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Bruchine-Predated Seeds of Ipomoea nil (L.) Roth., A Cotton Crop Weed in Santiago Del Estero, Argentina 山核桃(L.)的早熟种子罗斯。阿根廷圣地亚哥德尔埃斯特罗的棉花作物杂草
IF 0.8 Q3 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2020-01-01 DOI: 10.1590/s0100-83582020380100025
S. Helman, M. T. Sobrero, E. Raña
ABSTRACT: The insects of the family Bruchidae (Coleoptera) are important predators; their larvae feed upon and live in the seeds of a wide variety of plants. In Argentina, there not exists background information concerning the levels of predation of Ipomoea nil (Convolvulaceae) seeds caused by these insects. Thus, the aim of this work was to record the incidence of the species of the genus Megacerus as predators of I. nil seeds, an important weed affecting cotton growing in the irrigation area of Santiago del Estero. Megacerus maculiventris was the only bruchine species identified as predator of this weed. The predation percentage ranged from 0.84 to 15.66% in the agricultural years 2004-2008. It was attested that the number of predated seeds per capsule is independent from the number of seeds per fruit. However, it was proved that the insect predates just one seed per capsule and the highest predation frequency occurs in fruits containing more than three seeds. The levels of predation of I. nil by M. maculiventris are low in relation to those registered in other hosts by bruchines of the genus Megacerus.
摘要:鞘翅目布氏科昆虫是重要的捕食者;它们的幼虫以各种植物的种子为食并以其为生。在阿根廷,没有关于这些昆虫引起的Ipomoea nil(旋花科)种子捕食水平的背景资料。因此,本工作的目的是记录巨角蝇属物种作为棉籽捕食者的发生率,棉籽是圣地亚哥德尔埃斯特罗灌区影响棉花生长的重要杂草。maculventris是唯一被确定为这种杂草捕食者的bruchines物种。2004-2008年农年捕食率为0.84% ~ 15.66%。结果表明,每个蒴果的种子数与每个果实的种子数无关。然而,事实证明,这种昆虫每个蒴果只捕食一颗种子,最高的捕食频率发生在含有三颗以上种子的果实中。与其他寄主中记录到的巨锥蝽属分枝杆菌的捕食水平相比,maculventris的捕食水平较低。
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引用次数: 0
Diuron Sorption, Desorption and Degradation in Anthropogenic Soils Compared to Sandy Soil 人工土壤与沙土对迪乌隆的吸附、解吸与降解
IF 0.8 Q3 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2020-01-01 DOI: 10.1590/s0100-83582020380100034
C. S. Almeida, K. F. Mendes, L. Junqueira, F. Alonso, G. M. Chitolina, V. L. Tornisielo
ABSTRACT: The aim of this study was to evaluate diuron sorption, desorption and degradation in two anthropogenic soils (Terra Preta de Índio - TPI) in contrast to a sandy soil (Quartzarenic Neosol - NQo). Sorption-desorption studies were performed by the batch equilibrium method and biodegradation in biometric bottles using radiolabeled diuron in 14C. Freundlich coefficient (Kf) values ranged from 13.50 to 50.41 µmol(1-1/n) L1/n kg-1 in TPI-2 and TPI-1, respectively, indicating very high diuron sorption in anthropogenic soils, following the order: TPI-1 ≥ TPI-2 > NQo (99.10, 98.95 and 60.8%, respectively). Diuron desorption was very low in anthropogenic soils, ranging from 1.36 (TPI-1) to 1.70% (TPI-2), and 24% to NQo. Accumulated diuron mineralization to 14C-CO2 was < 3% at 70 days after herbicide application, regardless of the assessed soil. Formation of 35 and 44% residue bound to TPI-2 and TPI-1 was observed, higher than to NQo (17%). In contrast, the residue extracted from NQo varied from 72 to 91%, ranging from 48 to 83% for TPI-1 and TPI-2 during the incubation period. The degradation half-life (DT50) of diuron in anthropogenic soils was of 66.65 and 68.63 days for TPI-1 and TPI-2, respectively, while a period of 88.86 days was observed for NQo. The formation of only one herbicide metabolite in all soils was evidenced. The application of diuron in arable areas in the presence of anthropogenic Amazonian soils may lead to inefficient chemical weed control, since these soils may reduce herbicide soil bioavailability due to high OC contents, where high sorption and low herbicide desorption are noted, as well as faster degradation compared to sandy soil.
摘要:研究了人工土壤(Terra Preta de Índio - TPI)和砂质土壤(石英系Neosol - NQo)对双脲的吸附、解吸和降解情况。采用批平衡法进行了吸附-解吸研究,并在14C中使用放射性标记的diuron在生物识别瓶中进行了生物降解。TPI-2和TPI-1的Freundlich系数(Kf)值分别为13.50 ~ 50.41µmol(1-1/n) L1/n kg-1,表明人工土壤对diuron的吸附性非常高,其顺序为:TPI-1≥TPI-2 > NQo(分别为99.10、98.95和60.8%)。人工土壤对Diuron的解吸率很低,在1.36 (TPI-1) ~ 1.70% (TPI-2)之间,在24% ~ NQo之间。在施用除草剂70天后,无论评估的土壤如何,累积的diuron矿化到14C-CO2 < 3%。与TPI-2和TPI-1结合的残基分别为35%和44%,高于与NQo结合的残基(17%)。相反,NQo在孵育期间的残留在72% ~ 91%之间,TPI-1和TPI-2的残留在48% ~ 83%之间。人工土壤中,TPI-1和TPI-2的降解半衰期(DT50)分别为66.65和68.63 d, NQo的降解半衰期为88.86 d。所有土壤中仅形成一种除草剂代谢物。在亚马逊地区人工土壤的可耕地施用迪乌隆可能导致化学杂草控制效率低下,因为这些土壤由于OC含量高,具有高吸附性和低解吸性,并且与沙质土壤相比降解更快,可能会降低除草剂土壤的生物有效性。
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引用次数: 6
Use of Fertiactyl Pos® for Protection of Eucalyptus Plants Subjected to Herbicide Drift 使用Fertiactyl Pos®保护桉树植物免受除草剂漂移
IF 0.8 Q3 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2020-01-01 DOI: 10.1590/s0100-83582020380100035
Aldina Maria Santos, Francisco Cláudio Lopes de Freitas, Izabela Thais dos Santos, D. C. Silva, R. A. L. Cruz, L. Ferreira
ABSTRACT: Herbicide drift, due to application failures, can cause intoxication in eucalyptus plants, compromising their growth. However, the addition of protective products such as Fertiactyl Pós® to the syrup has been shown to be efficient in reducing intoxication of eucalyptus plants exposed to herbicide drift. Given this, the objective of the present study was to evaluate the protective effect of Fertiactyl Pós® on the reduction of damage caused by the herbicides glyphosate, 2,4-D and the glyphosate + 2.4-D mixture in eucalyptus plants. The experiment was conducted in a 3 x 2 + 1 factorial scheme, corresponding to three herbicides: glyphosate (1,440 g ha-1), 2,4-D (680 g ha-1), glyphosate + 2.4- D (1,440 g ha-1 + 680 g ha-1); two doses of Fertiactyl Pós® (0 and 3.0 L ha-1) and one control without application. Prior to application, the top of the eucalyptus was covered with polyethylene bags to ensure the syrup only reached the lower third of the canopy. The addition of Fertiactyl Pós® to the syrup with glyphosate and 2.4 D herbicides reduced the intoxication of eucalyptus plants by 21.9 and 15.2%, respectively, at 40 days after application (DAA) when compared with the application of the respective herbicides without the addition of Fertiactyl Pós®. The glyphosate + 2.4-D mixture drift intensified the intoxication of the eucalyptus plants in comparison with the application of the respective herbicides in isolation. Besides, the addition of Fertiactyl Pós® to the glyphosate + 2,4-D mixture did not prevent plant intoxication.
摘要:由于施用失败,除草剂漂移会导致桉树中毒,影响其生长。然而,在糖浆中添加防护产品,如Fertiactyl Pós®,已被证明可以有效地减少桉树植物暴露于除草剂漂移的中毒。鉴于此,本研究的目的是评价Fertiactyl Pós®对减少草甘膦、2,4- d和草甘膦+ 2.4-D混合除草剂对桉树的伤害的保护作用。试验采用3 × 2 + 1因子方案,对应3种除草剂:草甘膦(1440 g ha-1)、2,4-D (680 g ha-1)、草甘膦+ 2.4- D (1440 g ha-1 + 680 g ha-1);两剂Fertiactyl Pós®(0和3.0 L ha-1)和一组未应用的对照。在施用之前,桉树的顶部用聚乙烯袋覆盖,以确保糖浆只到达树冠的下三分之一。与不添加Fertiactyl Pós®的除草剂相比,在草甘膦和2.4 D除草剂的糖浆中添加Fertiactyl Pós®,在施用后40天(DAA),桉树植物的中毒程度分别降低了21.9%和15.2%。与单独使用草甘膦+ 2.4-D混合漂移相比,草甘膦+ 2.4-D混合漂移对桉树的毒害作用更强。此外,在草甘膦+ 2,4- d混合物中添加Fertiactyl Pós®并不能防止植物中毒。
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引用次数: 6
Germination Ecology of Ivy-Leaved Morning-Glory: an Invasive Weed in Soybean Fields, Iran 常青藤叶牵牛花的萌发生态学:伊朗大豆田的一种入侵杂草
IF 0.8 Q3 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2020-01-01 DOI: 10.1590/s0100-83582020380100027
A. Siahmarguee, M. Gorgani, F. Ghaderi‐Far, R. Asgarpour
ABSTRACT: Ivy-leaved morning-glory (Ipomoea hederacea Jacq.) is an exotic species that is becoming an increasing problem in soybean fields of Golestan province, Iran. Because little information is available on the biology of this weed species in Iran, experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of different factors on seed germination and emergence of Ivy-leaved morning-glory. Maximum germination occurred at constant temperature of 20 oC (82%) and alternating temperature of 15/25 oC (94%). Germination was reduced with increasing salinity and drought stresses. Sodium chloride concentration and osmotic potential that inhibited 50% maximum germination were -1.64 and -1.03 MPa, respectively. Acidity was a limiting factor for the germination, due to inhibiting effect of alkaline conditions on germination. However, the results showed that high temperature pretreatment >100 oC decreased seed germination. Germination decreased from 82 to 3% as temperature increased from 100 to 130 oC. There was no significant difference between seedling emergence in burial depths of 1 to 10 cm, but emergence reduced with increasing burial depth from 10 to 14 cm, and no seedling was emerged from a depth of 15 cm. The results of the flooding experiment also revealed that the seeds of this species are sensitive to this stress, so that emergence was 9% after 3 d flooding.
摘要:牵牛花(iomoea hederacea Jacq.)是一种外来种,在伊朗戈列斯坦省的大豆田日益严重。由于对牵牛花在伊朗的生物学研究资料很少,本文研究了不同因素对牵牛花种子萌发和出苗的影响。在恒温20℃(82%)和交变15/25℃(94%)条件下发芽率最高。随着盐度和干旱胁迫的增加,发芽率降低。抑制50%最大发芽的氯化钠浓度为-1.64 MPa,渗透电位为-1.03 MPa。由于碱性条件对发芽的抑制作用,酸度是限制发芽的因素。结果表明,高温预处理(bb0 ~ 100℃)降低了种子萌发率。当温度从100℃升高到130℃时,发芽率从82%下降到3%。埋深为1 ~ 10 cm时,出苗率差异不显著,埋深为10 ~ 14 cm时,出苗率随埋深的增加而降低,埋深为15 cm时无出苗率。淹水试验结果还表明,该树种种子对这种胁迫很敏感,淹水3 d后出苗率为9%。
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引用次数: 4
Soybean plant osmotic and oxidative stress as affected by herbicide and salinity levels in soil 土壤含盐量和除草剂对大豆渗透和氧化胁迫的影响
IF 0.8 Q3 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2020-01-01 DOI: 10.1590/s0100-83582020380100051
L. Benedetti, Ananda Scherner, Cristina C. Cuchiara, Ítalo Lucas de Moraes, Luis A. Avila, S. Deuner
Background: Soybean cultivation has been an option used to diversify the production system and perform herbicide rotation in irrigated rice crops in the lowland soils of the Rio Grande do Sul State, southern Brazil. However, elevated salinity levels have been detected in these soils that can inhibit plant growth due to the reduction of the osmotic potential of the soil solution and can causes toxicity. The combination of stress factors in the plantation areas can intensify deleterious effects, such as changes in salinity associated with herbicides that trigger oxidative stress in crops. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate osmotic potential, cell damage, and enzyme activities of the antioxidant metabolism on soybean after treatment with herbicides and salinity stress conditions. Methods: For this purpose, completely randomized design was used in a factorial scheme with three replicates. The A factor included four herbicide treatments, as follows: control (no herbicide), sulfentrazone, Smetolachlor, and sulfentrazone + S-metolachlor. The B factor was represented by the following three salinity levels: 0 (control), 60, and 120 mM NaCl, which were applied 24 hours after soybean sowing. Results: The results showed a significant alteration in the osmotic potential of soybean plants, mainly at higher salt concentrations. Although an increase in the lipid peroxidation has been detected in some treatments, antioxidant enzyme action combined with osmotic adjustment to reduce oxidative damage were mechanisms found to be employed by plants to reduce hydrogen peroxide levels. Conclusions: We concluded that herbicide treatment, in combination with saline stress, can alter physiological and biochemical processes of soybean plants.
背景:大豆种植一直是巴西南部南大德州低地土壤灌溉水稻作物多样化生产系统和轮作除草剂的一种选择。然而,在这些土壤中已经检测到高盐度水平,由于土壤溶液的渗透势降低,可以抑制植物生长,并可能导致毒性。种植区的压力因素组合在一起会加剧有害影响,例如与除草剂相关的盐度变化会引发作物的氧化应激。目的:研究除草剂和盐胁迫对大豆抗氧化代谢的渗透电位、细胞损伤和酶活性的影响。方法:为此,采用完全随机设计,三次重复的析因方案。A因子包括4种除草剂处理,分别为对照(无除草剂)、磺胺曲酮、异甲草胺、磺胺曲酮+ s -异甲草胺。B因子由3个盐度水平表示:0(对照)、60和120 mM NaCl,分别在大豆播种24 h后施用。结果:大豆植株的渗透势发生了显著的变化,主要是在较高的盐浓度下。虽然在一些处理中检测到脂质过氧化的增加,但抗氧化酶的作用结合渗透调节来减少氧化损伤是植物减少过氧化氢水平的机制。结论:在盐胁迫下,除草剂处理能改变大豆植株的生理生化过程。
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引用次数: 3
Spray nozzles, working pressures and use of adjuvant in reduction of 2,4-D herbicide spray drift 减少2,4- d除草剂喷雾漂移的喷头、工作压力和佐剂的使用
IF 0.8 Q3 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2020-01-01 DOI: 10.1590/s0100-83582020380100070
João D. Godinho Jr., Lucas C. Vieira, Renato A.A. Ruas, Alberto Carvalho Filho, Vinícius R. Faria, Pedro I.V.G. God
Background: The study of the interactions between equipment, application methods, and spray mixtures is fundamental to optimize the application of pesticides. The determination of the best combination of these factors can reduce the drift during the application of the herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). Objective: The objective this paper is to study the influence of nozzle models, working pressures, and surfactant adjuvant in reducing the drift of 2,4-D. Methods: The spectrum of nozzle drops was determined for a conventional flat jet; flat jet with air induction; double plane jet with air induction; deflector flat jet with air induction; and an empty cone with air induction at pressures of 200, 300, 400, and 500 kPa. This was quantified in a wind tunnel with four drifts: water; water + surfactant adjuvant; water + 2,4-D; and water + 2,4-D + surfactant adjuvant, applied by the five nozzle models at four working pressures. The data was evaluated by analysis of variance and, when significant, by the Tukey test and regression at 5% significance level. Results: The interactions between the nozzle models, working pressure, and spray mixture directly influenced the 2,4-D drift. Conclusions: The use of surfactant adjuvant must be carried out carefully, according to the nozzle model, working pressure, and spray mixture. The conventional single fan jet nozzle is more sensitive to increased working pressure and has a high potential to cause drift compared with the models with air induction.
背景:研究设备、施药方法和喷雾配比之间的相互作用是优化农药施用的基础。确定这些因素的最佳组合可以减少除草剂2,4-二氯苯氧乙酸(2,4- d)施用过程中的漂移。目的:研究喷嘴型号、工作压力和表面活性剂佐剂对减少2,4- d漂移的影响。方法:对常规平面喷射器的喷嘴液滴进行光谱测定;带空气感应的平面射流;带空气感应的双平面射流;带空气感应的偏转板扁平射流;以及在200、300、400和500千帕压力下具有空气诱导的空锥。这是在一个有四种漂移的风洞中量化的:水;水+表面活性剂佐剂;水+ 2,4- d;和水+ 2,4- d +表面活性剂佐剂,在四种工作压力下由五种喷嘴模式施加。通过方差分析对数据进行评估,当数据显著时,采用Tukey检验和5%显著性水平的回归。结果:喷嘴模型、工作压力和喷雾混合物之间的相互作用直接影响了2,4- d漂移。结论:表面活性剂佐剂的使用必须谨慎,根据喷嘴型号、工作压力和喷雾混合物进行。传统的单风扇喷嘴对工作压力的增加更敏感,与带空气感应的模型相比,有很高的漂移潜力。
{"title":"Spray nozzles, working pressures and use of adjuvant in reduction of 2,4-D herbicide spray drift","authors":"João D. Godinho Jr., Lucas C. Vieira, Renato A.A. Ruas, Alberto Carvalho Filho, Vinícius R. Faria, Pedro I.V.G. God","doi":"10.1590/s0100-83582020380100070","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1590/s0100-83582020380100070","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The study of the interactions between equipment, application methods, and spray mixtures is fundamental to optimize the application of pesticides. The determination of the best combination of these factors can reduce the drift during the application of the herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). Objective: The objective this paper is to study the influence of nozzle models, working pressures, and surfactant adjuvant in reducing the drift of 2,4-D. Methods: The spectrum of nozzle drops was determined for a conventional flat jet; flat jet with air induction; double plane jet with air induction; deflector flat jet with air induction; and an empty cone with air induction at pressures of 200, 300, 400, and 500 kPa. This was quantified in a wind tunnel with four drifts: water; water + surfactant adjuvant; water + 2,4-D; and water + 2,4-D + surfactant adjuvant, applied by the five nozzle models at four working pressures. The data was evaluated by analysis of variance and, when significant, by the Tukey test and regression at 5% significance level. Results: The interactions between the nozzle models, working pressure, and spray mixture directly influenced the 2,4-D drift. Conclusions: The use of surfactant adjuvant must be carried out carefully, according to the nozzle model, working pressure, and spray mixture. The conventional single fan jet nozzle is more sensitive to increased working pressure and has a high potential to cause drift compared with the models with air induction.","PeriodicalId":20102,"journal":{"name":"Planta Daninha","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67279230","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 3
Allelopathic effect of waste-land weeds on germination and growth of winter crops 荒地杂草对冬季作物发芽和生长的化感作用
IF 0.8 Q3 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2020-01-01 DOI: 10.1590/s0100-83582020380100076
M. S. Hayyat, M. Safdar, M. Asif, A. Tanveer, Liaqat Ali, R. Qamar, Hafiz H. Ali, N. Farooq, Hafiz M.A. Javeed, Zahid H. Tarar
Background: Waste-land weeds present around the fields exert their allelopathic influence on crops through their leaf leachates and rhizospheric soils. Objective: A study was conducted to investigate the phytotoxic action of four common waste-land weeds Parthenium hysterophorus L., Achyranthes aspera L., Lantana camara L. and Withania somnifera L. through their aqueous extracts and rhizospheric soils against winter crops Avena sativa L., Cicer arietinum L., Hordeum vulgare L. and Triticum aestivum L. Methods: Experiments were conducted in Agronomy laboratory in College of Agriculture at the University of Sargodha. In first experiment, 5% (w/v) water extract from entire plant of each weed was applied to germinating seeds of crops whereas in second experiment, crop seeds were subjected to the rhizospheric soil of each weed for germination test. Results: Results revealed that aqueous extracts of weeds were more phyto-inhibitory compared to their rhizospheric soils. Minimum germination percentage (42.5%), germination index (7.4), seedling vigor index (665.3), root length (3.27 cm), seedling length (14.15 cm) and seedling biomass (74.2 mg) of crops were recorded in response to aqueous extract of P. hysterophorus. Root growth of the crops was affected more compared to the shoot growth. Minimum germination percentage was observed in A. sativa (13.3) by the action of L. camara aqueous extract. Rhizospheric soil of L. camara and P. hysterophorus resulted in minimum germination percentages (57.5 and 58.3, respectively) and seedling vigor indices (1472.5 and 2008.4, respectively) of crops. The lowest germination (30%) and germination index (3.7) was observed for T. aestivum seeds germinated in the rhizospheric soil of W. somnifera. Among crops, A. sativa and C. arietinum were more susceptible to the aqueous extracts whereas T. aestivum to rhizospheric ARTICLE INFORMATION Received: December 17, 2016 Accepted: April 2, 2018 SBCPD | Planta Daninha Hayyat MS, et al. Allelopathy of waste-land weeds Planta Daninha 2020;38:e020173626 https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-83582020380100076 2/8 soils of weeds. Conclusions: It can be concluded that waste-land weeds especially P. hysterophorus and L. camara negatively affect the crops by their allelopathy.
背景:农田周围的荒地杂草通过其叶片渗滤液和根际土壤对作物产生化感作用。目的:研究4种常见的荒草Parthenium hysterophorus L.、牛膝草Achyranthes aspera L.、Lantana camara L.和Withania somnifera L.通过其水提液和根际土壤对冬季作物Avena sativa L.、Cicer arietinum L.、Hordeum vulgare L.和Triticum aestivum L.的植物毒性作用。在第一个试验中,将每种杂草的5% (w/v)全株水提取物施用于作物发芽种子中,在第二个试验中,将作物种子置于每种杂草的根际土壤中进行发芽试验。结果:与根际土壤相比,杂草水提物具有更强的抑菌作用。水提液对作物的最小发芽率(42.5%)、发芽指数(7.4)、幼苗活力指数(665.3)、根长(3.27 cm)、苗长(14.15 cm)和幼苗生物量(74.2 mg)均有显著影响。作物根系生长受到的影响大于茎部生长。camara水提物对sativa的发芽率最低(13.3%)。在根际土壤中,柽柳和黄姜的发芽率最低,分别为57.5和58.3,幼苗活力指数最低,分别为1472.5和2008.4。黑穗槐根际土壤中萌发的黑穗槐种子萌发率最低(30%),萌发指数最低(3.7)。在作物中,A. sativa和C. arietinum对水提取物更敏感,而T. aestivum对根际提取物更敏感。草甸杂草化感作用的研究[j] .植物学报,2020;38:e020173626 https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-83582020380100076结论:荒地杂草对作物的化感作用是不利的,其中尤以野田葵和野田葵为甚。
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引用次数: 6
Response of imidazolinone-resistant and -susceptible weedy rice populations to imazethapyr and increased atmospheric CO2 咪唑啉酮抗性和敏感性杂草水稻群体对吡唑吡韦和大气CO2增加的响应
IF 0.8 Q3 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2020-01-01 DOI: 10.1590/s0100-83582020380100078
Leonard B. Piveta, N. Roma‐Burgos, J. A. Noldin, João P. Refatti, Claudia Oliveira, L. A. Avila
Background: Weedy rice (Oryza sativa L.) is the main weed of rice crop. The high genetic variability of weedy rice contributes to the high phenotypic diversity between biotypes and different responses to environmental stress. Objective: The present study aimed to evaluate the response of imidazolinone-susceptible and -resistant weedy rice populations to increased atmospheric [CO2]. Methods: The experiment was arranged in a complete randomized design with six replications. The treatments included two [CO2] concentration (700 and 400 μmol mol-1) and three treatments: resistant genotype (IMI-resistant) treated with imazethapyr; resistant genotype without imazethapyr, and a susceptible genotype without imazethapyr. Results: The IMI-resistant and –susceptible weedy rice responded similarly to [CO2] enrichment. Enhanced [CO2] increased competitive ability of the weedy rice populations tested, by means of increased plant height. Weedy rice seed production also increased with enhanced [CO2] by means of increased photosynthesis rate and reduced transpiration (increased water use efficiency). Increased seed production also means increased weed persistence as it increases the soil seedbank size. The application of imazethapyr on IMI-resistant weedy rice did not alter its response to [CO2]; conversely, increased [CO2] did not change the resistance level of weedy rice to imazethapyr. High [CO2] increased spikelet sterility, but this beneficial effect was negated by the overall increase in production of filled grains. Conclusions: Enhanced [CO2] concentrations increases weedy rice growth, photosynthesis rates, seed production and spikelet sterility; the imidazolinone application does not affect the response of weedy rice to enhanced [CO2] affects weedy rice response to imidazolinone herbicide.
背景:杂草稻(Oryza sativa L.)是水稻作物的主要杂草。杂草稻的高遗传变异性决定了其生物型之间的表型多样性和对环境胁迫的不同反应。目的:本研究旨在评价咪唑啉酮敏感和抗性杂草水稻种群对大气[CO2]增加的响应。方法:采用完全随机设计,6个重复。2种CO2浓度处理(700和400 μmol mol-1), 3种处理:耐药基因型(IMI-resistant)用imazethapyr处理;耐药基因型不含马西哌,易感基因型不含马西哌结果:抗imi和敏感的杂草稻对CO2富集的反应相似。通过增加植株高度,CO2的增加增加了杂草稻群体的竞争能力。杂草水稻的种子产量也随着[CO2]的增加而增加,这是通过增加光合速率和降低蒸腾作用(提高水分利用效率)来实现的。种子产量的增加也意味着杂草的持久性增加,因为它增加了土壤种子库的大小。在抗imi杂草稻上施用imazethapyr未改变其对CO2的响应;相反,CO2的增加并没有改变杂草稻对吡嗪的抗性水平。高[CO2]增加了小穗的不育性,但这种有益的影响被灌浆籽粒产量的总体增加所抵消。结论:CO2浓度的升高提高了杂草稻的生长、光合速率、种子产量和小穗不育性;施用咪唑啉酮不影响杂草水稻对CO2浓度升高的响应,但影响杂草水稻对咪唑啉酮除草剂的响应。
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引用次数: 1
Aryloxyphenoxypropionates tolerant and non-tolerant corn: plant-back interval after acetyl-coA-carboxylase inhibitors applications 芳基苯氧丙酸盐耐受性和非耐受性玉米:乙酰辅酶a羧化酶抑制剂应用后的株背间隔
IF 0.8 Q3 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2020-01-01 DOI: 10.1590/s0100-83582020380100062
Rafael R. Mendes, Luiz H. M. Franchini, Felipe R. Lucio, Luiz H. S. Zobiole, Rubem S. Oliveira Jr.
Background: The application of Acetyl CoA carboxylase (ACCase) inhibitors prior to sowing of grass crops may result in crop damage due to residual effect of these herbicides in soil. The hypotheses was that different corn hybrids and ACCase herbicides can result in different plantback intervals after burndown treatments. Objective: This work was planned to determine safe plant-back periods for three corn hybrids where ACCase herbicides clethodim and haloxyfop-methyl are applied. Methods: Herbicides were sprayed at 21, 14, 7, 2 and 0 days before sowing (DBS) at 192 g a.i. ha-1 (clethodim) and 120 g a.i. ha-1 (haloxyfopmethyl). Individual experiments were carried out with three hybrids: KWS9110 and 2B587 with glyphosate and glufosinate tolerance and Enlist with aryloxyphenoxypropionate tolerance. Results: Haloxyfop-methyl resulted in higher damage potential compared to clethodim for the hybrids KWS9110 and 2B587. For these hybrids, significant crop stand and grain yield reductions were observed mainly when haloxyfop was applied closer to sowing date (7, 2 and 0 DBS). Conclusions: Based on the effects on corn grain yield, a safe plant-back period for haloxyfop was estimated to be 8 and 11 days for the hybrids KWS9110 and 2B587, respectively. For the Enlist corn hybrid, there were no yield decreases, even when haloxyfop was applied at 0 DBS. Clethodim did not affect corn yield of any hybrid in any application time.
背景:禾草作物播种前施用乙酰辅酶a羧化酶(ACCase)抑制剂可能会由于这些除草剂在土壤中的残留作用而导致作物受损。假设不同的玉米杂交品种和不同的ACCase除草剂可导致不同的退耕间隔期。目的:确定三种玉米杂交品种使用ACCase除草剂clethodim和haloxyfop-methyl后的安全回植期。方法:分别于播种前21、14、7、2、0 d分别喷洒除草剂,分别为192 g a.i. ha-1(杀虫灵)和120 g a.i. ha-1(氟甲氧基)。以具有草甘膦和草甘膦耐受性的KWS9110和2B587以及具有芳氧苯氧丙酸耐受性的Enlist 3个杂交品种进行个体试验。结果:甲基氟草磷对KWS9110和2B587的杀伤潜力大于杀虫灵。对于这些杂交种,主要在临近播种日期(7、2和0 DBS)施用氟氧磷时,观察到显著的林分和籽粒产量减少。结论:基于对玉米产量的影响,杂交品种KWS9110和2B587的安全回植期分别为8 d和11 d。对于杂交种,即使在0 DBS下施用氟乐磷,产量也没有下降。在任何施用时间内对杂交玉米产量均无影响。
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引用次数: 1
Cactus Pear: a Weed of Dry-Lands for Supplementing Food Security Under Changing Climate 仙人掌梨:气候变化下补充粮食安全的旱地杂草
IF 0.8 Q3 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2020-01-01 DOI: 10.1590/s0100-83582020380100040
M. Iqbal, A. Hamid, H. Imtiaz, Muhammad Rizwan, M. Imran, U. Sheikh, I. Saira
ABSTRACT: Climate change characterized by global warming and frequent occurrence of prolonged drought spells has necessitated the cultivation of multi-purpose crops which are temperature and drought hardy. This paper evaluates the production potential of cactus pear [Opuntia ficus indica (L.) Mill.] as an alternate and low-cost forage crop along with the recent advancements in its cultivation and utilization as food crop for supplementing the food security of rapidly increasing populace. The botanical, ecological and physiological traits enabling cactus pear to survive under harsh agro-climatic conditions have been objectively elaborated. A variety of impediments hampering its wide-scale cultivation and future breeding needs for improving the biomass production and nutritional quality have also been identified. The potential of cactus pear to reduce desertification along with imparting sustainability to modern, commercial and profitable agriculture in dry-lands makes it an exceptional plant. Its annual biomass (stems called cladodes) yield of 40-50 t ha-1 with an appropriate agronomic management may sustain 5-6 adult cows supporting a family of 12-16 people. However, its slow growth, less fruit yield, poor nutritional quality of forage and the fear of cactus pear becoming a noxious weed restricts its popularized cultivation and thus demands a comprehensive genetic improvement and agronomic technology package.
摘要:以全球变暖和持续干旱频发为特征的气候变化,要求种植耐温耐旱的多功能作物。本文评价了仙人掌梨[Opuntia ficus indica (L.)]的生产潜力。轧机。作为一种替代的低成本饲料作物,以及最近在其种植和利用方面的进展,作为粮食作物,以补充快速增长的人口的粮食安全。客观阐述了仙人掌梨在恶劣农业气候条件下生存的植物学、生态和生理性状。还确定了阻碍其大规模种植的各种障碍,以及提高生物质产量和营养质量的未来育种需求。仙人掌梨具有减少荒漠化的潜力,并为干旱地区的现代、商业和有利可图的农业带来可持续性,这使它成为一种特殊的植物。在适当的农艺管理下,其年生物量(茎枝)产量为40-50吨公顷,可养活5-6头成年奶牛,养活一个12-16人的家庭。但仙人掌梨生长缓慢、果实产量低、饲料营养质量差、担心成为毒草等问题制约了仙人掌梨的推广种植,需要综合的遗传改良和农艺技术配套。
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引用次数: 8
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Planta Daninha
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