease pressure contributed to stable maintenance of mixed mitochondrial haplotypes. Despite the absence of QoI applications, resistant alleles persisted at high frequencies, suggesting negligible fitness cost. These findings highlight stable mitochondrial heteroplasmy as a key factor maintaining QoI-resistance potential in Hungarian <em>P</em>. <em>viticola</em> populations and underscore the need for ongoing molecular surveillance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20046,"journal":{"name":"Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology","volume":"142 ","pages":"Article 103109"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145883495","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-01DOI: 10.1016/j.pmpp.2026.103110
Biyun Yang , Jun Tian , Yayong Chen , Yong Xu , Wei Cheng , Zhiling Yang , Fenglin Zhong , Dapeng Ye , Haiyong Weng
‘Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus’ is the major agent associated with citrus “huanglongbing” (HLB) disease, which is the most destructive citrus disease and has caused serious losses to citrus industry worldwide. Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS)-based nontargeted metabolomics and machine learning algorithms were developed for identifying HLB disease in different citrus varieties and growing seasons. In this study, 52 (28 up-regulated and 24 down-regulated) and 33 (26 up-regulated and 7 down-regulated) differential metabolites were screened in Navel orange (Citrus sinensis Osbeck) and Ponkan (Citrus reticulata Blanco cv. Ponkan) leaves, respectively. The variable importance in projection (VIP) algorithm was then used to select the common differential metabolites in HLB diseased samples, and a total of 19 differential metabolite variables were obtained from Navel orange and Ponkan varieties (mainly including primary metabolites such as D-ribose, D-threonate, L-ornithine). Finally, support vector machine (SVM) model based on the metabolites with significant features performed the best for the prediction of citrus HLB disease, with a classification accuracy of 100 %. The results showed that the proposed method was able to provide important and common information about citrus host-'Ca. L. asiaticus' interactions. They also demonstrated that combing untargeted metabolomics with machine learning can be effective tools for distinguishing citrus HLB infection (from asymptomatic to symptomatic) in different growing stages and cultivars.
{"title":"Primary metabolomics analyses and detection of citrus “huanglongbing” disease based on UHPLC-MS/MS and machine learning","authors":"Biyun Yang , Jun Tian , Yayong Chen , Yong Xu , Wei Cheng , Zhiling Yang , Fenglin Zhong , Dapeng Ye , Haiyong Weng","doi":"10.1016/j.pmpp.2026.103110","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pmpp.2026.103110","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>‘Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus’ is the major agent associated with citrus “huanglongbing” (HLB) disease, which is the most destructive citrus disease and has caused serious losses to citrus industry worldwide. Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS)-based nontargeted metabolomics and machine learning algorithms were developed for identifying HLB disease in different citrus varieties and growing seasons. In this study, 52 (28 up-regulated and 24 down-regulated) and 33 (26 up-regulated and 7 down-regulated) differential metabolites were screened in Navel orange (<em>Citrus sinensis</em> Osbeck) and Ponkan (<em>Citrus reticulata</em> Blanco cv. Ponkan) leaves, respectively. The variable importance in projection (VIP) algorithm was then used to select the common differential metabolites in HLB diseased samples, and a total of 19 differential metabolite variables were obtained from Navel orange and Ponkan varieties (mainly including primary metabolites such as D-ribose, D-threonate, L-ornithine). Finally, support vector machine (SVM) model based on the metabolites with significant features performed the best for the prediction of citrus HLB disease, with a classification accuracy of 100 %. The results showed that the proposed method was able to provide important and common information about citrus host-'<em>Ca. L. asiaticus</em>' interactions. They also demonstrated that combing untargeted metabolomics with machine learning can be effective tools for distinguishing citrus HLB infection (from asymptomatic to symptomatic) in different growing stages and cultivars.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20046,"journal":{"name":"Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology","volume":"142 ","pages":"Article 103110"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145924607","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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