This study investigates the composition characteristics and anti-inflammatory activity mechanisms of the essential oil from the leaves of Crossostephium chinense. C. chinense is a perennial herb commonly found in East Asia, traditionally used to treat various ailments. The essential oil extracted through water distillation, primarily contains 1,8-cineole (13.73%), santolina triene (13.53%), and germacrene D (10.67%). Three compounds were identified from the essential oil, namely 1-acetoxy-2-(2-hydroxypropyl)-5-methylhex-3,5-diene, 1-acetoxy-isopyliden-hex-5-en-4-one, and chrysanthemyl acetate, with the first two being newly discovered compounds. Then, the essential oil of C. chinense exhibits significant anti-inflammatory effects on RAW264.7 macrophages, effectively inhibiting the production of NO and ROS, with the IC50 value of 10.3 μg/mL. Furthermore, the essential oil reduces the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β. Mechanistic studies indicate that the essential oil affects the inflammatory response by inhibiting the expression of iNOS but has no significant impact on COX-2. Further analysis suggests that the essential oil may regulate the inflammatory response through the ERK protein in the MAPK pathway and IκBα in the NF-κB pathway, while also promoting the activity of the NRF2/HO-1 antioxidant pathway, enhancing the cell’s antioxidant capacity, thereby achieving an effect of inhibiting the inflammatory response. These results highlight the potential application value of C. chinense leaf essential oil in the medical and healthcare fields.
{"title":"Composition Characterization of Crossostephium chinense Leaf Essential Oil and Its Anti-Inflammatory Activity Mechanisms","authors":"Chia-Hsin Lin, Yu-Ting Chiang, Li-Yin Lin, Nai-Wen Tsao, Chung-Hsuan Wang, Shih-Chang Chien, Ying-Hsuan Sun, Sheng-Yang Wang","doi":"10.3390/plants13172506","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13172506","url":null,"abstract":"This study investigates the composition characteristics and anti-inflammatory activity mechanisms of the essential oil from the leaves of Crossostephium chinense. C. chinense is a perennial herb commonly found in East Asia, traditionally used to treat various ailments. The essential oil extracted through water distillation, primarily contains 1,8-cineole (13.73%), santolina triene (13.53%), and germacrene D (10.67%). Three compounds were identified from the essential oil, namely 1-acetoxy-2-(2-hydroxypropyl)-5-methylhex-3,5-diene, 1-acetoxy-isopyliden-hex-5-en-4-one, and chrysanthemyl acetate, with the first two being newly discovered compounds. Then, the essential oil of C. chinense exhibits significant anti-inflammatory effects on RAW264.7 macrophages, effectively inhibiting the production of NO and ROS, with the IC50 value of 10.3 μg/mL. Furthermore, the essential oil reduces the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β. Mechanistic studies indicate that the essential oil affects the inflammatory response by inhibiting the expression of iNOS but has no significant impact on COX-2. Further analysis suggests that the essential oil may regulate the inflammatory response through the ERK protein in the MAPK pathway and IκBα in the NF-κB pathway, while also promoting the activity of the NRF2/HO-1 antioxidant pathway, enhancing the cell’s antioxidant capacity, thereby achieving an effect of inhibiting the inflammatory response. These results highlight the potential application value of C. chinense leaf essential oil in the medical and healthcare fields.","PeriodicalId":20103,"journal":{"name":"Plants","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142221065","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Daniel de Brito Machado, Jéssica Sales Felisberto, George Azevedo de Queiroz, Elsie Franklin Guimarães, Ygor Jessé Ramos, Davyson de Lima Moreira
Piper mollicomum Kunth (Piperaceae) plays a vital role in the preservation of the Brazilian Atlantic Forest by contributing to the regeneration of deforested areas. Recent scientific investigations have analyzed the chemical constituents and seasonal dynamics of essential oils (EO) from various Piper L. species, highlighting the need to elucidate their chemical–ecological interactions. This study aims to expand the chemical–ecological knowledge of this important taxon in neotropical forests, using P. mollicomum as a model. The methodologies employed include the collection of plant material, EO extraction by hydrodistillation, analysis of EO by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) and gas chromatography–flame ionization detector (GC–FID), recording the frequency of visits by potential pollinators and microclimatic variables, and by conducting calculations of chemodiversity and chemophenetic indices. Chemical analyses indicated that the diversity of EO and environmental factors are linked to the activities of potential pollinators. In the Tijuca Forest, P. mollicomum revealed significant interactions between its volatile constituents and microclimatic variables, showing that the chemodiversity of the leaves and reproductive organs correlates with pollinator visitation. Additionally, a notable difference in chemical evenness was observed between these vegetative structures. The chemophenetic indices by Ramos and Moreira also revealed correlations with chemical diversity.
Piper mollicomum Kunth（胡椒科）在保护巴西大西洋森林方面发挥着至关重要的作用，有助于森林砍伐地区的再生。最近的科学研究分析了多种胡椒精油（EO）的化学成分和季节动态，强调了阐明其化学生态相互作用的必要性。本研究旨在以 P. mollicomum 为模型，扩展新热带森林中这一重要分类群的化学生态知识。采用的方法包括收集植物材料、通过水蒸馏提取环氧乙烷、通过气相色谱-质谱联用仪（GC-MS）和气相色谱-火焰离子化检测器（GC-FID）分析环氧乙烷、记录潜在授粉者的访问频率和微气候变量，以及计算化学多样性和化学遗传指数。化学分析结果表明，环氧乙烷的多样性和环境因素与潜在授粉者的活动有关。在蒂茹卡森林中，mollicomum 的挥发性成分与微气候变量之间存在显著的相互作用，表明叶片和生殖器官的化学多样性与授粉者的造访相关。此外，这些植被结构之间的化学均匀性也存在明显差异。拉莫斯（Ramos）和莫雷拉（Moreira）的化学遗传指数也显示出与化学多样性的相关性。
{"title":"From Leaves to Reproductive Organs: Chemodiversity and Chemophenetics of Essential Oils as Important Tools to Evaluate Piper mollicomum Kunth Chemical Ecology Relevance in the Neotropics","authors":"Daniel de Brito Machado, Jéssica Sales Felisberto, George Azevedo de Queiroz, Elsie Franklin Guimarães, Ygor Jessé Ramos, Davyson de Lima Moreira","doi":"10.3390/plants13172497","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13172497","url":null,"abstract":"Piper mollicomum Kunth (Piperaceae) plays a vital role in the preservation of the Brazilian Atlantic Forest by contributing to the regeneration of deforested areas. Recent scientific investigations have analyzed the chemical constituents and seasonal dynamics of essential oils (EO) from various Piper L. species, highlighting the need to elucidate their chemical–ecological interactions. This study aims to expand the chemical–ecological knowledge of this important taxon in neotropical forests, using P. mollicomum as a model. The methodologies employed include the collection of plant material, EO extraction by hydrodistillation, analysis of EO by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) and gas chromatography–flame ionization detector (GC–FID), recording the frequency of visits by potential pollinators and microclimatic variables, and by conducting calculations of chemodiversity and chemophenetic indices. Chemical analyses indicated that the diversity of EO and environmental factors are linked to the activities of potential pollinators. In the Tijuca Forest, P. mollicomum revealed significant interactions between its volatile constituents and microclimatic variables, showing that the chemodiversity of the leaves and reproductive organs correlates with pollinator visitation. Additionally, a notable difference in chemical evenness was observed between these vegetative structures. The chemophenetic indices by Ramos and Moreira also revealed correlations with chemical diversity.","PeriodicalId":20103,"journal":{"name":"Plants","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142221031","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ana Falcón-Piñeiro, Javier Zaguirre-Martínez, Ana Claudia Ibáñez-Hernández, Enrique Guillamón, Kristell Santander, Belén Barrero-Domínguez, Silvia López-Feria, Dolores Garrido, Alberto Baños
The olive tree is crucial to the Mediterranean agricultural economy but faces significant threats from climate change and soil-borne pathogens like Verticillium dahliae. This study assesses the dual role of an onion extract formulation, rich in organosulfur compounds, as both biostimulant and antifungal agent. Research was conducted across three settings: a controlled climatic chamber with non-stressed olive trees; an experimental farm with olive trees under abiotic stress; and two commercial olive orchards affected by V. dahliae. Results showed that in the climatic chamber, onion extract significantly reduced MDA levels in olive leaves, with a more pronounced reduction observed when the extract was applied by irrigation compared to foliar spray. The treatment also increased root length by up to 37.1% compared to controls. In field trials, irrigation with onion extract increased the number of new shoots by 148% and the length of shoots by 53.5%. In commercial orchards, treated trees exhibited reduced MDA levels, lower V. dahliae density, and a 26.7% increase in fruit fat content. These findings suggest that the onion extract effectively reduces oxidative stress and pathogen colonization, while enhancing plant development and fruit fat content. This supports the use of the onion extract formulation as a promising, sustainable alternative to chemical treatments for improving olive crop resilience.
{"title":"Evaluation of the Biostimulant Activity and Verticillium Wilt Protection of an Onion Extract in Olive Crops (Olea europaea)","authors":"Ana Falcón-Piñeiro, Javier Zaguirre-Martínez, Ana Claudia Ibáñez-Hernández, Enrique Guillamón, Kristell Santander, Belén Barrero-Domínguez, Silvia López-Feria, Dolores Garrido, Alberto Baños","doi":"10.3390/plants13172499","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13172499","url":null,"abstract":"The olive tree is crucial to the Mediterranean agricultural economy but faces significant threats from climate change and soil-borne pathogens like Verticillium dahliae. This study assesses the dual role of an onion extract formulation, rich in organosulfur compounds, as both biostimulant and antifungal agent. Research was conducted across three settings: a controlled climatic chamber with non-stressed olive trees; an experimental farm with olive trees under abiotic stress; and two commercial olive orchards affected by V. dahliae. Results showed that in the climatic chamber, onion extract significantly reduced MDA levels in olive leaves, with a more pronounced reduction observed when the extract was applied by irrigation compared to foliar spray. The treatment also increased root length by up to 37.1% compared to controls. In field trials, irrigation with onion extract increased the number of new shoots by 148% and the length of shoots by 53.5%. In commercial orchards, treated trees exhibited reduced MDA levels, lower V. dahliae density, and a 26.7% increase in fruit fat content. These findings suggest that the onion extract effectively reduces oxidative stress and pathogen colonization, while enhancing plant development and fruit fat content. This supports the use of the onion extract formulation as a promising, sustainable alternative to chemical treatments for improving olive crop resilience.","PeriodicalId":20103,"journal":{"name":"Plants","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142221064","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Fritillaria taipaiensis P. Y. Li (F. taipaiensis) is a traditional Chinese herbal medicine that has been used for over two millennia to treat cough and expectoration. However, the increasing cultivation of F. taipaiensis has led to the spread of bulb rot diseases. In this study, pathogens were isolated from rotten F. taipaiensis bulbs. Through molecular identification, pathogenicity testing, morphological assessment, and microscopy, Fusarium solani was identified as the pathogen causing bulb rot in F. taipaiensis. The colonization of F. solani in the bulbs was investigated through microscopic observation. The rapid and accurate detection of this pathogen will contribute to better disease monitoring and control. Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) and qPCR methods were established to quickly and specifically identify this pathogen. These results provide valuable insights for further research on the prediction, rapid detection, and effective prevention and control of bulb rot in F. taipaiensis.
Fritillaria taipaiensis P. Y. Li（F. taipaiensis）是一种传统中药材，用于治疗咳嗽和祛痰已有两千多年的历史。然而，随着太白金星种植量的增加，鳞茎腐烂病也随之蔓延。本研究从腐烂的太白金星鳞茎中分离出病原体。通过分子鉴定、致病性测试、形态学评估和显微镜检查，确定 Fusarium solani 是导致太白金星鳞茎腐烂病的病原体。通过显微镜观察，研究了 F. solani 在鳞茎中的定殖情况。快速准确地检测这种病原体将有助于更好地监测和控制疾病。建立了环介导等温扩增（LAMP）和 qPCR 方法，以快速、特异地鉴定这种病原体。这些结果为进一步研究如何预测、快速检测和有效防控太白金星鳞茎腐烂病提供了有价值的见解。
{"title":"Identification of Pathogen Causing Bulb Rot in Fritillaria taipaiensis P. Y. Li and Establishment of Detection Methods","authors":"Shijie Wang, Keke Chen, Jiaqi Guo, Panwang Zhang, Yuchen Li, Zhenghao Xu, Langjun Cui, Yi Qiang","doi":"10.3390/plants13162236","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13162236","url":null,"abstract":"Fritillaria taipaiensis P. Y. Li (F. taipaiensis) is a traditional Chinese herbal medicine that has been used for over two millennia to treat cough and expectoration. However, the increasing cultivation of F. taipaiensis has led to the spread of bulb rot diseases. In this study, pathogens were isolated from rotten F. taipaiensis bulbs. Through molecular identification, pathogenicity testing, morphological assessment, and microscopy, Fusarium solani was identified as the pathogen causing bulb rot in F. taipaiensis. The colonization of F. solani in the bulbs was investigated through microscopic observation. The rapid and accurate detection of this pathogen will contribute to better disease monitoring and control. Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) and qPCR methods were established to quickly and specifically identify this pathogen. These results provide valuable insights for further research on the prediction, rapid detection, and effective prevention and control of bulb rot in F. taipaiensis.","PeriodicalId":20103,"journal":{"name":"Plants","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141936560","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jose M. Prieto, Alison M. Barker, Urs Schaffner, Joëlle Quetin-Leclercq, Alessandra Braca, Jean-Luc Boevé
Sawfly species of the genus Monophadnus are specialised on Ranunculaceae plants from which the larvae can sequester furostanol saponins into the haemolymph, mainly (25R)-26-[(α-L-rhamnopyranosyl)oxy]-22α-methoxyfurost-5-en-3β-yl-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→3)-O-[6-acetyl-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→3)]-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (compound 1). In this work, TLC, GC-MS, and HPLC-DAD-ESI/MS analyses together with feeding, repeated simulated attacks, and ant deterrence bioassays were conducted to extend the chemoecological knowledge about two sawfly species specialised on H. foetidus L. (Monophadnus species A) and H. viridis L. (Monophadnus species B). Larvae of Monophadnus species B were mostly feeding on the squares treated with the n-butanol fraction from H. foetidus, compound 1 being its primary non-nutritional stimulant. In contrast, all H. viridis fractions stimulated feeding, with n-hexane marginally more active. β-sitosterol within n-hexane was determined as the nutritional stimulant. Quantitative analyses demonstrated that leaves of H. viridis but not H. foetidus contain the ecdysteroids 20-hydroxyecdysone and polypodine B. Moreover, the haemolymph of Monophadnus species B larvae reared on H. viridis contained the glycosides of polypodine B and 20-hydroxyecdysone at a concentration of 2.5 to 6.8 µmol/g fresh weight of haemolymph. This concentration is several thousand times higher than the concentration range of the aglycones in their host plant (3.63 × 10−4 to 2.23 × 10−4 µmol total ecdysteroids/g fresh weight of leaves), suggesting bioaccumulation. The larvae of both species fed on H. foetidus do not show any traces of ecdysteroids in their haemolymph, indicating a facultative role of these compounds in their defence as well as their inability to endogenously synthesise these compounds. The haemolymph containing ecdysteroids was a significant feeding deterrent against Myrmica rubra L. ant workers (one of their natural predators) at 0.8 mg/mL. The larvae kept effective deterrent levels of glycosylated ecdysteroids (≅175 mM) between simulated attacks on days 1 and 2, but the levels clearly decreased on day 3 (≅75 mM). Most larvae (89%) survived a first attack but only 23% a consecutive second one. As a conclusion, we report for the first time that two Monophadnus species feeding on H. viridis sequester phytoecdysteroids into the larval haemolymph in the form of glycosides. In addition, compound 1 possesses defensive and phagostimulant activities, and we present evidence for a combined effect of furostanol saponins and ecdysteroids as repellents against ants.
锯蝇属的物种专吃芸香科植物，幼虫能将呋喃甾醇皂甙封存在血淋巴中、主要是 (25R)-26-[(α-L-rhamnopyranosyl)oxy]-22α-methoxyfurost-5-en-3β-yl-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→3)-O-[6-acetyl-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→3)]-O-β-D-glucopyranoside （化合物 1）。在这项工作中，我们进行了 TLC、GC-MS、HPLC-DAD-ESI/MS 分析以及取食、反复模拟攻击和蚂蚁威慑生物测定，以扩展对两种专食 H. foetidus L.（Monophadnus A 种）和 H. viridis L.（Monophadnus B 种）的锯蝇的化学生态学知识。B 种锯蝇的幼虫主要取食用 H. foetidus 的正丁醇馏分处理过的方格，化合物 1 是其主要的非营养刺激剂。相比之下，H. viridis 的所有馏分都能刺激取食，其中正己烷的活性略高。正己烷中的β-谷甾醇被确定为营养刺激剂。定量分析结果表明，姬松茸叶片中含有蜕皮激素 20-hydroxyecdysone 和多酚碱 B，而佛焰苞姬松茸叶片中则没有。此外，在姬松茸上饲养的姬松茸 B 种幼虫的血淋巴中含有多酚碱 B 和 20-hydroxyecdysone 的苷，浓度为 2.5 至 6.8 µmol/g 血淋巴鲜重。这一浓度比苷酸在寄主植物中的浓度范围（3.63 × 10-4 至 2.23 × 10-4 µmol 总蜕皮激素/克叶片鲜重）高出数千倍，表明存在生物累积作用。以 H. foetidus 为食的两个物种的幼虫血淋巴中都没有蜕皮激素的痕迹，这表明这些化合物在它们的防御中起着表面作用，而且它们无法内源合成这些化合物。在 0.8 毫克/毫升的浓度下，含有蜕皮激素的血淋巴对红糠蚁工蚁（蚂蚁的天敌之一）具有显著的摄食威慑作用。在模拟攻击的第 1 天和第 2 天之间，幼虫体内糖基化蜕皮激素的有效威慑水平（≅175 mM）保持不变，但在第 3 天，这一水平明显下降（≅75 mM）。大多数幼虫（89%）在第一次攻击中存活下来，但只有 23% 的幼虫在第二次攻击中存活下来。作为结论，我们首次报告了两种以 H. viridis 为食的 Monophadnus 物种会以苷的形式将植物蜕皮激素封存在幼虫血淋巴中。此外，化合物 1 还具有防御和促噬活性，我们还提出了呋喃甾醇皂苷和蜕皮甾类化合物作为蚂蚁驱虫剂共同作用的证据。
{"title":"Furostanol Saponins and Ecdysteroids from Plants of the Genus Helleborus as Phagostimulants and Predator Deterrents for Larvae of Two Monophadnus Sawfly Species","authors":"Jose M. Prieto, Alison M. Barker, Urs Schaffner, Joëlle Quetin-Leclercq, Alessandra Braca, Jean-Luc Boevé","doi":"10.3390/plants13162230","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13162230","url":null,"abstract":"Sawfly species of the genus Monophadnus are specialised on Ranunculaceae plants from which the larvae can sequester furostanol saponins into the haemolymph, mainly (25R)-26-[(α-L-rhamnopyranosyl)oxy]-22α-methoxyfurost-5-en-3β-yl-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→3)-O-[6-acetyl-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→3)]-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (compound 1). In this work, TLC, GC-MS, and HPLC-DAD-ESI/MS analyses together with feeding, repeated simulated attacks, and ant deterrence bioassays were conducted to extend the chemoecological knowledge about two sawfly species specialised on H. foetidus L. (Monophadnus species A) and H. viridis L. (Monophadnus species B). Larvae of Monophadnus species B were mostly feeding on the squares treated with the n-butanol fraction from H. foetidus, compound 1 being its primary non-nutritional stimulant. In contrast, all H. viridis fractions stimulated feeding, with n-hexane marginally more active. β-sitosterol within n-hexane was determined as the nutritional stimulant. Quantitative analyses demonstrated that leaves of H. viridis but not H. foetidus contain the ecdysteroids 20-hydroxyecdysone and polypodine B. Moreover, the haemolymph of Monophadnus species B larvae reared on H. viridis contained the glycosides of polypodine B and 20-hydroxyecdysone at a concentration of 2.5 to 6.8 µmol/g fresh weight of haemolymph. This concentration is several thousand times higher than the concentration range of the aglycones in their host plant (3.63 × 10−4 to 2.23 × 10−4 µmol total ecdysteroids/g fresh weight of leaves), suggesting bioaccumulation. The larvae of both species fed on H. foetidus do not show any traces of ecdysteroids in their haemolymph, indicating a facultative role of these compounds in their defence as well as their inability to endogenously synthesise these compounds. The haemolymph containing ecdysteroids was a significant feeding deterrent against Myrmica rubra L. ant workers (one of their natural predators) at 0.8 mg/mL. The larvae kept effective deterrent levels of glycosylated ecdysteroids (≅175 mM) between simulated attacks on days 1 and 2, but the levels clearly decreased on day 3 (≅75 mM). Most larvae (89%) survived a first attack but only 23% a consecutive second one. As a conclusion, we report for the first time that two Monophadnus species feeding on H. viridis sequester phytoecdysteroids into the larval haemolymph in the form of glycosides. In addition, compound 1 possesses defensive and phagostimulant activities, and we present evidence for a combined effect of furostanol saponins and ecdysteroids as repellents against ants.","PeriodicalId":20103,"journal":{"name":"Plants","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141936641","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Trichilia emetica plant is traditionally used for medicinal and food purposes. However, there are limited studies on the bioactivity and cytotoxicity of its seed butter and aril oil. This study aimed to assess the antidiabetic activity and cytotoxicity of seed butter and aril oil, obtained via two different extraction methods, and compare their lipid profiles. The plant samples were collected from the Faifa mountains and extracted using a Soxhlet apparatus for hot extraction and a magnetic stirrer for cold maceration. The antidiabetic activity and cytotoxicity were evaluated using the α-amylase and MTT assays, respectively. The fatty acids were quantified utilizing gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. This study proves the impact of the extraction method on the yield, cytotoxicity, antidiabetic activity and lipid profile. The highest cytotoxicity was observed with the seed butter obtained via Soxhlet extraction. The α-amylase inhibition was observed at the highest levels with the seed butter and aril oil obtained via cold maceration. The palmitic acid (PA) and oleic acid (OA) were detected at their maximal concentrations in the seed butter obtained via Soxhlet extraction and aril oil obtained via cold maceration, respectively. This study represents an essential basis for understanding the importance of T. emetica as a valuable tree for food, cosmetic and medicinal purposes. Further experiments can lead to the development of green extraction techniques and isolation of the cytotoxic and antidiabetic molecules that can be developed into new pharmaceutical products or serve as lead molecules for new drugs.
Trichilia emetica 植物传统上用于药用和食用。然而，有关其种子黄油和假种皮油的生物活性和细胞毒性的研究却很有限。本研究旨在评估通过两种不同提取方法获得的种子黄油和假种皮油的抗糖尿病活性和细胞毒性，并比较它们的脂质特征。植物样本采集自法伊法山区，使用索氏提取器进行热提取，使用磁力搅拌器进行冷浸渍。分别使用α-淀粉酶和MTT法评估了抗糖尿病活性和细胞毒性。脂肪酸采用气相色谱-质谱法进行定量。这项研究证明了提取方法对产量、细胞毒性、抗糖尿病活性和脂质概况的影响。通过索氏提取法获得的种子黄油的细胞毒性最高。通过冷浸法获得的种子黄油和假种皮油对α-淀粉酶的抑制作用最高。通过索氏提取法获得的种子黄油和通过冷浸渍法获得的假种皮油中分别检测到了最高浓度的棕榈酸（PA）和油酸（OA）。这项研究为了解 T. emetica 作为食品、化妆品和药用珍贵树种的重要性奠定了重要基础。进一步的实验可以开发绿色提取技术，并分离出细胞毒性和抗糖尿病分子，将其开发成新的医药产品或作为新药的先导分子。
{"title":"A Comparative Study on the Antidiabetic Activity, Cytotoxicity and Lipid Profile of Trichilia emetica Oils","authors":"Mohammed Aldholmi, Ebtihal Althomali, Fatema Aljishi, Rizwan Ahmad, Aljawharah Alqathama, Deema Alaswad","doi":"10.3390/plants13162234","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13162234","url":null,"abstract":"The Trichilia emetica plant is traditionally used for medicinal and food purposes. However, there are limited studies on the bioactivity and cytotoxicity of its seed butter and aril oil. This study aimed to assess the antidiabetic activity and cytotoxicity of seed butter and aril oil, obtained via two different extraction methods, and compare their lipid profiles. The plant samples were collected from the Faifa mountains and extracted using a Soxhlet apparatus for hot extraction and a magnetic stirrer for cold maceration. The antidiabetic activity and cytotoxicity were evaluated using the α-amylase and MTT assays, respectively. The fatty acids were quantified utilizing gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. This study proves the impact of the extraction method on the yield, cytotoxicity, antidiabetic activity and lipid profile. The highest cytotoxicity was observed with the seed butter obtained via Soxhlet extraction. The α-amylase inhibition was observed at the highest levels with the seed butter and aril oil obtained via cold maceration. The palmitic acid (PA) and oleic acid (OA) were detected at their maximal concentrations in the seed butter obtained via Soxhlet extraction and aril oil obtained via cold maceration, respectively. This study represents an essential basis for understanding the importance of T. emetica as a valuable tree for food, cosmetic and medicinal purposes. Further experiments can lead to the development of green extraction techniques and isolation of the cytotoxic and antidiabetic molecules that can be developed into new pharmaceutical products or serve as lead molecules for new drugs.","PeriodicalId":20103,"journal":{"name":"Plants","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141936556","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Weikang Che, Xuebin Li, Junlong Piao, Yue Zhang, Shihao Miao, Hongyue Wang, Liming Xie, Feng Jin
Soda saline–alkaline stress significantly impedes the rice grain filling process and ultimately impacts rice yield. Biochar has been shown to mitigate the negative impacts of saline–alkaline stress on plants. However, the exact mechanism by which biochar influences the rice grain-filling rate in soda saline–alkaline soil is still not fully understood. A two-year field experiment was conducted with two nitrogen fertilizer levels (0 and 225 kg ha−1) and five biochar application rates [0% (B0), 0.5% (B1), 1.5% (B2), 3.0% (B3), and 4.5% (B4) biochar, w/w]. The results demonstrated that biochar had a significant impact on reducing the Na+ concentration and Na+/K+ ratio in rice grown in soda saline–alkaline lands, while also improving its stress physiological conditions. B1, B2, B3, and B4 showed a notable increase in the average grain-filling rate by 5.76%, 6.59%, 9.80%, and 10.79%, respectively, compared to B0; the time to reach the maximum grain-filling rate and the maximum grain weight saw increases ranging from 6.02% to 12.47% and from 7.85% to 14.68%, respectively. Meanwhile, biochar, particularly when used in conjunction with nitrogen fertilizer, notably enhanced the activities of sucrose synthase (SuSase), ADPG pyrophosphorylase (AGPase), starch synthase (StSase), and starch branching enzyme (SBE) of rice grains in soda saline–alkaline lands. Furthermore, rice yield increased by 11.95–42.74% in the B1, B2, B3, and B4 treatments compared to the B0 treatment. These findings showed that biochar improves yield by regulating ionic balance, physiological indicators, starch synthesis key enzyme activities, and the grain-filling rate in soda saline–alkaline paddy fields.
{"title":"Biochar Improves Yield by Reducing Saline–Alkaline Stress, Enhancing Filling Rate of Rice in Soda Saline–Alkaline Paddy Fields","authors":"Weikang Che, Xuebin Li, Junlong Piao, Yue Zhang, Shihao Miao, Hongyue Wang, Liming Xie, Feng Jin","doi":"10.3390/plants13162237","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13162237","url":null,"abstract":"Soda saline–alkaline stress significantly impedes the rice grain filling process and ultimately impacts rice yield. Biochar has been shown to mitigate the negative impacts of saline–alkaline stress on plants. However, the exact mechanism by which biochar influences the rice grain-filling rate in soda saline–alkaline soil is still not fully understood. A two-year field experiment was conducted with two nitrogen fertilizer levels (0 and 225 kg ha−1) and five biochar application rates [0% (B0), 0.5% (B1), 1.5% (B2), 3.0% (B3), and 4.5% (B4) biochar, w/w]. The results demonstrated that biochar had a significant impact on reducing the Na+ concentration and Na+/K+ ratio in rice grown in soda saline–alkaline lands, while also improving its stress physiological conditions. B1, B2, B3, and B4 showed a notable increase in the average grain-filling rate by 5.76%, 6.59%, 9.80%, and 10.79%, respectively, compared to B0; the time to reach the maximum grain-filling rate and the maximum grain weight saw increases ranging from 6.02% to 12.47% and from 7.85% to 14.68%, respectively. Meanwhile, biochar, particularly when used in conjunction with nitrogen fertilizer, notably enhanced the activities of sucrose synthase (SuSase), ADPG pyrophosphorylase (AGPase), starch synthase (StSase), and starch branching enzyme (SBE) of rice grains in soda saline–alkaline lands. Furthermore, rice yield increased by 11.95–42.74% in the B1, B2, B3, and B4 treatments compared to the B0 treatment. These findings showed that biochar improves yield by regulating ionic balance, physiological indicators, starch synthesis key enzyme activities, and the grain-filling rate in soda saline–alkaline paddy fields.","PeriodicalId":20103,"journal":{"name":"Plants","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141936557","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Enclosed ovules are a reproductive feature restricted to angiosperms. Although this feature can be used as a criterion for identifying fossil angiosperms, how ovules are enclosed and the nature of the placenta are still foci of debates. A reason underlying these controversies is the lack of reproductive organ fossils shedding light on these issues. These controversies hinder a clear understanding of angiosperm evolution and systematics. Here, we report a new fossil ovary, Xenofructus dabuensis gen. et sp. nov, from the Middle Jurassic of Liaoning, China. Our fossil clearly demonstrates the existence of ovules in Xenofructus that has a free central placentation. This new feature implies that a placenta in angiosperm gynoecia is homologous to an ovule/seed-bearing axis, and free central placentation is one of the early developed placentations. This discovery is apparently at odds with the current understanding of placentation and its evolution. Apparently, the understanding of angiosperms and their gynoecia should be updated with newly available palaeobotanical data.
{"title":"Unique Jurassic Ovaries Shed a New Light on the Nature of Carpels","authors":"Qiang Fu, Jie Sun, Shaolin Zheng, Xin Wang","doi":"10.3390/plants13162239","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13162239","url":null,"abstract":"Enclosed ovules are a reproductive feature restricted to angiosperms. Although this feature can be used as a criterion for identifying fossil angiosperms, how ovules are enclosed and the nature of the placenta are still foci of debates. A reason underlying these controversies is the lack of reproductive organ fossils shedding light on these issues. These controversies hinder a clear understanding of angiosperm evolution and systematics. Here, we report a new fossil ovary, Xenofructus dabuensis gen. et sp. nov, from the Middle Jurassic of Liaoning, China. Our fossil clearly demonstrates the existence of ovules in Xenofructus that has a free central placentation. This new feature implies that a placenta in angiosperm gynoecia is homologous to an ovule/seed-bearing axis, and free central placentation is one of the early developed placentations. This discovery is apparently at odds with the current understanding of placentation and its evolution. Apparently, the understanding of angiosperms and their gynoecia should be updated with newly available palaeobotanical data.","PeriodicalId":20103,"journal":{"name":"Plants","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141936558","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
John P. Moore, Brock Kuhlman, Jeanett Hansen, Leonardo Gomez, Bodil JØrgensen, Dorothea Bartels
Vegetative desiccation tolerance has evolved within the genera Craterostigma and Lindernia. A centre of endemism and diversification for these plants appears to occur in ancient tropical montane rainforests of east Africa in Kenya and Tanzania. Lindernia subracemosa, a desiccation-sensitive relative of Craterostigma plantagineum, occurs in these rainforests and experiences adequate rainfall and thus does not require desiccation tolerance. However, sharing this inselberg habitat, another species, Lindernia brevidens, does retain vegetative desiccation tolerance and is also related to the resurrection plant C. plantagineum found in South Africa. Leaf material was collected from all three species at different stages of hydration: fully hydrated (ca. 90% relative water content), half-dry (ca. 45% relative water content) and fully desiccated (ca. 5% relative water content). Cell wall monosaccharide datasets were collected from all three species. Comprehensive microarray polymer profiling (CoMPP) was performed using ca. 27 plant cell-wall-specific antibodies and carbohydrate-binding module probes. Some differences in pectin, xyloglucan and extension epitopes were observed between the selected species. Overall, cell wall compositions were similar, suggesting that wall modifications in response to vegetative desiccation involve subtle cell wall remodelling that is not reflected by the compositional analysis and that the plants and their walls are constitutively protected against desiccation.
{"title":"Cell Wall Profiling of the Resurrection Plants Craterostigma plantagineum and Lindernia brevidens and Their Desiccation-Sensitive Relative, Lindernia subracemosa","authors":"John P. Moore, Brock Kuhlman, Jeanett Hansen, Leonardo Gomez, Bodil JØrgensen, Dorothea Bartels","doi":"10.3390/plants13162235","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13162235","url":null,"abstract":"Vegetative desiccation tolerance has evolved within the genera Craterostigma and Lindernia. A centre of endemism and diversification for these plants appears to occur in ancient tropical montane rainforests of east Africa in Kenya and Tanzania. Lindernia subracemosa, a desiccation-sensitive relative of Craterostigma plantagineum, occurs in these rainforests and experiences adequate rainfall and thus does not require desiccation tolerance. However, sharing this inselberg habitat, another species, Lindernia brevidens, does retain vegetative desiccation tolerance and is also related to the resurrection plant C. plantagineum found in South Africa. Leaf material was collected from all three species at different stages of hydration: fully hydrated (ca. 90% relative water content), half-dry (ca. 45% relative water content) and fully desiccated (ca. 5% relative water content). Cell wall monosaccharide datasets were collected from all three species. Comprehensive microarray polymer profiling (CoMPP) was performed using ca. 27 plant cell-wall-specific antibodies and carbohydrate-binding module probes. Some differences in pectin, xyloglucan and extension epitopes were observed between the selected species. Overall, cell wall compositions were similar, suggesting that wall modifications in response to vegetative desiccation involve subtle cell wall remodelling that is not reflected by the compositional analysis and that the plants and their walls are constitutively protected against desiccation.","PeriodicalId":20103,"journal":{"name":"Plants","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141936555","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Traditional pesticides are based on toxic compounds that can reduce biodiversity, degrade the environment, and contribute to less healthy living. Plant allelochemicals can provide more environmentally friendly and sustainable alternatives. Essential oils (EOs) are complex mixtures of plant secondary metabolites that show strong biological activities. In the present study, the EOs of Cymbopogon citratus were screened for activity against the pinewood nematode (PWN), the causal agent of pine wilt disease. To understand their nematicidal properties, EOs were fractioned into hydrocarbon molecules and oxygen-containing compounds, and their main compounds were acquired and tested separately against the PWN. The EO oxygen-containing molecules fraction was highly active against the PWN (EC50 = 0.279 µL/mL), with citral and geraniol showing higher activities (EC50 = 0.266 and 0.341 µL/mL, respectively) than emamectin benzoate (EC50 = 0.364 µL/mL), a traditional nematicide used against the PWN. These compounds were additionally reported to be less toxic to non-target organisms (fish, invertebrates, and algae) and safer to human health (with higher reported toxicity thresholds) and predicted to exert fewer environmental impacts than traditional nematicides. Resorting to approved natural compounds can quickly leverage the development of sustainable alternatives to traditional nematicides.
{"title":"Cymbopogon citratus Allelochemical Volatiles as Potential Biopesticides against the Pinewood Nematode","authors":"Jorge M. S. Faria, Pedro Barbosa","doi":"10.3390/plants13162233","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13162233","url":null,"abstract":"Traditional pesticides are based on toxic compounds that can reduce biodiversity, degrade the environment, and contribute to less healthy living. Plant allelochemicals can provide more environmentally friendly and sustainable alternatives. Essential oils (EOs) are complex mixtures of plant secondary metabolites that show strong biological activities. In the present study, the EOs of Cymbopogon citratus were screened for activity against the pinewood nematode (PWN), the causal agent of pine wilt disease. To understand their nematicidal properties, EOs were fractioned into hydrocarbon molecules and oxygen-containing compounds, and their main compounds were acquired and tested separately against the PWN. The EO oxygen-containing molecules fraction was highly active against the PWN (EC50 = 0.279 µL/mL), with citral and geraniol showing higher activities (EC50 = 0.266 and 0.341 µL/mL, respectively) than emamectin benzoate (EC50 = 0.364 µL/mL), a traditional nematicide used against the PWN. These compounds were additionally reported to be less toxic to non-target organisms (fish, invertebrates, and algae) and safer to human health (with higher reported toxicity thresholds) and predicted to exert fewer environmental impacts than traditional nematicides. Resorting to approved natural compounds can quickly leverage the development of sustainable alternatives to traditional nematicides.","PeriodicalId":20103,"journal":{"name":"Plants","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141936638","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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