Modern Economics最新文献

{"title":"The Current State of Bank Lending in Ukraine","authors":"Kateryna Mikuliak","doi":"10.31521/modecon.v38(2023)-13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31521/modecon.v38(2023)-13","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Introduction. With the development of digital technologies, obtaining and issuing a loan is becoming easier and more affordable. The borrower can independently go to the website of any bank, view available credit programs, use an online calculator, fill out a questionnaire and receive money on a payment card. During crises, bank lending is an important element in stabilizing the economy. For businesses, there is an opportunity to get acquainted with various types of credit programs from different banks the Diya.business portal contains information about a specific credit program and it is possible to filter the search. A lot of attention is paid to lending to farm businesses, in particular lending to agricultural machinery, equipment, real estate, and working capital. Purpose. Study of the current state of bank lending in Ukraine and the channels of its implementation in today's conditions. Results. Analyzed the current state of bank lending. It is noted that bank lending is one of the important elements of the entire economy of the state, and SMEs are an economic force that provides work for the vast majority of workers. An analysis of the impact of crisis phenomena on modern bank lending was carried out. Considered the dynamics of the volume of bank lending and the structure of loans to individuals according to their intended purpose. Noted the importance of business support, in particular, considered the types of credit programs on the Diya.Business portal. Noted the importance of lending to the agricultural sector and formed the level of profitability (unprofitability) of all activities of agricultural, forestry, and fishing enterprises. Conclusions. Bank lending is an extremely important component of the economy and financial system. Banks provide various types of loans, from personal to commercial, and provide financial support for developing enterprises, firms, and individual clients. Modern banks offer a wide range of products and services, including innovative digital solutions that facilitate access to financial services for customers. However, with the growth of technology and the Internet, new challenges and threats are emerging, such as cybercrime and cyberattacks.","PeriodicalId":201493,"journal":{"name":"Modern Economics","volume":"118 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116365639","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Staff Motivation as One of the Management Methods in Hotels","authors":"Olena Havrylova","doi":"10.31521/modecon.v38(2023)-03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31521/modecon.v38(2023)-03","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Introduction. The article considers motivation as one of the methods of personnel management in hotel establishments of Ukraine in the conditions of martial law, traces the positive aspects of the motivation method and the effectiveness of its application in practice at hotel enterprises. The article defines the concept of \"staff motivation\" and reveals that in order to enhance employee motivation, it is more efficient to combine tangible, intangible and professional incentives. The world experience of applying of employee motivation is analyzed, material, non-material and professional incentives in Japan, America, Great Britain, Sweden, Germany, France are studied. The article highlights the specifics of the use of material, nonmaterial and professional incentives for workers in wartime, examples are given. It was established that the use of material, professional and non-material incentives, including participation in socially significant projects, leads to an increase in the efficiency of the work of employees and contributes to their identification with the workplace. Such social responsibility creates a new perspective on the hospitality industry and reflects the spirit of the Ukrainian people. Purpose. Clarification of the definition of the concept of \"staff motivation\", the study of motivation as a method of personnel management of a hotel enterprise in the conditions of martial law in Ukraine. Result. European methods of motivation involve a combination of material, non-material and professional incentives. Compared to other countries, the motivation of hotel employees in Ukraine changes along with their needs. In comparison with other European countries, the motivation system in Ukraine is changing in accordance with the modern needs of society, and now the dominant incentive is a decent salary, followed by non-material and professional incentives. Based on this, we can conclude that Ukrainians are ready to work with any salary, just to satisfy their basic needs. Thus, the problem of staff motivation in the hospitality industry is relevant today and should be solved as soon as possible for economic and social benefits. One of the most influential means of non-material stimulation during the martial law in Ukraine is the involvement of employees in socially significant projects. Ukrainian hotel & resort association has created its map of hotels that are ready to work in blackout conditions. When forming this map, the requirements for the technical arrangement of hotels were taken into account. Conclusions. Therefore, staff motivation is a set of material, non-material and professional incentives that can ensure high-quality and efficient work, which contributes to the success and productivity of the company. The motivation of employees of hotel enterprises in Ukraine is currently created through material, professional and non-material incentives, in particular socially significant projects. Helping his people to provide pleasant","PeriodicalId":201493,"journal":{"name":"Modern Economics","volume":"48 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116126472","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of Tourism in the Mykolaiv Region","authors":"T. G. Oliynyk","doi":"10.31521/modecon.v38(2023)-17","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31521/modecon.v38(2023)-17","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Introduction. The article reveals the current state of the tourism industry in the Mykolaiv region. It was determined that the tourism industry is one of the areas that has the greatest impact on the development of the economy and social life of the country. It was revealed that in recent years the development of tourism in Ukraine, including in the Mykolaiv region, was affected by such events as the coronavirus disease СОVID-19 and the full-scale invasion of the territory of Ukraine, which continues to this day. Purpose. To study and research the current state of tourism development in the Mykolaiv region. Results. It has been established that the natural resources and geographical features of the territory are extremely important for the development of the tourism industry. Due to the peculiarity of natural conditions, the Mykolaiv region is located within two physical and geographical zones - forest-steppe and steppe. It was revealed that the current state of tourism development includes an assessment of tourist flow conditions, an assessment of the dynamics of tourists served by tour operators and tour agents, and the distribution of tourists by purpose of stay. It was established that the distribution of tourists served by tour operators and travel agents, according to the purpose of the trip and types of tourism, is focused on recreation and leisure, with sports tourism taking the second place. Conclusions. The Mykolaiv region has natural, historical, cultural and infrastructural prerequisites for the development of tourism. The region has a rich cultural and natural heritage, but this potential is not sufficiently used by tourism companies, all of them mainly work on outbound tourism.","PeriodicalId":201493,"journal":{"name":"Modern Economics","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126150116","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Role of SMM as a Form of Marketing Communications of Higher Education Institutions in the Conditions of Martial Law in Ukraine","authors":"N. Nosan","doi":"10.31521/modecon.v38(2023)-16","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31521/modecon.v38(2023)-16","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Introduction. The dynamism of the socio-economic environment, the growing scale of globalization and informatization of social life affects all spheres of economic activity, including higher education. Nowadays institutions of higher education are experiencing structural changes in organization of educational process and establishment of communications. In addition, most domestic institutions of higher education were forced to adapt to consequences of spread of the Covid-19 pandemic and introduction of martial law on the territory of Ukraine. The indicated trends determine the need to find and create opportunities to increase demand for educational services, establish communication with all participants in the educational process. Taking into account the rapid development and spread of information and communication technologies, especially among young people, the Internet and social networks are important channels of communication, that is especially relevant in today's conditions. Results. The article examines the importance of SMM as a marketing communications tool of higher education institution in the conditions of martial law in Ukraine. There was considered and proposed the author's interpretation of the category «social media marketing (SMM)». There was studied the situation on the market of higher education products in Ukraine, which has been formed in recent years (in particular under the influence of the pandemic and martial law). The main opportunities provided by the SMM for institutions of higher education in nowadays conditions are separated. The most effective social networks for communication creating with various target groups of domestic institutions of higher education are presented, in particular Facebook, Instagram, Telegram, LinkedIn. The level of social networks use by domestic teachers in the implementation of educational process is considered. Conclusions. Global technological changes and new challenges in higher education create a need to find effective communication tools with the target audience. Social networks are a promising marketing channel for increasing recognition and loyalty to higher education institutions, establishing communication with the target audience.","PeriodicalId":201493,"journal":{"name":"Modern Economics","volume":"80 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126332347","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Позитивна психологія як інструмент мотивації персоналу підприємств","authors":"Anastasiia Poltorak","doi":"10.31521/modecon.v38(2023)-20","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31521/modecon.v38(2023)-20","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Introduction. In the conditions of martial law in Ukraine, the problem of effective application of positive psychology as a tool for motivating the personnel of enterprises is relevant and important. The general state of stress from the existence of a constant threat to the national security and territorial integrity of Ukraine affects the psychological state of enterprise personnel, in particular, the motivation to work. The use of positive psychology as a tool for motivating staff can contribute to raising the morale of employees, strengthen their faith in their own strength and the positive result of their work, and reduce the risk of burnout at work in this difficult period for the country. In these conditions, the problem of effective application of positive psychology as a tool for motivating the personnel of enterprises is important and meets the current needs of society. Purpose. The purpose of the article is to substantiate the theoretical and methodological principles and practical approaches to the application of positive psychology as a tool for motivating the personnel of enterprises. Results. The main principles of applying positive psychology as a tool for motivating the personnel of enterprises are systematized. The global experience of the effective application of positive psychology as a tool for motivating the personnel of enterprises has been studied, namely: the «Googliness» program and the principle of «20% time on one's own project» of the Google company; positive psychology programs to increase staff motivation and Zappos' «responsible leisure» practices; Marriott International's «Positive Workplace» program aimed at improving the working environment and increasing staff satisfaction; Adobe Systems' Check-In program. The main techniques of positive thinking and optimism, which can be useful for increasing staff motivation, are summarized. Conclusions. It is concluded that the application of elements of positive psychology in the personnel policy of the enterprise can help to increase the motivation of employees, improve productivity and ensure job satisfaction.","PeriodicalId":201493,"journal":{"name":"Modern Economics","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133539341","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Main Trends of Marketing Activity: the World View","authors":"V. Stamat","doi":"10.31521/modecon.v38(2023)-23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31521/modecon.v38(2023)-23","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Introduction. The penetration of new technologies into our lives has fundamentally changed the very values of marketing, making the aspect of safety and care for the client's health a priority, and not just obtaining commercial profit. In addition, the onset of the crisis showed for all market players how important it is to develop their adaptive capabilities and be ready for new challenges in the future. Purpose. The purpose of the article is to reveal the essence of trends in marketing activity; determination of marketing trends in 2020-2023. Results. The article attempts to understand and formulate the processes taking place today in the market of marketing communications: changes in the needs, habits and other characteristics of consumers, new ways of winning their loyalty and competitive features, strengthening the role of socially responsible behavior of companies and brands, active development of educational communications, etc. The problem of changing marketing communications and trends in 2023 towards wider use of Internet communications and digital technologies is formulated. The purpose of the study is to present an overview of trends in the development of marketing communications in 2020-2023. The need to develop methods for evaluating new instruments is considered, creating a platform for future research. Conclusions. Among the limitations, one can single out dynamic changes in marketing communications, which makes it difficult to track current trends and complicate their integration into the marketing activities of companies. Moreover, the narrowness of the development of trends does not allow finding new personnel and methods of quick adaptation to changes. The coronavirus pandemic at the beginning of 2020 changed the entire model of the usual world. Previous marketing strategies, including on the Internet, will now also be effective. Many brands have significantly changed their approaches to marketing in general, and new trends have emerged in the field of digital communications. The digital environment lives by its own laws, it changes and formats our reality. To gain a competitive advantage in this environment, you need to learn to constantly adapt to it. Prospective areas of research will create a basis for evaluating new marketing trends.","PeriodicalId":201493,"journal":{"name":"Modern Economics","volume":"43 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133433447","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Models of Bankruptcy Risk Analysis","authors":"Olena Usykova","doi":"10.31521/modecon.v38(2023)-25","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31521/modecon.v38(2023)-25","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Introduction. The article discloses the essence of models for analyzing the risk of bankruptcy of economic agents which serve as preventive measures of crisis management. It has been established that bankruptcy risk can be analyzed according to several aspects: static analysis of bankruptcy risk using the balance sheet; functional analysis of bankruptcy risk using the functional balance sheet; analysis of bankruptcy risk through the use of the scoring method. Three European models of bankruptcy risk analysis are analyzed within the framework of the paper: Bărbuță-Mișu & Madaleno, Lukason & Laitinen, Niţoi, Clichici & Moagăr-Poladian. Purpose. Research of modern models of enterprise bankruptcy risk analysis. Results. The process of diagnosing the risk of bankruptcy consists in assessing the company's ability to fulfill obligations taken by third parties, and therefore in assessing the company's solvency. In recent years, due to the inherent dynamism of the economic and financial activities of companies, it has become more than necessary to obtain accurate information about the risk of bankruptcy in the future. Conclusions. All economic entities are exposed to the risk of bankruptcy. This risk can have negative consequences with complex consequences both for the entire activity of the entity and for other entities with which it comes into contact. Bankruptcy risk can be analyzed from different perspectives: static bankruptcy risk analysis using the financial balance sheet, bankruptcy risk analysis using the functional balance sheet, and bankruptcy risk analysis using scoring.","PeriodicalId":201493,"journal":{"name":"Modern Economics","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128046412","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Determіnants of Economіc Development of Agrіculture in Ukraіne","authors":"A. Shevchenko","doi":"10.31521/modecon.v38(2023)-28","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31521/modecon.v38(2023)-28","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Introduction. The agricultural sector is an important component of the economy of Ukraine and has a decisive influence on the socio-economic development of the regions and the general standard of living of the population. Ukraine is one of the leading producers of agricultural products in the world, but at the same time, the country's agriculture has significant problems, such as low production efficiency, backwardness of technologies, insufficient financing, underdeveloped infrastructure, and others. The study of the determinants of the economic development of agriculture in Ukraine will help determine the key factors that influence the development of this industry and develop effective measures to improve its condition. Such factors include the political situation, human resources, legal support, the level of technological equipment, the level of state support, the degree of competition in the market, and others. Purpose. The purpose of the artіcle іs to reveal the іnfluence of the maіn determіnants on the economіc development of agrіculture іn Ukraіne. Results. According to the results of the conducted research, the priority factors of the economic development of agriculture in Ukraine are outlined: balanced state regulation; creation of incentives for the development of small and mediumsized enterprises engaged in agricultural production products by encouraging them to invest in startups, as well as in innovative modern technologies; unification of farmers into production and service agricultural cooperatives; increase in the specific weight of livestock products in the structure of Ukraine's GDP; transition to resource-saving and energy-saving production technologies products; increasing the production of ecologically safe products; compliance with the principles of circular economy. Conclusіons. The economic development of agriculture is formed and ensured by determinants that have a tendency to change, influence in a specific period of time or in a specific situation. The principles of agricultural development in the field of production organization are the balance of its development according to economic, technological, social and ecological determinants. In modern conditions, the political and legal determinant is gaining increasing importance. This proves the need for constant monitoring of such changes.","PeriodicalId":201493,"journal":{"name":"Modern Economics","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131567094","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Peculiarities of the Development of the Stock Exchange of Ireland During the COVID-19 Pandemic and the Full-Scale Invasion of the Russian Army on the Sovereign Territory of Ukraine","authors":"Lyudmila Fedevich","doi":"10.31521/modecon.v38(2023)-26","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31521/modecon.v38(2023)-26","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Introduction. The market of securities is an important component of the financial market. Undoubtedly, the stock market is one of the most important parts of the economy of any country. With its help, the transfer of investment resources and capital from one branch to another is carried out, that is, there is automatic regulation of investment processes in the economy of the country and regions. Purpose. As, more correctly and efficiently the stock market will work, and then faster and more intensively the country's economy will develop. The need to study the stock exchange as a subject of the stock market is determined by the fact that to ensure the normal development of the economy, the mobilization of temporarily free funds of legal entities and individuals is required, as well as distribution and redistribution on a commercial basis between various sectors of the economy. These processes are carried out through stock exchanges in the securities market. Accordingly, the circulation of capital occurs in this market, and some business entities create savings, while others feel the need for additional financial resources in order to expand their activities. Ireland is different from Great Britain, has not left the European Union, and therefore is more connected to the European stock market than the United Kingdom. Considering the above is why the issues of stock market development remain very relevant today for any country. The Irish Stock Exchange General Index (ISEQ) is a major stock market index that tracks the performance of all (excluding UK listed) companies listed on the Irish Stock Exchange [5]. Results. This study examined the work of the Irish Stock Exchange, one of the oldest stock exchanges in the world. We have analyzed the main indices of the Irish Stock Exchange ISEQ and ISEQ20 for 2022. Conclusions. Based on this analysis, forecasts and conclusions were made regarding the trend of the ISEQ and ISEQ20 indices. Certainly, the main criteria that will influence the trend of these indices in 2023 are the geopolitical situation, which is developing against the background of Russia's military aggression against Ukraine, the aggravation of the crisis in the energy market, and inflationary processes in the world.","PeriodicalId":201493,"journal":{"name":"Modern Economics","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131410212","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Corporate Culture, Customer Orientation, Innovation as a Function of Management and Basic Prerequisites for Business Efficiency","authors":"Svitlana Topalova","doi":"10.31521/modecon.v38(2023)-24","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31521/modecon.v38(2023)-24","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Introduction. The article examines customer orientation and innovation as components of corporate culture and management functionality. Purpose. The degree of orientation to the consumer, his involvement in the process of development and implementation of innovations, a realistic assessment of the management of the company's focus on the client are considered as the main factors influencing business efficiency. Results. Attention is focused on the interrelationships between the type of corporate culture, the degree of its innovativeness and customer orientation, on the one hand, and the innovativeness of products or services, on the other. Attention is paid to the analysis of research on customer orientation and innovativeness of companies operating in foreign markets, a certain systematization of the results of these studies is carried out. Consumers are considered as direct participants in the process of development and implementation of innovations at all its stages. The main consequences of insufficient customer orientation are analyzed - insufficient and excessive innovativeness of products and services. Since the second one manifests itself more in modern situation, a rather vivid illustration of it using the example of products of IT Companies is provided. Emphasis is placed on differences in assessments of client orientation of managers and consumers, overestimated self-esteem of management. Conclusions. Recommendations on strengthening the orientation of business structures on the client and balancing the level of innovativeness of products and services with the needs of the client are formulated: constant monitoring of the needs of consumers and clients; effective communication with them at all stages of development of innovative product ; \"innovative enlightenment\" for \"pulling up\" the consumers to the level of innovation of products or services. Implementation of these recommendations requires significant changes in corporate culture.","PeriodicalId":201493,"journal":{"name":"Modern Economics","volume":"235 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132910273","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}