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Insights into Platinum Complex-HSA Bindings: Spectral and Molecular Dynamics Simulation Studies 铂络合物HSA结合的光谱和分子动力学模拟研究
IF 1.2 Q3 CHEMISTRY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2021-09-01 DOI: 10.22036/PCR.2021.252500.1845
A. Ashrafi, M. M. Alavianmehr, D. Mohammad-Aghaie, R. Yousefi, M. G. Haghighi, A. Moosavi-Movahedi, Navid Soltani Rad
Mutual interactions of human serum albumin (HSA) with the two binuclear platinum complexes, containing [(bhq)Pt(dppm)2(Cl)Pt(bhq)(Cl)] (1) and [(bhq)Pt(dppm)2(PhMe)Pt(bhq)(CO2CF3)] (2), in which bhq=benzo[h]quinoline, and dppm=bis(diphenylphosphino) methane, were thoroughly investigated using spectroscopic and molecular modeling techniques. In this respect, fluorescence, Ultraviolet-Visible (UV-Vis) and circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopies, along with the docking and molecular dynamics simulations (MD) were utilized. Analysis of spectroscopic and MD simulation results revealed the structural alterations of HSA, upon binding to the binuclear platinum complexes, while the hydrogen bonding and van der Waals forces were found to mainly contribute to the protein-ligand intermolecular interactions. Results of far-UV CD measurements showed the strong ability of platinum complexes, in reducing the α-helical content of HSA, while other secondary structural features were increased. Due to their different chemical natures, these complexes bind to HSA in different manners. Binding constants and thermodynamic binding parameters between these complexes and HSA were calculated using the Stern−Volmer and van’t Hoff equations. Calculated thermodynamic binding parameters indicated that the interaction is spontaneous and enthalpy driven, through the static and dynamic quenching mechanisms, for complexes 1 and 2, respectively.
使用光谱和分子建模技术彻底研究了人血清白蛋白(HSA)与两种双核铂配合物的相互作用,这两种配合物含有[(bhq)Pt(dppm)2(Cl)Pt。在这方面,利用了荧光、紫外可见(UV-Vis)和圆二色性(CD)光谱,以及对接和分子动力学模拟(MD)。光谱和MD模拟结果的分析揭示了HSA在与双核铂络合物结合时的结构变化,而氢键和范德华力主要有助于蛋白质-配体的分子间相互作用。远紫外CD测量结果表明,铂配合物在降低HSA的α-螺旋含量方面具有较强的能力,同时增加了其他二级结构特征。由于它们的化学性质不同,这些复合物以不同的方式与HSA结合。使用Stern−Volmer和van’t Hoff方程计算了这些配合物与HSA之间的结合常数和热力学结合参数。计算的热力学结合参数表明,配合物1和2的相互作用分别是自发的和焓驱动的,通过静态和动态猝灭机制。
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引用次数: 2
Extraction, Characterization and Methyl Orange Sequestration Capacity of Cellulose Nanocrystals Derived from Sugarcane Bagasse: Experimental and Regression Modelling 蔗渣纤维素纳米晶的提取、表征和甲基橙固存能力:实验和回归模型
IF 1.2 Q3 CHEMISTRY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2021-09-01 DOI: 10.22036/PCR.2021.260496.1863
L. Azeez, A. Adejumo, A. Oyedeji, S. A. Adebisi, H. Busari
The adsorptive capacity of cellulose nanocrystals extracted from sugarcane bagasse using acid hydrolysis for methyl orange (MO) sequestration was investigated. The extracted nanocrystals were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) and Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy (FTIR). Well-defined pore spaces, predominant nano range of particles (0.045 – 0.082 µm), greater crystallinity index from 1.09 to 1.21, and disappearance of peaks at 1736 and 1429 cm-1 in FTIR in addition to higher carbon content are parameters that better-define the characteristics of cellulose nanocrystals. A Two-fold improvement in monolayer adsorption capacity was obtained for cellulose nanocrystals (432.17mgg-1) described by Langmuir isotherm over bagasse (170.99 mgg-1) described by Freundlich isotherm. Adsorption processes on both adsorbents were spontaneous, exothermic and best described by pseudo second-order kinetics. Polynomial regression models appropriately predicted equations that best describe the effects of different batch adsorption parameters on MO removal with better fittingness than experimentally generated data.
研究了酸水解法提取蔗渣纤维素纳米晶对甲基橙的吸附性能。采用扫描电镜(SEM)、能量色散x射线(EDX)和傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)对提取的纳米晶体进行了表征。清晰的孔隙空间、主要的纳米颗粒范围(0.045 - 0.082µm)、较高的结晶度指数(1.09 - 1.21)、FTIR中1736和1429 cm-1处的峰消失以及较高的碳含量是更好地定义纤维素纳米晶体特性的参数。Langmuir等温线描述的纤维素纳米晶(432.17mg -1)的单层吸附量比Freundlich等温线描述的甘蔗渣(170.99 mg -1)的单层吸附量提高了两倍。两种吸附剂的吸附过程都是自发的,放热的,最好用准二级动力学来描述。多项式回归模型能较好地预测出最能描述不同批次吸附参数对MO去除影响的方程,其拟合性优于实验生成的数据。
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引用次数: 0
Phase Equilibria of PEG/Sulfate Salt Aqueous Two-Phase Systems: Effects of pH and Molecular Weight of Polymer 聚乙二醇/硫酸盐水两相体系的相平衡:pH和聚合物分子量的影响
IF 1.2 Q3 CHEMISTRY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2021-09-01 DOI: 10.22036/PCR.2021.260208.1862
M. Pirdashti, Z. Heidari, Seyyed Mohammad Arzideh, I. Khoiroh, Shakiba Shabani, Nahid Abbasi Fashami
In this study, the liquid-liquid equilibrium (LLE) in the aqueous two-phase system (ATPS) formed by polyethylene glycol (PEG1500 and PEG6000) and magnesium sulfate is investigated. The experimental measurements were performed at temperature of 298.15 K and pH values of 3.60, 5.00, 6.67. Densities and refractive indices of the mixtures were first measured to obtain the compositions from the plotted tie lines. The effects of pH and molecular mass of polymers on the binodal curve, tie lines length (TLL) and slope of tie line (STL) have been examined. It was found the pH values and molecular weight rise the heterogeneous region for each system. The binodal curve was fitted to the Merchuk and the Pirdashti equations. The Othmer-Tobias as well as the Bancroft equations were subsequently selected to correlate the compositions of the tie lines at equilibrium where the fitted parameters are derived. In addition, the Guan’s equation was utilized to correlate the experimental binodal curves. Finally, the effectively excluded volume (EEV) was determined and the values were found to increase with pH.
本文研究了聚乙二醇(PEG1500和PEG6000)与硫酸镁形成的水两相体系(ATPS)的液液平衡(LLE)。实验测量温度为298.15 K, pH值为3.60、5.00、6.67。首先测量了混合物的密度和折射率,以从绘制的连线中获得成分。考察了pH值和聚合物分子质量对双节曲线、结线长度和结线斜率的影响。结果表明,各体系的pH值和分子量均呈上升趋势。双节曲线拟合了Merchuk和Pirdashti方程。随后选择other - tobias以及Bancroft方程来关联平衡状态下的系线组成,其中拟合参数推导。此外,还利用关氏方程对实验双节曲线进行了关联。最后,测定了有效排除体积(EEV),发现其值随pH值的增加而增加。
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引用次数: 1
Deposition-Precipitation Synthesized CuCo/Activated Carbon Catalysts for Benzyl Alcohol Oxidation Reaction 沉积-沉淀法合成苯甲醇氧化反应CuCo/活性炭催化剂
IF 1.2 Q3 CHEMISTRY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2021-09-01 DOI: 10.22036/PCR.2021.247452.1833
Melody Kimi
The effect of Cox addition in the range of 0.1 to 1 mole into Cu supported on activated carbon (AC) catalysts fabricated by deposition-precipitation method was assessed. CuCox/AC prepared via the same method under different calcination temperature was done to evaluate the effect on the properties and activity of the catalysts. The bimetallic Cu-Co catalysts are structurally characterized by X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). It was found that Co was clearly incorporated in Cu/AC lattice and improved the crystalline structure with optimum Co loading. CuCox/AC nanoparticles formed with uniform shapes and size under the present synthesis conditions. The catalytic performances of the as-prepared catalysts were evaluated towards the aerobic oxidation of benzyl alcohol using hydrogen peroxide as oxidant. Cu/AC, Co/AC and CuCox/AC showed ability to oxidize benzyl alcohol to benzaldehyde. CuCo0.2/AC calcined at 450°C showed highest catalytic activity exhibiting 86% conversion of benzyl alcohol due to the high crystallinity as compared to the monometallic counterpart. It was found that the crystallinity of the catalysts could be tuned by varying the amount of Co. The synergistic effects of Cu-Co in optimum mole ratio and calcination temperature influenced the availability of active sites participating in the catalytic activity.
考察了在沉积沉淀法制备的活性炭(AC)催化剂上加入0.1 ~ 1mol的Cox对Cu负载的影响。采用相同的方法,在不同的煅烧温度下制备了CuCox/AC,考察了其对催化剂性能和活性的影响。采用x射线衍射(XRD)和扫描电镜(SEM)对Cu-Co双金属催化剂进行了结构表征。结果表明,Co在Cu/AC晶格中明显掺入,并在最佳Co负载下改善了晶体结构。在此合成条件下制备的CuCox/AC纳米颗粒具有均匀的形状和尺寸。以过氧化氢为氧化剂,对所制备的催化剂对苯甲醇的好氧氧化性能进行了评价。Cu/AC、Co/AC和CuCox/AC均表现出将苯甲醇氧化为苯甲醛的能力。CuCo0.2/AC在450°C下煅烧,由于结晶度高,与单金属相比较,其催化活性最高,苯甲醇转化率为86%。结果表明,不同Co的加入量可以调节催化剂的结晶度。Cu-Co在最佳摩尔比和煅烧温度下的协同作用影响了参与催化活性的活性位点的可用性。
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引用次数: 0
Photoactivity Performance of TiO2/cellulose and ZnO/polystyrene; Intensified Effect of Oxidants on Degradation Efficiency of Acetaminophen TiO2/纤维素和ZnO/聚苯乙烯的光活性研究氧化剂对对乙酰氨基酚降解效率的强化作用
IF 1.2 Q3 CHEMISTRY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2021-09-01 DOI: 10.22036/PCR.2020.243655.1810
Ikram Rouibah, Sarra Hakimi, N. Khellaf, H. Mansour, A. A. Assadi
The photoactivity of TiO2 and ZnO deposited on cellulose and polystyrene was investigated. The synthesized catalysts were characterized by SEM, XRD, and FT-IR. The X-rays diffraction pattern showed that the TiO2 materials were mainly composed of anatase phase with a small amount of rutile phase. Peaks found for ZnO are assigned to well crystallized ZnO oxides. The SEM images confirmed the dispersion of TiO2 particles and ZnO nanofibers on cellulose and polystyrene, respectively. The photoactivity of the two catalysts was tested for the degradation of acetaminophen. Results showed that for an initial drug concentration of 10 mg/L, the removal of the pollutant under UV light in the presence of TiO2/cellulose reached 80%. Under the same conditions, ZnO/polystyrene was inactive under UV, visible and solar radiations. The study of the effect of H2O2 and K2S2O8 as oxidants showed that the peroxydisulfate (S2O82-) exhibited an intensified effect on degradation efficiency of the pollutant; in fact, in the presence of TiO2/cellulose and ZnO/polystyrene, respectively 85.4 and 93.1% of acetaminophen was removed from the contaminated solutions after adding 1mmol/L of S2O82-. The present findings reveal that under UV light, the photocatalytic systems TiO2-K2S2O8/cellulose and ZnO-K2S2O8/polystyrene show promising results for treating effluents charged with acetaminophen.
研究了TiO2和ZnO沉积在纤维素和聚苯乙烯上的光活性。采用SEM、XRD和FT-IR对合成的催化剂进行了表征。x射线衍射图表明,TiO2材料主要由锐钛矿相和少量金红石相组成。氧化锌的峰被分配给结晶良好的氧化锌氧化物。SEM图像证实了TiO2颗粒和ZnO纳米纤维分别在纤维素和聚苯乙烯上的分散。考察了两种催化剂降解对乙酰氨基酚的光活性。结果表明,当初始药物浓度为10 mg/L时,TiO2/纤维素存在下紫外光对污染物的去除率达到80%。在相同的条件下,ZnO/聚苯乙烯在紫外、可见光和太阳辐射下均无活性。对H2O2和K2S2O8作为氧化剂的效果研究表明,过硫酸氢盐(S2O82-)对污染物的降解效果增强;事实上,在TiO2/纤维素和ZnO/聚苯乙烯存在的情况下,添加1mmol/L的S2O82-后,对乙酰氨基酚的去除率分别为85.4和93.1%。本研究结果表明,在紫外光下,TiO2-K2S2O8/纤维素和ZnO-K2S2O8/聚苯乙烯光催化体系对含对乙酰氨基酚的废水具有良好的处理效果。
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引用次数: 0
Structural Properties of Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG) Affected by Ultrasonic Irradiation: An in Vitro Study 超声辐照对人绒毛膜促性腺激素(hCG)结构特性影响的体外研究
IF 1.2 Q3 CHEMISTRY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2021-09-01 DOI: 10.22036/PCR.2021.249633.1838
A. Hekmat, Atieh Gheisari, A. Divsalar
Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is a glycoprotein hormone that is an essential biomarker in oncology and pregnancy. The objective of this research was to examine the effect of ultrasonic irradiation (40 kHz) in various times of exposure (10 to 60 min) on the structure of hCG. The UV-Visible and near-UV CD data illustrated that ultrasonic irradiation could induce alterations in the tertiary structure of hCG and these conformational variations were irreversible. The ultrasonic-induced variations were observed in the intrinsic fluorescence emission. Furthermore, after long periods of exposure, ANS affinity to hCG incremented considerably. A transition to the random coil was observed in far-UV CD data. Ultrasonic irradiation could increment the negative surface charge on hCG. The effect of ultrasonic time revealed initial increment and eventual reduction in hCG size. After 60 min exposure, some new bands were observed at the SDS-PAGE profile of hCG. Collectively, our in vitro experiments demonstrated the sensitive balance between various noncovalent interactions in the structure of hCG could be easily disrupted after ultrasonic treatments. Results from this study are useful to achieve a better understanding of the ultrasonic irradiation physicochemical effects on proteins. Besides, can help to determine safe limits for people particularly, pregnant women.
人绒毛膜促性腺激素(hCG)是一种糖蛋白激素,是肿瘤和妊娠的重要生物标志物。本研究的目的是检查超声波辐照(40 kHz)在不同时间(10至60分钟)对hCG结构的影响。紫外-可见和近紫外CD数据表明,超声照射可引起hCG三级结构的改变,这些构象变化是不可逆的。观察了超声诱导的本征荧光发射的变化。此外,在长时间暴露后,ANS对hCG的亲和力显著增加。在远紫外CD数据中观察到向随机线圈的过渡。超声照射可使hCG表面负电荷增加。超声时间的影响揭示了hCG大小的初始增加和最终减少。暴露60 min后,在SDS-PAGE上观察到一些新的hCG条带。总之,我们的体外实验表明,超声处理后,hCG结构中各种非共价相互作用之间的敏感平衡很容易被破坏。本研究结果有助于更好地理解超声辐照对蛋白质的物理化学效应。此外,它可以帮助确定人们的安全限度,特别是孕妇。
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引用次数: 0
Functionalized Banana Stalk for Lumefantrine Drug Removal 功能化香蕉茎去除鲁美ntrine药物
IF 1.2 Q3 CHEMISTRY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2021-09-01 DOI: 10.22036/PCR.2021.261506.1865
Oluwatobi Samuel Agboola, S. B. Akanji, O. S. Bello
Functionalized banana stalk (BSAC) was investigated as a potential adsorbent in removing a commonly used pharmaceutical antimalaria drug, Lumefantrine (LUMF). The raw banana stalk was chemically treated with orthophosphoric acid to enhance its adsorptive properties. The effect of LUMF initial concentration, temperature, solution pH, and contact time on the adsorption process was studied using the batch equilibrium process. The surface characteristics of the prepared adsorbent were investigated using SEM, FTIR, proximate analysis, and the Boehm titration techniques. The FTIR spectra showed notable peaks that are responsible for the adsorptive uptake of LUMF. The micrograph from the SEM showed well-developed pores which can be attributed to the effect of the acid treatment, and results from the proximate analysis showed 73.92% carbon content which is a remarkable percentage for a favorable uptake. The sips isotherm model best fitted the experimental data with an R2 = 1, and a maximum adsorption capacity of 102.1 mg/g. The pseudo-second-order kinetic model best explains the kinetics of adsorption of LUMF onto BSAC with R2 values ranging from 0.9845-0.9997. Thermodynamic studies suggest that LUMF uptake by BSAC is endothermic, spontaneous, and thermodynamically favored. BSAC was found to be effective in removing LUMF from aqueous solutions.
研究了功能化香蕉茎(BSAC)作为一种潜在的吸附剂去除常用的抗疟药物鲁美芬特(LUMF)。用正磷酸对生香蕉茎进行化学处理,以提高其吸附性能。采用间歇平衡法研究了LUMF初始浓度、温度、溶液pH和接触时间对吸附过程的影响。利用扫描电镜、红外光谱、近红外光谱分析和Boehm滴定技术对制备的吸附剂的表面特性进行了研究。FTIR光谱显示出显著的峰,这些峰负责LUMF的吸附吸收。SEM的显微照片显示出发达的孔隙,这可归因于酸处理的效果,并且来自近似分析的结果显示73.92%的碳含量,这对于有利的吸收是显著的百分比。sips等温线模型最符合实验数据,R2=1,最大吸附量为102.1mg/g。伪二阶动力学模型最好地解释了LUMF在BSAC上的吸附动力学,R2值在0.9845-0.9997之间。热力学研究表明,BSAC吸收LUMF是吸热的、自发的和热力学上有利的。发现BSAC在从水溶液中去除LUMF方面是有效的。
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引用次数: 4
Structural, Spectroscopic (UV-Vis and IR), Electronic and Chemical Reactivity Studies of (3,5-Diphenyl-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)(phenyl)methanone (3,5-二苯基-4,5-二氢- 1h -吡唑-1-基)(苯基)甲烷的结构、光谱(紫外-可见和红外)、电子和化学反应性研究
IF 1.2 Q3 CHEMISTRY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2021-06-01 DOI: 10.22036/PCR.2020.248964.1837
Sunil L. Dhonnar, V. A. Adole, N. V. Sadgir, B. Jagdale
The (3,5-diphenyl-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)(phenyl)methanone (DPPPM) were synthesized by using rapid and recyclable reaction media polyethylene glycol-400 (PEG-400) and catalytic amount of acetic acid. This method gives remarkable advantages such as simple workup and a greener method by avoiding hazardous and toxic solvents. The computational calculations for title compound have been carried out by using DFT method with B3LYP hybrid functional and 6-311++G (d, p) basis set. The structural parameters like bond lengths, bond angle, and dihedral angles were obtained from the optimized molecular geometry and discussed. This structural analysis shows, the DPPPM molecule has non-planar structure and possess C1 point group symmetry. The infrared vibrational spectral bands assignments were made by correlating experimental findings with the computed data and results shows good agreement. The electronic spectral properties were explored using the time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) in the gas phase and two different polarity solvents. This obtained theoretical UV-Visible absorption results are in acceptable concurrence with the UV-Visible absorption experimental results. The solvent effect on wavelength of absorption also been reported. The frontier molecular orbital, MESP and global chemical reactivity parameters for the title molecule in the gas phase were reported and discussed. Theses result shows molecule possesses good strength and stability.
采用快速可回收反应介质聚乙二醇400(PEG-400)和催化量的乙酸合成了(3,5-二苯基-4,5-二氢-1H-吡唑-1-基)(苯基)甲酮(DPPPM)。这种方法具有显著的优点,如操作简单,避免了危险和有毒溶剂,是一种更环保的方法。用B3LYP混合泛函和6-311++G(d,p)基集,用DFT方法对标题化合物进行了计算。从优化的分子几何结构中获得了键长、键角和二面角等结构参数,并对其进行了讨论。结构分析表明,DPPPM分子具有非平面结构,具有C1点群对称性。通过将实验结果与计算数据进行对比,确定了红外振动谱带的归属,结果吻合较好。利用含时密度泛函理论(TD-DFT)研究了气相和两种不同极性溶剂中的电子光谱性质。所获得的理论紫外-可见吸收结果与紫外-可视吸收实验结果一致。还报道了溶剂对吸收波长的影响。报道并讨论了标题分子在气相中的前沿分子轨道、MESP和全局化学反应性参数。结果表明,该分子具有良好的强度和稳定性。
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引用次数: 7
ZnO-MgFe2O4/(Mg)- or (Zn)-Al-LDH Composites: Adsorption Efficiency, Kinetics, and Adsorption Isotherm for Congo Red Removal ZnO-MgFe2O4/(Mg)-或(Zn)-Al-LDH复合材料去除刚果红的吸附效率、动力学和吸附等温线
IF 1.2 Q3 CHEMISTRY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2021-06-01 DOI: 10.22036/PCR.2021.247509.1830
P. Yarahmadi, Maryam Movadedi, Hossein Salavti
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引用次数: 0
A Facile Protocol for Designing the CdS/PbS Multi Layered Quantum Dots with Enhanced Photoelectrochemical Performance 一种设计具有增强光电化学性能的CdS/PbS多层量子点的简易方案
IF 1.2 Q3 CHEMISTRY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2021-06-01 DOI: 10.22036/PCR.2021.243284.1804
Sana Sadeghi, M. Jafarian, G. S. Ferdowsi
Since photocatalysts play a vital role in solar cell performance, and solar cells are also an effective source of green energy. In this paper,a facile and affordable protocol for designing an effective photoanode based on the quantum dot was introduced. multi-layered quantum dots containing CdS and different layers of n-type of PbS (2, 4, 6cycles)has been used to improve photoanodes sensitivity through the successive ionic layer adsorption and reaction(SILAR)with a coat of TiO2 nanoparticles on ITO substrates.CuS was used as a counter electrode for all cells. The film's behavior was examined in the dark and under simulated sunlight (200 mW cm-2) with electrochemical techniques (chronoamperometry(CA), chronopotentiometry(CE), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), linear sweep voltammetry(LSV)). The morphology of prepared films was investigated by scanning electron microscopy(SEM) and energy dispersive X-Ray spectroscopy (EDS). The results for the TiO2/4CdS/4PbS film revealed that developing multi-layered cells could improve the quantum dot sensitivity and the performance of the cell in case of reaching the optical layer.The TiO2/4CdS/4PbS electrode improved the sensitivity of the cell remarkably and the maximum difference between light and darkness was observed in the 1.5 V potential, in which the constant 1.5 V potential current lead to the 18 µA/cm2 difference in chronoamperometry.
由于光催化剂在太阳能电池的性能中起着至关重要的作用,太阳能电池也是一种有效的绿色能源。本文介绍了一种基于量子点的高效光阳极设计方案。含有CdS和不同n型PbS(2,4,6环)层的多层量子点已被用于通过在ITO衬底上与TiO2纳米颗粒涂层的连续离子层吸附和反应(SILAR)来提高光阳极灵敏度。CuS被用作所有细胞的对电极。用电化学技术(计时电流法(CA)、计时电位法(CE)、电化学阻抗谱法(EIS)、线性扫描伏安法(LSV))在黑暗和模拟阳光(200mW cm-2)下检查薄膜的行为。用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和能谱仪(EDS)研究了所制备的薄膜的形貌。TiO2/4CdS/4PbS薄膜的结果表明,开发多层电池可以提高量子点灵敏度和电池在到达光学层的情况下的性能。TiO2/4CdS/4PbS电极显著提高了电池的灵敏度,在1.5V电位下观察到最大的明暗差异,其中恒定的1.5V电位电流导致计时电流法的差异为18µA/cm2。
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引用次数: 0
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