Josip Tadić, Gvozden Dumičić, Maja Veršić Bratinčević, Sandra Vitko, Sandra Radić Brkanac
Understanding genotype-specific responses to environmental stressors is vital for developing resilience strategies that ensure sustainable olive cultivation and productivity. In this work, cultivar ‘Oblica’ and several olive genotypes from the island of Mljet (Croatia) were exposed to short-term (21 days) salinity and drought treatments. In contrast to other olive genotypes, genotype M29 as well as cultivar ‘Oblica’ managed to maintain growth and chlorophyll a levels under salinity stress to the same level as the control. Drought, however, significantly reduced the growth parameters in all olive trees. Cultivar ‘Oblica’ accumulated the greatest amount of Na+ ions in the leaves compared to olive genotypes from the island of Mljet, demonstrating superior resistance by translocating Na+ to leaf vacuoles. The observed reduction in K+ content in the roots of olive trees under all treatments suggests a generalized stress response. On the other hand, effective Ca2+ uptake has been identified as a crucial energy-saving strategy that olive trees use to cope with brief periods of salinity and drought. The proline content and activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and guaiacol peroxidase (GPOX) varied among the olive trees, highlighting the importance of antioxidative capacities and stress adaptation mechanisms. According to the obtained results, stress-resistant olive genotypes like ‘Oblica’ and M29 show potential for breeding resilient varieties.
{"title":"Challenges of Salinity Intrusion and Drought Stress on Olive Tree Cultivation on Mljet Island","authors":"Josip Tadić, Gvozden Dumičić, Maja Veršić Bratinčević, Sandra Vitko, Sandra Radić Brkanac","doi":"10.3390/plants13182549","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13182549","url":null,"abstract":"Understanding genotype-specific responses to environmental stressors is vital for developing resilience strategies that ensure sustainable olive cultivation and productivity. In this work, cultivar ‘Oblica’ and several olive genotypes from the island of Mljet (Croatia) were exposed to short-term (21 days) salinity and drought treatments. In contrast to other olive genotypes, genotype M29 as well as cultivar ‘Oblica’ managed to maintain growth and chlorophyll a levels under salinity stress to the same level as the control. Drought, however, significantly reduced the growth parameters in all olive trees. Cultivar ‘Oblica’ accumulated the greatest amount of Na+ ions in the leaves compared to olive genotypes from the island of Mljet, demonstrating superior resistance by translocating Na+ to leaf vacuoles. The observed reduction in K+ content in the roots of olive trees under all treatments suggests a generalized stress response. On the other hand, effective Ca2+ uptake has been identified as a crucial energy-saving strategy that olive trees use to cope with brief periods of salinity and drought. The proline content and activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and guaiacol peroxidase (GPOX) varied among the olive trees, highlighting the importance of antioxidative capacities and stress adaptation mechanisms. According to the obtained results, stress-resistant olive genotypes like ‘Oblica’ and M29 show potential for breeding resilient varieties.","PeriodicalId":20103,"journal":{"name":"Plants","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142221142","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Strawberries are susceptible to various diseases during their growth, and leaves may show signs of diseases as a response. Given that these diseases generate yield loss and compromise the quality of strawberries, timely detection is imperative. To automatically identify diseases in strawberry leaves, a KTD-YOLOv8 model is introduced to enhance both accuracy and speed. The KernelWarehouse convolution is employed to replace the traditional component in the backbone of the YOLOv8 to reduce the computational complexity. In addition, the Triplet Attention mechanism is added to fully extract and fuse multi-scale features. Furthermore, a parameter-sharing diverse branch block (DBB) sharing head is constructed to improve the model’s target processing ability at different spatial scales and increase its accuracy without adding too much calculation. The experimental results show that, compared with the original YOLOv8, the proposed KTD-YOLOv8 increases the average accuracy by 2.8% and reduces the floating-point calculation by 38.5%. It provides a new option to guide the intelligent plant monitoring system and precision pesticide spraying system during the growth of strawberry plants.
{"title":"Automatic Disease Detection from Strawberry Leaf Based on Improved YOLOv8","authors":"Yuelong He, Yunfeng Peng, Chuyong Wei, Yuda Zheng, Changcai Yang, Tengyue Zou","doi":"10.3390/plants13182556","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13182556","url":null,"abstract":"Strawberries are susceptible to various diseases during their growth, and leaves may show signs of diseases as a response. Given that these diseases generate yield loss and compromise the quality of strawberries, timely detection is imperative. To automatically identify diseases in strawberry leaves, a KTD-YOLOv8 model is introduced to enhance both accuracy and speed. The KernelWarehouse convolution is employed to replace the traditional component in the backbone of the YOLOv8 to reduce the computational complexity. In addition, the Triplet Attention mechanism is added to fully extract and fuse multi-scale features. Furthermore, a parameter-sharing diverse branch block (DBB) sharing head is constructed to improve the model’s target processing ability at different spatial scales and increase its accuracy without adding too much calculation. The experimental results show that, compared with the original YOLOv8, the proposed KTD-YOLOv8 increases the average accuracy by 2.8% and reduces the floating-point calculation by 38.5%. It provides a new option to guide the intelligent plant monitoring system and precision pesticide spraying system during the growth of strawberry plants.","PeriodicalId":20103,"journal":{"name":"Plants","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142221150","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Haidi Wang, Bangqing Zhao, Yuhong Gao, Bin Yan, Bing Wu, Zhengjun Cui, Yifan Wang, Ming Wen, Xingkang Ma
The injudicious use of water and fertilizer to maximize crop yield not only leads to environmental pollution, but also causes enormous economic losses. For this reason, we investigated the effect of nitrogen (N) (N0 (0), N60 (60 kg ha−1), and N120 (120 kg ha−1)) at different irrigation levels (I0 (0), I1200 (budding 600 m3 ha−1 + kernel 600 m3 ha−1), and I1800 (budding 900 m3 ha−1 + kernel 900 m3 ha−1)) on oilseed flax in the Loess Plateau of China in 2019 and 2020. The objective was to establish appropriate irrigation and fertilizer management strategies that enhance the grain yield (GY) of oilseed flax and maximize water and N productivity. The results demonstrated that irrigation and N application and their coupling effects promoted dry matter accumulation (DMA) and non-structural carbohydrate (NSC) synthesis, and increased the GY of oilseed flax. The contents of NSC in various organs of flax were closely related to grain yield and yield components. Higher NSC in stems was conducive to increased sink capacity (effective capsule number per plant (EC) and thousand kernel weight (TKW)), and the coupling of irrigation and N affected GY by promoting NSC synthesis. Higher GY was obtained by the interaction of irrigation and N fertilizer, with the increase rate ranging from 15.84% to 35.40%. Additionally, in the increased yield of oilseed flax, 39.70–78.06%, 14.49–54.11%, and −10.6–24.93% were contributed by the application of irrigation and nitrogen and the interaction of irrigation and nitrogen (I × N), respectively. Irrigation was the main factor for increasing the GY of oilseed flax. In addition, different climatic conditions changed the contribution of irrigation and N and their interaction to yield increase in oilseed flax. Drought and low temperature induced soluble sugar (SS) and starch (ST) synthesis to resist an unfavorable environment, respectively. The structural equation model showed that the key factors to increasing the GY of oilseed flax by irrigation and nitrogen fertilization were the differential increases in DMA, EC, and TKW. The increases in EC and TKW were attributed to the promotion of DMA and NSC synthesis in oilseed flax organs by irrigation, nitrogen fertilization, and their coupling effects. The I1200N60 treatment obtained higher water use efficiency (WUE) and N partial factor productivity (NPFP) due to lower actual evapotranspiration (ETa) and lower N application rate. Therefore, the strategy of 1200 m3 ha−1 irrigation and 60 kg ha−1 N application is recommended for oilseed flax in semi-arid and similar areas to achieve high grain yield and efficient use of resources.
{"title":"A Plant Strategy: Irrigation, Nitrogen Fertilization, and Climatic Conditions Regulated the Carbon Allocation and Yield of Oilseed Flax in Semi-Arid Area","authors":"Haidi Wang, Bangqing Zhao, Yuhong Gao, Bin Yan, Bing Wu, Zhengjun Cui, Yifan Wang, Ming Wen, Xingkang Ma","doi":"10.3390/plants13182553","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13182553","url":null,"abstract":"The injudicious use of water and fertilizer to maximize crop yield not only leads to environmental pollution, but also causes enormous economic losses. For this reason, we investigated the effect of nitrogen (N) (N0 (0), N60 (60 kg ha−1), and N120 (120 kg ha−1)) at different irrigation levels (I0 (0), I1200 (budding 600 m3 ha−1 + kernel 600 m3 ha−1), and I1800 (budding 900 m3 ha−1 + kernel 900 m3 ha−1)) on oilseed flax in the Loess Plateau of China in 2019 and 2020. The objective was to establish appropriate irrigation and fertilizer management strategies that enhance the grain yield (GY) of oilseed flax and maximize water and N productivity. The results demonstrated that irrigation and N application and their coupling effects promoted dry matter accumulation (DMA) and non-structural carbohydrate (NSC) synthesis, and increased the GY of oilseed flax. The contents of NSC in various organs of flax were closely related to grain yield and yield components. Higher NSC in stems was conducive to increased sink capacity (effective capsule number per plant (EC) and thousand kernel weight (TKW)), and the coupling of irrigation and N affected GY by promoting NSC synthesis. Higher GY was obtained by the interaction of irrigation and N fertilizer, with the increase rate ranging from 15.84% to 35.40%. Additionally, in the increased yield of oilseed flax, 39.70–78.06%, 14.49–54.11%, and −10.6–24.93% were contributed by the application of irrigation and nitrogen and the interaction of irrigation and nitrogen (I × N), respectively. Irrigation was the main factor for increasing the GY of oilseed flax. In addition, different climatic conditions changed the contribution of irrigation and N and their interaction to yield increase in oilseed flax. Drought and low temperature induced soluble sugar (SS) and starch (ST) synthesis to resist an unfavorable environment, respectively. The structural equation model showed that the key factors to increasing the GY of oilseed flax by irrigation and nitrogen fertilization were the differential increases in DMA, EC, and TKW. The increases in EC and TKW were attributed to the promotion of DMA and NSC synthesis in oilseed flax organs by irrigation, nitrogen fertilization, and their coupling effects. The I1200N60 treatment obtained higher water use efficiency (WUE) and N partial factor productivity (NPFP) due to lower actual evapotranspiration (ETa) and lower N application rate. Therefore, the strategy of 1200 m3 ha−1 irrigation and 60 kg ha−1 N application is recommended for oilseed flax in semi-arid and similar areas to achieve high grain yield and efficient use of resources.","PeriodicalId":20103,"journal":{"name":"Plants","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142221149","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Bacterial wilt caused by Ralstonia solanacearum is one of the most important diseases in solanaceous plants, including peppers. It generally tends to be more serious under warm−temperature and moist (WM) conditions than at moist room−temperature (RM) conditions. Although immunity mechanisms at room temperature have been intensively studied, the mechanisms underlying WM conditions remain poorly understood. Herein, the pepper cysteine protease CaZingipain2 was expressed and functionally characterized in pepper immunity against R. solanacearum at WM conditions and at room temperature. The results showed that CaZingipain2 localized to the nucleus and was upregulated at the transcript level in pepper plants upon R. solanacearum infection under WM conditions (RSWM). Virus−induced gene silencing of CaZingipain2 significantly increased the susceptibility of pepper plants to RSWM, and was coupled with the downregulation of CaPRP1 and CaMgst3, which are specifically related to pepper immunity against RSWM, according to our previous studies, while its overexpression significantly reduced the susceptibility of N. benethamiana plants to RSWM compared to that of wild−type plants. In addition, our data showed that CaZingipain2 also acts positively in pepper immunity against R. solanacearum infection at room temperature by upregulating the SA− and JA−responsive PR genes, including CaNPR1 and CaDEF1. All these results indicate that CaZingipain2 improves pepper immunity against R. solanacearum under WM conditions and at room temperature by regulating different PR genes.
由 Ralstonia solanacearum 引起的细菌性枯萎病是包括辣椒在内的茄科植物最重要的病害之一。一般来说，在温暖湿润（WM）条件下，这种病害往往比湿润室温（RM）条件下更为严重。尽管室温条件下的免疫机制已得到深入研究，但人们对 WM 条件下的免疫机制仍然知之甚少。在此，研究人员表达了辣椒半胱氨酸蛋白酶 CaZingipain2，并对其在 WM 条件下和室温条件下辣椒对茄碱菌（R. solanacearum）免疫的功能进行了表征。结果表明，在WM条件下（RSWM），当辣椒植株感染R. solanacearum时，CaZingipain2定位于细胞核，并在转录水平上调。根据我们之前的研究，病毒诱导的 CaZingipain2 基因沉默会显著增加辣椒植株对 RSWM 的易感性，并伴随着 CaPRP1 和 CaMgst3 的下调，而与野生型植株相比，CaZingipain2 的过表达会显著降低 N. benethamiana 植株对 RSWM 的易感性。此外，我们的数据还表明，CaZingipain2 还通过上调 SA 和 JA 响应 PR 基因（包括 CaNPR1 和 CaDEF1），在辣椒室温下抵抗 R. solanacearum 感染的免疫过程中发挥了积极作用。所有这些结果表明，CaZingipain2 通过调控不同的 PR 基因，提高了辣椒在 WM 条件下和室温下对 R. solanacearum 的免疫力。
{"title":"CaZingipain2 Acts Positively in Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) Immunity against R. solanacearum","authors":"Ruijie Wu, Zhen Wu, Yalin Qing, Chenfeng Duan, Yiling Guo, Xujing Zhang, Ronghua Huang, Shuilin He, Ailian Qiu","doi":"10.3390/plants13182552","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13182552","url":null,"abstract":"Bacterial wilt caused by Ralstonia solanacearum is one of the most important diseases in solanaceous plants, including peppers. It generally tends to be more serious under warm−temperature and moist (WM) conditions than at moist room−temperature (RM) conditions. Although immunity mechanisms at room temperature have been intensively studied, the mechanisms underlying WM conditions remain poorly understood. Herein, the pepper cysteine protease CaZingipain2 was expressed and functionally characterized in pepper immunity against R. solanacearum at WM conditions and at room temperature. The results showed that CaZingipain2 localized to the nucleus and was upregulated at the transcript level in pepper plants upon R. solanacearum infection under WM conditions (RSWM). Virus−induced gene silencing of CaZingipain2 significantly increased the susceptibility of pepper plants to RSWM, and was coupled with the downregulation of CaPRP1 and CaMgst3, which are specifically related to pepper immunity against RSWM, according to our previous studies, while its overexpression significantly reduced the susceptibility of N. benethamiana plants to RSWM compared to that of wild−type plants. In addition, our data showed that CaZingipain2 also acts positively in pepper immunity against R. solanacearum infection at room temperature by upregulating the SA− and JA−responsive PR genes, including CaNPR1 and CaDEF1. All these results indicate that CaZingipain2 improves pepper immunity against R. solanacearum under WM conditions and at room temperature by regulating different PR genes.","PeriodicalId":20103,"journal":{"name":"Plants","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142221156","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
To scientifically evaluate the sustainability of tree planting and afforestation in the Alxa Desert region, this study, grounded in the principles of water balance within the natural water cycle, employed multi-source remote sensing products and ground-based measurements to construct a quantitative response relationship model. This model links evapotranspiration (ET) with meteorological variables and the Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI). Furthermore, the study estimated the recovery thresholds and potential of forest and grassland vegetation coverage in the Alxa Desert region under various precipitation scenarios. The findings reveal that ET exhibited an increasing trend in 84.17% of the Alxa Desert region, with a significant increase observed in 61.53% of the area, indicating positive outcomes from the implementation of the Three-North Shelterbelt Forest Program. Notably, however, ET in the southeastern plain region demonstrated a decreasing trend, which is strongly associated with human activities. The response relationship model demonstrated that linear relationship areas constituted 47.52%, while nonlinear relationship areas accounted for 45.51% of the total. The overall model exhibited an R2 value of 0.69, indicating a high level of predictive accuracy. Analysis of forest and grassland coverage revealed that, under wet year scenarios, the vegetation coverage showed a significant trend of recovery, with an average recovery threshold of (75.4 ± 12.5)% and an average recovery potential of (8.5 ± 3.6)%. It is noteworthy that the vegetation coverage in 31.25% of the area had already surpassed the recovery threshold. The outcomes of this study provide a theoretical foundation for the formulation of more scientifically rigorous ecological restoration strategies in the future.
{"title":"Assessment of the Restoration Potential of Forest Vegetation Coverage in the Alxa Desert Region of China","authors":"Yanlin Pan, Dongmeng Zhou, Jianhua Si, Bing Jia","doi":"10.3390/plants13172536","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13172536","url":null,"abstract":"To scientifically evaluate the sustainability of tree planting and afforestation in the Alxa Desert region, this study, grounded in the principles of water balance within the natural water cycle, employed multi-source remote sensing products and ground-based measurements to construct a quantitative response relationship model. This model links evapotranspiration (ET) with meteorological variables and the Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI). Furthermore, the study estimated the recovery thresholds and potential of forest and grassland vegetation coverage in the Alxa Desert region under various precipitation scenarios. The findings reveal that ET exhibited an increasing trend in 84.17% of the Alxa Desert region, with a significant increase observed in 61.53% of the area, indicating positive outcomes from the implementation of the Three-North Shelterbelt Forest Program. Notably, however, ET in the southeastern plain region demonstrated a decreasing trend, which is strongly associated with human activities. The response relationship model demonstrated that linear relationship areas constituted 47.52%, while nonlinear relationship areas accounted for 45.51% of the total. The overall model exhibited an R2 value of 0.69, indicating a high level of predictive accuracy. Analysis of forest and grassland coverage revealed that, under wet year scenarios, the vegetation coverage showed a significant trend of recovery, with an average recovery threshold of (75.4 ± 12.5)% and an average recovery potential of (8.5 ± 3.6)%. It is noteworthy that the vegetation coverage in 31.25% of the area had already surpassed the recovery threshold. The outcomes of this study provide a theoretical foundation for the formulation of more scientifically rigorous ecological restoration strategies in the future.","PeriodicalId":20103,"journal":{"name":"Plants","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142221160","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Euphorbia dentata Michx. is an invasive plant species in China, known for its toxicity and potential to reduce crop yields, posing numerous threats. To gain a deeper understanding of this invasive plant, phytochemical methods were employed to isolate 13 terpenoids (1–11, 19, 20) and 7 sterols (12–18) from the ethanol extract of E. dentata, identifying one new compound and 19 known compounds. Within spectroscopic methods such as NMR, HR-ESI-MS, and ECD, the structures and absolute configurations of these compounds were established. Among them, dentatacid A (11) possesses an unprecedented 2, 3-seco-arbor-2, 3-dioic skeleton within the potential biosynthetic pathway proposed. Dentatacid A also exhibited excellent anti-proliferative activity against the HT-29 (human colorectal adenocarcinoma) cell line, with an IC50 value of 2.64 ± 0.78 μM, which was further confirmed through network pharmacology and molecular docking. This study significantly expands the chemical diversity of E. dentata and offers new insights into the resource utilization and management of this invasive plant from the perspective of natural product discovery.
{"title":"Dentatacid A: An Unprecedented 2, 3-Seco-arbor-2, 3-dioic Triterpenoid from the Invasive Plant Euphorbia dentata, with Cytotoxicity Effect on Colon Cancer","authors":"Chen-Sen Xu, Yuan-Ling Shao, Qing Li, Yu Zhang, Hong-Wei Wu, Hao-Lin Yu, Yun-Yun Su, Jing Zhang, Chao Wang, Zhi-Xin Liao","doi":"10.3390/plants13172533","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13172533","url":null,"abstract":"Euphorbia dentata Michx. is an invasive plant species in China, known for its toxicity and potential to reduce crop yields, posing numerous threats. To gain a deeper understanding of this invasive plant, phytochemical methods were employed to isolate 13 terpenoids (1–11, 19, 20) and 7 sterols (12–18) from the ethanol extract of E. dentata, identifying one new compound and 19 known compounds. Within spectroscopic methods such as NMR, HR-ESI-MS, and ECD, the structures and absolute configurations of these compounds were established. Among them, dentatacid A (11) possesses an unprecedented 2, 3-seco-arbor-2, 3-dioic skeleton within the potential biosynthetic pathway proposed. Dentatacid A also exhibited excellent anti-proliferative activity against the HT-29 (human colorectal adenocarcinoma) cell line, with an IC50 value of 2.64 ± 0.78 μM, which was further confirmed through network pharmacology and molecular docking. This study significantly expands the chemical diversity of E. dentata and offers new insights into the resource utilization and management of this invasive plant from the perspective of natural product discovery.","PeriodicalId":20103,"journal":{"name":"Plants","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142221159","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yu Zhang, Shengjie Wang, Chaochao Zhang, Meng Qi, Luoqi Liu, Lipeng Yang, Na Lian
Microtubules undergo dynamic remodeling in response to diverse abiotic stress in plants. The plant-specific IQ67 DOMAIN (IQD) family proteins serve as microtubule-associated proteins, playing multifaceted roles in plant development and response to abiotic stress. However, the biological function of IQD genes in apple remains unclear. In this study, we conducted a comprehensive analysis of the Malus domestica genome, identifying 42 IQD genes distributed across 17 chromosomes and categorized them into four subgroups. Promoter analysis revealed the presence of stress-responsive elements. Subsequent expression analysis highlighted the significant upregulation of MdIQD17 and MdIQD28 in response to cold treatments, prompting their selection for further functional investigation. Subcellular localization studies confirmed the association of MdIQD17 and MdIQD28 with microtubules. Crucially, confocal microscopy and quantification revealed diminished microtubule depolymerization in cells transiently overexpressing MdIQD17 and MdIQD28 compared to wild-type cells during cold conditions. In conclusion, this study provides a comprehensive analysis of IQD genes in apple, elucidating their molecular mechanism in response to cold stress.
{"title":"Genome-Wide Characterization of IQD Family Proteins in Apple and Functional Analysis of the Microtubule-Regulating Abilities of MdIQD17 and MdIQD28 under Cold Stress","authors":"Yu Zhang, Shengjie Wang, Chaochao Zhang, Meng Qi, Luoqi Liu, Lipeng Yang, Na Lian","doi":"10.3390/plants13172532","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13172532","url":null,"abstract":"Microtubules undergo dynamic remodeling in response to diverse abiotic stress in plants. The plant-specific IQ67 DOMAIN (IQD) family proteins serve as microtubule-associated proteins, playing multifaceted roles in plant development and response to abiotic stress. However, the biological function of IQD genes in apple remains unclear. In this study, we conducted a comprehensive analysis of the Malus domestica genome, identifying 42 IQD genes distributed across 17 chromosomes and categorized them into four subgroups. Promoter analysis revealed the presence of stress-responsive elements. Subsequent expression analysis highlighted the significant upregulation of MdIQD17 and MdIQD28 in response to cold treatments, prompting their selection for further functional investigation. Subcellular localization studies confirmed the association of MdIQD17 and MdIQD28 with microtubules. Crucially, confocal microscopy and quantification revealed diminished microtubule depolymerization in cells transiently overexpressing MdIQD17 and MdIQD28 compared to wild-type cells during cold conditions. In conclusion, this study provides a comprehensive analysis of IQD genes in apple, elucidating their molecular mechanism in response to cold stress.","PeriodicalId":20103,"journal":{"name":"Plants","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142221157","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Enhancing the marker repository and the development of breeder-friendly markers in chickpeas is important in relation to chickpea genomics-assisted breeding applications. Insertion–deletion (InDel) markers are widely distributed across genomes and easily observed with specifically designed primers, leading to less time, cost, and labor requirements. In light of this, the present study focused on the identification and development of InDel markers through the use of double-digest restriction site-associated DNA sequencing (ddRADSeq) data from 20 chickpea accessions. Bioinformatic analysis identified 20,700 InDel sites, including 15,031 (72.61%) deletions and 5669 (27.39%) insertions, among the chickpea accessions. The InDel markers ranged from 1 to 25 bp in length, while single-nucleotide-length InDel markers were found to represent the majority of the InDel sites and account for 79% of the total InDel markers. However, we focused on InDel markers wherein the length was greater than a single nucleotide to avoid any read or alignment errors. Among all of the InDel markers, 96.1% were less than 10 bp, 3.6% were between 10 and 20 bp, and 0.3% were more than 20 bp in length. We examined the InDel markers that were 10 bp and longer for the development of InDel markers based on a consideration of the genomic distribution and low-cost genotyping with agarose gels. A total of 29 InDel regions were selected, and primers were successfully designed to evaluate their efficiency. Annotation analysis of the InDel markers revealed them to be found with the highest frequency in the intergenic regions (82.76%), followed by the introns (6.90%), coding sequences (6.90%), and exons (3.45%). Genetic diversity analysis demonstrated that the polymorphic information content of the markers varied from 0.09 to 0.37, with an average of 0.20. Taken together, these results showed the efficiency of InDel marker development for chickpea genetic and genomic studies using the ddRADSeq method. The identified markers might prove valuable for chickpea breeders.
{"title":"Identification of Insertion and Deletion (InDel) Markers for Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Based on Double-Digest Restriction Site-Associated DNA Sequencing","authors":"Duygu Sari","doi":"10.3390/plants13172530","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13172530","url":null,"abstract":"Enhancing the marker repository and the development of breeder-friendly markers in chickpeas is important in relation to chickpea genomics-assisted breeding applications. Insertion–deletion (InDel) markers are widely distributed across genomes and easily observed with specifically designed primers, leading to less time, cost, and labor requirements. In light of this, the present study focused on the identification and development of InDel markers through the use of double-digest restriction site-associated DNA sequencing (ddRADSeq) data from 20 chickpea accessions. Bioinformatic analysis identified 20,700 InDel sites, including 15,031 (72.61%) deletions and 5669 (27.39%) insertions, among the chickpea accessions. The InDel markers ranged from 1 to 25 bp in length, while single-nucleotide-length InDel markers were found to represent the majority of the InDel sites and account for 79% of the total InDel markers. However, we focused on InDel markers wherein the length was greater than a single nucleotide to avoid any read or alignment errors. Among all of the InDel markers, 96.1% were less than 10 bp, 3.6% were between 10 and 20 bp, and 0.3% were more than 20 bp in length. We examined the InDel markers that were 10 bp and longer for the development of InDel markers based on a consideration of the genomic distribution and low-cost genotyping with agarose gels. A total of 29 InDel regions were selected, and primers were successfully designed to evaluate their efficiency. Annotation analysis of the InDel markers revealed them to be found with the highest frequency in the intergenic regions (82.76%), followed by the introns (6.90%), coding sequences (6.90%), and exons (3.45%). Genetic diversity analysis demonstrated that the polymorphic information content of the markers varied from 0.09 to 0.37, with an average of 0.20. Taken together, these results showed the efficiency of InDel marker development for chickpea genetic and genomic studies using the ddRADSeq method. The identified markers might prove valuable for chickpea breeders.","PeriodicalId":20103,"journal":{"name":"Plants","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142221154","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ume Laila, Mishkat ul Huda, Isha Shakoor, Aisha Nazir, Muhammad Shafiq, Firdaus e Bareen, Kamran Shaukat, Talha Mahboob Alam
The present study aimed at converting meat industry waste, particularly waste bones and chicken feathers, into biochar to recycle valuable nutrients present in it, which ultimately become part of the municipal waste. The bone biochar (BB) and feathers biochar (FB) were prepared at 550 °C, and their potential was evaluated as an organic amendment for the growth of sunflower. The ash content (AC) and fixed carbon (FC) improved significantly in prepared biochars as compared to raw feedstock. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) analyses signaled the occurrence of various functional groups viz. amide group and hydroxyapatite, porosity, and multiple nutrients. Application of BB and FB in potted soil alone as well as in composites (1:1, 1:2, 2:1) at 1%, 3%, and 5% (w/w) and synthetic fertilizer significantly increased soil pH, electrical conductivity (ECe), organic matter (OM) and water holding capacity (WHC), while reducing the bulk density (BD). The growth of plants grown in soil treated with a 2:1 composite of feathers and bone biochar at 5% application rate showed significantly greater differences in plant height, total chlorophyll content, and plant dry weight than the control but was comparable to growth with chemical fertilizer, rendering it a potential alternative to chemical-based synthetic fertilizer.
本研究旨在将肉类工业废弃物，尤其是废弃骨头和鸡毛转化为生物炭，以回收其中的宝贵养分，这些养分最终成为城市垃圾的一部分。在 550 °C 下制备了骨头生物炭（BB）和羽毛生物炭（FB），并评估了它们作为向日葵生长有机添加剂的潜力。与原料相比，制备的生物炭的灰分含量（AC）和固定碳（FC）都有显著提高。傅立叶变换红外光谱（FTIR）、扫描电子显微镜（SEM）和能量色散 X 射线光谱（EDX）分析表明，生物炭中存在各种官能团，如酰胺基团和羟基磷灰石、多孔性和多种营养物质。在盆栽土壤中单独施用 BB 和 FB，以及在 1%、3% 和 5%（重量比）的复合土壤（1:1、1:2、2:1）中施用 BB 和 FB，并施用合成肥料，可显著提高土壤 pH 值、导电率（ECe）、有机质（OM）和持水量（WHC），同时降低容重（BD）。在用羽毛和骨生物炭 2:1 复合物（施用量为 5%）处理过的土壤中生长的植物，在株高、叶绿素总含量和植物干重方面的差异明显大于对照组，但与用化肥处理过的植物生长情况相当，这使其成为化学合成肥料的潜在替代品。
{"title":"A Novel Method for the Enhancement of Sunflower Growth from Animal Bones and Chicken Feathers","authors":"Ume Laila, Mishkat ul Huda, Isha Shakoor, Aisha Nazir, Muhammad Shafiq, Firdaus e Bareen, Kamran Shaukat, Talha Mahboob Alam","doi":"10.3390/plants13172534","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13172534","url":null,"abstract":"The present study aimed at converting meat industry waste, particularly waste bones and chicken feathers, into biochar to recycle valuable nutrients present in it, which ultimately become part of the municipal waste. The bone biochar (BB) and feathers biochar (FB) were prepared at 550 °C, and their potential was evaluated as an organic amendment for the growth of sunflower. The ash content (AC) and fixed carbon (FC) improved significantly in prepared biochars as compared to raw feedstock. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) analyses signaled the occurrence of various functional groups viz. amide group and hydroxyapatite, porosity, and multiple nutrients. Application of BB and FB in potted soil alone as well as in composites (1:1, 1:2, 2:1) at 1%, 3%, and 5% (w/w) and synthetic fertilizer significantly increased soil pH, electrical conductivity (ECe), organic matter (OM) and water holding capacity (WHC), while reducing the bulk density (BD). The growth of plants grown in soil treated with a 2:1 composite of feathers and bone biochar at 5% application rate showed significantly greater differences in plant height, total chlorophyll content, and plant dry weight than the control but was comparable to growth with chemical fertilizer, rendering it a potential alternative to chemical-based synthetic fertilizer.","PeriodicalId":20103,"journal":{"name":"Plants","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142221158","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Eugeniusz Pronin, Krzysztof Banaś, Rafał Chmara, Rafał Ronowski, Marek Merdalski, Anne-Lise Santoni, Olivier Mathieu
Most of the aquatic vegetation produces organic substances via the C3 photosynthetic pathway (mosses, isoetids—Lobelia dortmanna L., Luronium natans (L.) Raf., and vascular plants) or Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM, e.g., Littorella uniflora (L.) Asch. and Isoëtes lacustris L.) or by their ability to use HCO3− via carbon concentration mechanisms (CCMs—some elodeids and charophytes). Differentiating these predominant photosynthetic pathways in aquatic vegetation based on their organic matter (OM) carbon stable isotopes (δ13CORG) is a complex task, in contrast to terrestrial plants. This study investigates the OM deposition, characterized by δ13CORG values in 10 macrophyte species with different photosynthetic pathways (C3, CAM, and CCM) collected from 14 softwater Lobelia lakes in northern Poland. The higher δ13CORG values distinguish the CCM group, indicating their use of 13C-enriched HCO3¯ in photosynthesis. CAM species show slightly higher δ13CORG values than C3, particularly in lower pH lakes. Principal component analysis of isotopic and environmental data did not yield clear distinctions by the groups, but still, they significantly differ in light of analyzed parameters and isotopic signals (PRMANOVA = 5.08, p < 0.01; K-W H = 27.01, p < 0.001). The first two PCA dimensions showed that the water pH and Ca2+ concentration positively influenced δ13C values. The influence of light conditions on δ13CORG values revealed by third PCA components seems to also be important. In summary, northern Polish Lobelia lakes serve as a key differentiation point between vegetation employing CCMs and those relying on C3/CAM photosynthesis without HCO3− utilization, providing insights into transitions in plant communities within these ecosystems.
{"title":"Lobelia Lakes’ Vegetation and Its Photosynthesis Pathways Concerning Water Parameters and the Stable Carbon Isotopic Composition of Plants’ Organic Matter","authors":"Eugeniusz Pronin, Krzysztof Banaś, Rafał Chmara, Rafał Ronowski, Marek Merdalski, Anne-Lise Santoni, Olivier Mathieu","doi":"10.3390/plants13172529","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13172529","url":null,"abstract":"Most of the aquatic vegetation produces organic substances via the C3 photosynthetic pathway (mosses, isoetids—Lobelia dortmanna L., Luronium natans (L.) Raf., and vascular plants) or Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM, e.g., Littorella uniflora (L.) Asch. and Isoëtes lacustris L.) or by their ability to use HCO3− via carbon concentration mechanisms (CCMs—some elodeids and charophytes). Differentiating these predominant photosynthetic pathways in aquatic vegetation based on their organic matter (OM) carbon stable isotopes (δ13CORG) is a complex task, in contrast to terrestrial plants. This study investigates the OM deposition, characterized by δ13CORG values in 10 macrophyte species with different photosynthetic pathways (C3, CAM, and CCM) collected from 14 softwater Lobelia lakes in northern Poland. The higher δ13CORG values distinguish the CCM group, indicating their use of 13C-enriched HCO3¯ in photosynthesis. CAM species show slightly higher δ13CORG values than C3, particularly in lower pH lakes. Principal component analysis of isotopic and environmental data did not yield clear distinctions by the groups, but still, they significantly differ in light of analyzed parameters and isotopic signals (PRMANOVA = 5.08, p < 0.01; K-W H = 27.01, p < 0.001). The first two PCA dimensions showed that the water pH and Ca2+ concentration positively influenced δ13C values. The influence of light conditions on δ13CORG values revealed by third PCA components seems to also be important. In summary, northern Polish Lobelia lakes serve as a key differentiation point between vegetation employing CCMs and those relying on C3/CAM photosynthesis without HCO3− utilization, providing insights into transitions in plant communities within these ecosystems.","PeriodicalId":20103,"journal":{"name":"Plants","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142221153","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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