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Metallurgical evaluation of copper ore flotation performance in the presence of Rhamnolipid biosurfactant produced from Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Part 1: Copper-bearing minerals 铜绿假单胞菌产生的鼠李糖脂生物表面活性剂存在下铜矿浮选性能的冶金评估。第 1 部分:含铜矿物含铜矿物
IF 1.5 4区 工程技术 Q2 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2024-01-31 DOI: 10.37190/ppmp/183176
Gholamreza Biniaz, H. Khoshdast, M. Garmsiri, Mostafa Maleki-Moghaddam, A. Hassanzadeh
The present research work studies the effect of rhamnolipid biosurfactant (RL) produced from Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria on metallurgical response of a copper ore sample flotation through an extensive full factorial experimental design. Key influential factors including feed particle size, pulp solid content, pH, and dosages of collector, frother and RL biosurfactant were considered. The surface activity of RL biosurfactant was also studied based on D-optimal experimental design. Surface activity results revealed that increasing pH and electrolyte concentrations negatively impacted the RL surface activity, while the effect of electrolyte source was dependent on their ionic strength. Metallurgical investigations showed that operating parameters significantly influence the copper grade and recovery with considerable interaction among various parameters. RL biosurfactant was found to negatively decrease the copper grade and positively enhanced the recovery. Effect of RL was attributed to two potential mechanisms, i.e., being ineffective on copper minerals and/or interaction with gangue minerals, as well as increasing the rate of entrainment due to high foamability, both of which increase non-selective recovery of gangue minerals. Interestingly, regardless of the structural similarities, there wasn’t observed any interaction between the flotation reagents and rhamnolipid. Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopic analysis of copper minerals, both pure and RL-exposed, showed that there is actually no molecular interaction between RL molecules and particle surface.
本研究工作通过广泛的全因子实验设计,研究了铜绿假单胞菌产生的鼠李糖脂生物表面活性剂(RL)对铜矿浮选样品冶金反应的影响。主要影响因素包括给矿粒度、矿浆固体含量、pH 值以及捕收剂、起泡剂和 RL 生物表面活性剂的用量。基于 D-优化实验设计,还研究了 RL 生物表面活性剂的表面活性。表面活性结果表明,pH 值和电解质浓度的增加对 RL 表面活性有负面影响,而电解质源的影响则取决于其离子强度。冶金学研究表明,操作参数对铜的品位和回收率有显著影响,各种参数之间存在很大的相互作用。研究发现,RL 生物表面活性剂会降低铜品位,提高回收率。RL 的影响可归因于两种潜在机制,即对铜矿物无效和/或与矸石矿物相互作用,以及由于高发泡性而增加夹带率,这两种机制都增加了对矸石矿物的非选择性回收。有趣的是,尽管结构相似,但浮选试剂与鼠李糖脂之间没有观察到任何相互作用。对纯铜矿物和暴露于鼠李糖脂的铜矿物进行的傅立叶变换红外光谱分析显示,鼠李糖脂分子与颗粒表面之间实际上没有任何分子相互作用。
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引用次数: 0
Study on phosphorus release from medium- and low-grade phosphate ore powders by mechanical activation and low molecular weight organic acid activation 通过机械活化和低分子量有机酸活化从中低级磷矿粉中释磷的研究
IF 1.5 4区 工程技术 Q2 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2024-01-30 DOI: 10.37190/ppmp/183275
T. Fan, Tenglong Ma, Miao Wang, Shun Wang, Xingming Wang, Akang Lu
Phosphate ore is an essential resource for producing phosphate fertilizer. International phosphate ore is overmined, and phosphorus resources are becoming depleted; improving the utilization efficiency of medium- and low-grade phosphate ore powder (PR) through activation is the key to the sustainable and efficient use of phosphorus resources. However, the traditional activation method is inefficient and has some limitations on the grade of phosphate ore. In this study, a combination of mechanical activation and low molecular weight organic acid activation was used to activate medium- and low-grade phosphate ore powders, and the activation effects of different mechanical activation conditions, such as mechanical grinding time, the addition of different types and proportions of active minerals (zeolite, bentonite, and kaolin), and different types of low molecular weight organic acids (oxalic acid, tartaric acid, malic acid, and citric acid), on phosphate ore powder were compared. The results show that mechanical activation had a synergistic effect with low molecular weight organic acid activation. Mechanical activation can reduce the particle size of phosphate ore powder and increase the release of effective phosphorus from phosphate ore powder. Mechanical activation for 60 min reduced phosphate ore powder's median diameter (D50) from 41.67 μm to 10.59 μm and increased the effective phosphorus leaching rate from 1.19% to 8.27%. The phosphorus release effect of low molecular weight organic acids was oxalic acid > tartaric acid > malic acid > citric acid, with the optimal concentrations of 0.1 mol/L, 0.3 mol/L, 0.5 mol/L, 0.2 mol/L, and the optimal activation cultivation times were all 6 days. This study optimizes the activation method of phosphorite powder, which can not only alleviate the current global shortage of phosphorite resources but also reduce environmental pollution while maximizing the use of phosphorite resources.
磷矿石是生产磷肥的重要资源。国际磷矿开采过度,磷资源日趋枯竭,通过活化提高中低品位磷矿粉(PR)的利用效率是磷资源可持续高效利用的关键。然而,传统的活化方法效率较低,且对磷矿石的品位有一定的限制。本研究采用机械活化和低分子量有机酸活化相结合的方法活化中低品位磷矿粉,比较了不同机械活化条件,如机械研磨时间、添加不同种类和比例的活性矿物(沸石、膨润土和高岭土)以及不同种类的低分子量有机酸(草酸、酒石酸、苹果酸和柠檬酸)对磷矿粉的活化效果。结果表明,机械活化与低分子量有机酸活化具有协同效应。机械活化可以减小磷矿粉的粒度,增加磷矿粉中有效磷的释放。机械活化 60 分钟后,磷矿粉的中值直径(D50)从 41.67 μm 减小到 10.59 μm,有效磷浸出率从 1.19% 提高到 8.27%。低分子量有机酸的释磷效果为草酸>酒石酸>苹果酸>柠檬酸,最佳浓度分别为0.1 mol/L、0.3 mol/L、0.5 mol/L、0.2 mol/L,最佳活化培养时间均为6天。该研究优化了磷矿粉的活化方法,不仅能缓解当前全球磷矿资源短缺的问题,还能在最大限度利用磷矿资源的同时减少环境污染。
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引用次数: 0
Comparison of separation of Mn(II), Co(II), and Ni(II) by oxidative precipitation between chloride and sulfate solutions 比较氯化物溶液和硫酸盐溶液氧化沉淀法分离锰(II)、钴(II)和镍(II)的效果
IF 1.5 4区 工程技术 Q2 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2024-01-24 DOI: 10.37190/ppmp/183029
Jiangxian Wen, T. T. Tran, Man Seung Lee
In hydrometallurgy, precipitation would be easier and simpler than solvent extraction as a separation operation. In this work, the separation performance of Co(II), Mn(II) and Ni(II) by oxidative precipitation was investigated. For this purpose, NaClO was employed as an oxidizing agent and the separation behavior of the three ions was compared between chloride and sulfate solutions by varying some factors such as the dosage of NaClO, solution pH and reaction temperature. By controlling the molar ratio of NaClO to Mn(II), manganese ions(II) were easily separated as MnO2 by oxidative precipitation from both chloride and sulfate solutions. At the same experimental conditions, precipitation percentage of Co(II) from chloride solution was higher than that from sulfate solution, which can be ascribed to the stronger tendency of Co(II) to form complexes with chloride ion than with sulfate ions. Addition of NaCl to sulfate solution and oxidative precipitation at high temperature enhanced the precipitation percentage of Co2O3 and thus separation degree between Co(II) and Ni(II) was improved. Under the optimum conditions, MnO2 and Co2O3 powders with 99.9% purity were completely recovered by oxidative precipitation from chloride solution. By contrast, the purities of the MnO2 and Co2O3 thus recovered from sulfate solution were only 76 and 91%, respectively. Our results indicated that chloride solution would be more effective than sulfate solution in separating Mn(II) and Co(II) by oxidative precipitation with NaClO. Therefore, the use of chloride-based leaching solutions such as HCl and FeCl3 might be better for the leaching medium of spent lithium-ion batteries.
在湿法冶金中,沉淀作为一种分离操作比溶剂萃取更容易、更简单。在这项工作中,研究了通过氧化沉淀分离 Co(II)、Mn(II) 和 Ni(II) 的性能。为此,采用 NaClO 作为氧化剂,并通过改变 NaClO 的用量、溶液 pH 值和反应温度等因素,比较了这三种离子在氯化物溶液和硫酸盐溶液中的分离性能。通过控制 NaClO 与锰(II)的摩尔比,锰离子(II)很容易从氯化物和硫酸盐溶液中通过氧化沉淀分离成 MnO2。在相同的实验条件下,Co(II)从氯化物溶液中的沉淀率高于从硫酸盐溶液中的沉淀率,这可能是因为 Co(II) 与氯离子形成络合物的倾向性比与硫酸根离子形成络合物的倾向性强。在硫酸盐溶液中加入 NaCl 并在高温下氧化沉淀可提高 Co2O3 的沉淀率,从而提高 Co(II) 与 Ni(II) 的分离度。在最佳条件下,从氯化物溶液中通过氧化沉淀完全回收了纯度为 99.9% 的 MnO2 和 Co2O3 粉末。相比之下,从硫酸盐溶液中回收的 MnO2 和 Co2O3 的纯度分别只有 76% 和 91%。我们的研究结果表明,用 NaClO 氧化沉淀法分离 Mn(II) 和 Co(II) 时,氯化物溶液比硫酸盐溶液更有效。因此,氯化氢和 FeCl3 等氯化物浸出液可能更适用于废锂离子电池的浸出介质。
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引用次数: 0
The influence of alkaline promoters on the properties of the Ni/HAp catalyst in the methane dry reforming reaction 碱性促进剂对甲烷干转化反应中 Ni/HAp 催化剂性能的影响
IF 1.5 4区 工程技术 Q2 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2024-01-19 DOI: 10.37190/ppmp/182856
M. Cichy, W. Zawadzki
The reforming of methane with carbon dioxide is still of great interest due to the ever-increasing demand for synthesis gas and hydrogen. This process makes it possible to use two major gases that are considered harmful to the environment. The main problem for its commercial application is the lack of a catalyst that is both active, selective towards syngas (a mixture of hydrogen and carbon monoxide) and resistant to deactivation by coke deposition. Nickel is the most commonly used metal in methane reforming reactions due to its high activity and reasonable price. But still there is a gap in the literature for research on novel catalysts and their properties modifications devoted to strategies to reduce deactivation of the catalysts caused by the coke formation. In the present work a series of hydroxyapatite supported nickel catalysts promoted by alkali metals (Li, Na, K and Cs) were tested. The surface and structural properties of the catalysts were well characterized by physicochemical methods. Activity and selectivity were measured at 600 oC for 20 hours’ time-on-stream test. Resistance to coking was measured with Magnetic Suspension Balance. The stability of the catalyst was improved by the addition of promoters, which reduced the rate of coking. In particular, the cesium-promoted Ni/HAp catalyst significantly inhibited coke deposition, while slightly reducing methane conversion and selectivity to hydrogen.
由于对合成气和氢气的需求不断增加,甲烷与二氧化碳的重整仍然备受关注。这种工艺可以利用被认为对环境有害的两种主要气体。其商业应用的主要问题是缺乏一种既有活性、对合成气(氢气和一氧化碳的混合物)有选择性,又能防止焦炭沉积而失活的催化剂。镍是甲烷转化反应中最常用的金属,因为其活性高且价格合理。但在研究新型催化剂及其性能改性方面,仍存在文献空白,研究的重点是如何减少因焦炭形成而导致的催化剂失活。本研究测试了一系列由碱金属(Li、Na、K 和 Cs)促进的羟基磷灰石支撑镍催化剂。催化剂的表面和结构特性通过物理化学方法得到了很好的表征。活性和选择性是在 600 摄氏度、20 小时的流动试验中测定的。用磁悬浮天平测量了抗结焦性。催化剂的稳定性通过添加促进剂得到改善,从而降低了结焦率。特别是,铯促进的 Ni/HAp 催化剂显著抑制了焦炭沉积,同时略微降低了甲烷转化率和对氢气的选择性。
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引用次数: 0
Enhancing bubble bize prediction in flotation processes: a drift flux model accounting for frother type 加强浮选过程中的气泡大小预测:考虑泡沫类型的漂移通量模型
IF 1.5 4区 工程技术 Q2 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2024-01-03 DOI: 10.37190/ppmp/178234
Claudio Leiva, Claudio Acuña, S. Luukkanen, Constanza Cruz
This communication presents a methodology, based on a modified drift flux model, to determine bubble size distribution in column flotation. The modified drift flux model incorporates a surfactant-type parameter. This parameter considers the impact of surfactant on bubble hydrodynamics. The methodology aims to improve the accuracy of bubble size distribution prediction, which presents deviation depending on surfactant type (i.e. polyglycolic based or alcoholic base). Many authors have proposed different mathematical improvements to reduce de experimental data deviations in the presence of different surfactants. However, from 1988 to 2022, the determination coefficient, or the quality of the adjustments, from the proposed mathematical models is, at the most, 92% (relative error). The proposed methodology improves the quality of the adjustments to 98.6, adding a single parameter for groups of surfactants. This methodology incorporates a single parameter in the terminal velocity calculation that can compensate for the impact of surfactant type in bubble hydrodynamic (bubble skin friction or drag coefficient, bubble wake, bubble shape, bubble rigidity). This parameter is a function of the gas holdup calculated from gas velocity measured and the bubble size distribution calculated (deviated) from gas holdup and gas velocity measured. The methodology is validated with reported experimental results and proposed modifications from various authors. The confidence interval (2 σ) is reduced from 0.11mm to 0.05mm in the case of (Yianatos, Banisi, Ostadrahimi). In the case of the recently reported experimental results from Maldonado and Gomez, the confidence interval is reduced from 0.31 mm to 0.09 mm. These results improve bubble size estimation based on drift flux in column flotation, contributing to a better understanding of surfactant impact on bubble swarm hydrodynamics.
本文介绍了一种基于改进的漂移通量模型的方法,用于确定柱浮选中的气泡粒度分布。改进的漂移通量模型包含一个表面活性剂类型参数。该参数考虑了表面活性剂对气泡流体力学的影响。该方法旨在提高气泡大小分布预测的准确性,气泡大小分布预测的偏差取决于表面活性剂的类型(即聚乙二醇基还是醇基)。许多学者提出了不同的数学改进方法,以减少不同表面活性剂存在时的实验数据偏差。然而,从 1988 年到 2022 年,所提出的数学模型的确定系数或调整质量最多只有 92%(相对误差)。建议的方法将调整质量提高到 98.6,为表面活性剂组增加了一个参数。该方法在末端速度计算中加入了一个参数,可以补偿表面活性剂类型对气泡流体动力的影响(气泡表皮摩擦或阻力系数、气泡尾流、气泡形状、气泡刚度)。该参数是根据测量的气体速度计算出的气体滞留和根据气体滞留和测量的气体速度计算(偏差)出的气泡大小分布的函数。该方法通过报告的实验结果和不同作者提出的修改建议进行了验证。Yianatos, Banisi, Ostadrahimi)的置信区间(2 σ)从 0.11 毫米减小到 0.05 毫米。马尔多纳多和戈麦斯最近报告的实验结果的置信区间从 0.31 毫米减小到 0.09 毫米。这些结果改进了基于柱浮选漂移通量的气泡大小估计,有助于更好地理解表面活性剂对气泡群水动力学的影响。
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引用次数: 0
Influences of magnesium ions in water on gelatinization characteristics of starch and its flocculation behaviors on particles 水中镁离子对淀粉糊化特性及其在颗粒上絮凝行为的影响
IF 1.5 4区 工程技术 Q2 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2024-01-02 DOI: 10.37190/ppmp/178149
Min Tang, Xiaoying Niu, Shuming Wen
It is inevitable for the occurrence or built-ups of disturbing cations, especially Ca2+ or Mg2+ ions, in process water during the flotation of iron oxides by using starch as flocculants. In addition to alkali concentrations and temperature, water quality could have an essential role in changing the physicochemical properties of the starch solution and consequently disturbing its flocculation performance on particles. This study aims to identify the effects of magnesium ions on the gelatinization characteristics of starch and its flocculation properties on particles through a series of tests, such as flotation tests, settling tests, size analyses, zeta potentials, powder contact angle, Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR) and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) measurement. All results show that magnesium ions at ≤ 4 mmol/L have a positive role due to enlarging the sizes of the particle flocs and accelerating their settling rates. The occurrence of Mg2+ ions at higher concentrations during starch gelatinization only obtains a starch sol-gel with entangled configurations and preoccupied active sites, resulting in the slower settling rate of the particle flocs and less hydrophilicity on mineral surfaces. It could be attributed to the cross-link interactions of magnesium-based precipitates with the acidic groups, especially carboxyl groups on the starch remnants. The suitable acid/base interactions between Mg(OH)2/MgCO3 compounds with these groups in the starch suspension could be beneficial for enhancing the flocculation of hematite as they could build bridges among the pieces and enlarge their sizes as a “load carrier” for aggregation with minerals. However, too much cross-linking could re-entangle the remnants, block their adsorption sites on mineral surfaces, and eventually, weaken the flocculation capacity of starch.
使用淀粉作为絮凝剂浮选氧化铁时,工艺水中不可避免地会出现或积累干扰阳离子,特别是 Ca2+ 或 Mg2+ 离子。除了碱浓度和温度之外,水质在改变淀粉溶液的理化性质方面也起着至关重要的作用,从而影响其对颗粒的絮凝性能。本研究旨在通过一系列试验,如浮选试验、沉降试验、粒度分析、zeta 电位、粉末接触角、傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)和 X 射线光电子能谱(XPS)测量,确定镁离子对淀粉糊化特性及其在颗粒上的絮凝特性的影响。所有结果都表明,≤ 4 mmol/L 的镁离子对增大絮凝颗粒的尺寸和加快其沉降速度有积极作用。在淀粉糊化过程中,如果出现较高浓度的 Mg2+ 离子,只能获得具有缠结构型和预占活性位点的淀粉溶胶凝胶,从而导致颗粒絮凝体的沉降速度减慢,矿物表面的亲水性降低。这可能是由于镁基沉淀物与酸性基团,特别是淀粉残渣上的羧基发生了交联作用。镁(OH)2/MgCO3 化合物与淀粉悬浮液中的这些基团之间适当的酸碱相互作用可能有利于提高赤铁矿的絮凝性,因为它们可以在碎片之间建立桥梁,并作为 "负载载体 "扩大其尺寸,从而与矿物聚集在一起。然而,过多的交联会使残余物重新缠结,阻塞它们在矿物表面的吸附位点,最终削弱淀粉的絮凝能力。
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引用次数: 0
A quantitative study between HPGR and cone crusher aided ball mill grinding: mathematical modeling by evaluating the possible microfracture effect produced by HPGR technology and cone crusher HPGR 和圆锥破碎机辅助球磨机研磨的定量研究:通过评估 HPGR 技术和圆锥破碎机可能产生的微裂缝效应建立数学模型
IF 1.5 4区 工程技术 Q2 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2023-12-28 DOI: 10.37190/ppmp/177620
I. Rodríguez-Torres, E. Tuzcu, Iván A. Reyes, Gilberto Rosales
High Pressure Grinding Rolls (HPGR) have been used in the mining industry for decades. However, there are limited quantifications of the particle properties after comminution. Furthermore, the influence of microcracks in grinding provided by this technology has not been extensively quantified. In the recent work, there were two comminution paths tested: 1 (Jaw crusher + cone crusher + ball mill) and 2 (Jaw crusher + HPGR + ball mill). The possible weakening effect aiding ball mill grinding due to microcracks of HPGR path was shown via specific energy, fines generation and breakage rate measurements. To achieve a quantification about the impact of microcracks and the high rate of reduction rate of HPGR technology, first the product was reconstructed using Rosin Rammler's Weibull double formula and the similar particle size distribution was obtained by a conventional cone crusher. By this way the feed size distribution to the grinding stage remained constant regardless of the type of crushing process (HPGR or cone crusher). The results showed that the microfractures generated by the HPGR technology influence the specific energy consumption, fines generation and breakage rates. Ball mill after HPGR consumed 12.46 kWh/t of specific energy, however ball mill after cone crusher consumed 14.36 kWh/t of specific energy. The experimental methodology proposed in this paper maintains a consistent feed size range (-1500 to +41.31 µm) to show that the size reduction observed in the sample undergoing HPGR grinding is not the primary factor contributing to reduced energy consumption and increased fines generation. Instead, it is predominantly associated with the microfractures generated through the compression in HPGR technology; the energy reduction (optimization) of a grinding path is shown in the study.
高压辊磨机(HPGR)在采矿业的应用已有几十年的历史。然而,对粉碎后颗粒特性的量化研究十分有限。此外,该技术在碾磨过程中产生的微裂缝的影响也未得到广泛量化。在最近的工作中,测试了两种粉碎路径:1(颚式破碎机 + 圆锥破碎机 + 球磨机)和 2(颚式破碎机 + HPGR + 球磨机)。通过比能量、细粒生成量和破碎率测量,显示了 HPGR 路径的微裂缝可能对球磨机研磨产生的削弱作用。为了量化微裂缝的影响和 HPGR 技术的高破碎率,首先使用 Rosin Rammler 的 Weibull 双公式对产品进行了重构,并通过传统圆锥破碎机获得了类似的粒度分布。这样,无论采用哪种破碎工艺(HPGR 或圆锥破碎机),研磨阶段的给料粒度分布都保持不变。结果表明,HPGR 技术产生的微裂缝会影响具体能耗、细粒生成和破碎率。HPGR 后的球磨机消耗的特定能量为 12.46 kWh/t,而圆锥破碎机后的球磨机消耗的特定能量为 14.36 kWh/t。本文提出的实验方法保持了一致的进料粒度范围(-1500 至 +41.31 µm),以表明在进行 HPGR 研磨的样品中观察到的粒度降低并不是导致能耗降低和细粒生成增加的主要因素。相反,它主要与 HPGR 技术中通过压缩产生的微裂缝有关;研究显示了碾磨路径的能耗降低(优化)情况。
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引用次数: 0
The effect of composition and holding time on glaze production using basalt rock as a base 成分和保温时间对以玄武岩为基底的釉料生产的影响
IF 1.5 4区 工程技术 Q2 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2023-12-28 DOI: 10.37190/ppmp/177640
D. C. Birawidha, Agus Miswanto, Liston Setiawan, Agus Prakosa, Umar Dani, Gunawan Gunawan, Era Arianti, Pulung Karo-karo, Totok Nugroho, Y. Hendronursito
This research studied the potential use of local basalt and feldspar from Lampung Province, Indonesia, as glaze materials. Frit(s) are composed of changing basalt-to-feldspar weight ratios of A (30:70), B (50:50), C (70:30), and D (100:0) w/w%. The added 20% boric acid to the total weight reduces the process temperature to 1,000oC with holding times of 1, 4, and 8 hr(s). Based on the chemical composition test of the specimen, the four variations of the sample have SiO2 content above 40%, and the average SiO2/Al2O3 ratio is 4 and 5, which is usually a low-alumina glaze that will cause a glossy effect and have an amorphous structure. At point 2theta 29o, amorphous forms. Quartz (SiO2), albite (NaAlSi3O8), anorthite (CaAl2Si2O8), and coesite (SiO2) phases were discovered in the glaze specimens. The anorthite phase in glass-ceramic glaze gives a transparent glaze color due to the amorphous glassy phase formed during heat treatment. The findings of this study suggest that local materials based on basalt and feldspar may be used as glaze materials to provide a smooth texture and surface; the glaze layer is evenly distributed, can follow the full surface contour of the test specimen, and has low porosity.
本研究探讨了将印度尼西亚楠榜省的玄武岩和长石用作釉料的可能性。熔块由变化的玄武岩与长石重量比组成,重量比分别为 A(30:70)、B(50:50)、C(70:30)和 D(100:0)。在总重量中添加 20% 的硼酸可将工艺温度降至 1,000oC,保温时间分别为 1、4 和 8 小时。根据试样的化学成分测试,四种变化的试样中 SiO2 含量都在 40% 以上,SiO2/Al2O3 的平均比例为 4 和 5,通常属于低铝釉,会产生光泽效果,具有无定形结构。在 2theta 29o 点,形成无定形。在釉试样中发现了石英(SiO2)、白云石(NaAlSi3O8)、阳起石(CaAl2Si2O8)和柯伊斯石(SiO2)相。玻璃陶瓷釉中的阳起石相由于在热处理过程中形成无定形玻璃相而呈现出透明的釉色。本研究的结果表明,以玄武岩和长石为基础的本地材料可用作釉料,以提供光滑的质地和表面;釉层分布均匀,可沿着试样的整个表面轮廓,并且孔隙率低。
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引用次数: 0
The impact of batch flotation tests on the industrial plant prediction 批量浮选试验对工业厂房预测的影响
IF 1.5 4区 工程技术 Q2 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2023-12-24 DOI: 10.37190/ppmp/177609
Paulina Vallejos
To predict the metallurgical results of industrial plants, laboratory batch flotation tests are carried out, relating both operations through scale-up factors. However, robust scale-up procedures and well-defined laboratory protocols are necessary to reach reliable results at industrial scale. In this paper, results from different flotation batch tests are presented, analysing the effect of batch protocol in terms of operating conditions, operator, ore type, water quality, and others on the metallurgical response. Additionally, the ability of batch responses to describe industrial operations and determine scale-up factors was analysed. Then, a sensitivity analysis was carried out, considering the effect of batch and industrial conditions on the estimation of scale-up factors. Results showed that the batch response significantly changes, depending on the operating conditions, flotation operator, and batch flotation machine, even for the same cell design. Additionally, it was observed that the batch recovery significantly changes when modifying ore type and water quality, which can cause changes in batch and/or industrial operation, affecting the scale-up factors. In addition, results showed that the scale-up factors varied significantly by changing operating conditions in a batch cell. This also occurs in plants when metallurgical performance changes, for example, due to a modification in launder design and/or operating condition, to increase recovery, or due to control limitations that prevent efficient metallurgical performance.
为了预测工业设备的冶金结果,需要进行实验室批量浮选试验,通过放大系数将两种操作联系起来。然而,要想在工业规模上获得可靠的结果,必须要有稳健的放大程序和明确的实验室规程。本文介绍了不同浮选分批试验的结果,分析了操作条件、操作人员、矿石类型、水质等方面的分批规程对冶金反应的影响。此外,还分析了批次反应描述工业操作和确定放大系数的能力。然后,考虑到批次和工业条件对放大系数估算的影响,进行了敏感性分析。结果表明,批次响应会因操作条件、浮选操作员和批次浮选机的不同而发生显著变化,即使是相同的槽设计也是如此。此外,还发现当矿石类型和水质发生变化时,批次回收率也会发生显著变化,这可能会导致批次和/或工业操作发生变化,从而影响放大系数。此外,研究结果表明,改变间歇式电池的运行条件,放大系数也会发生显著变化。当冶金性能发生变化时,例如,为了提高回收率而修改了洗涤器设计和/或操作条件,或者由于控制限制而无法实现高效冶金性能时,工厂也会出现这种情况。
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引用次数: 0
Investigating the effectiveness of organic binders as an alternative to bentonite in the pelletization of low grade iron ore 研究有机粘结剂替代膨润土在低品位铁矿石球团化中的有效性
IF 1.5 4区 工程技术 Q2 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2023-11-29 DOI: 10.37190/ppmp/176094
Tafadzwa Ngara, S. Mavengere, Sharrydon Bright, L. Mapamba
Bentonite is the traditionally used binder in iron ore pelletization. However, it consists of up to 85% silica and alumina which are undesired acidic gangue in iron-making. In this study, carboxymethyl cellulose, sodium lignosulfonate and cornstarch were used as acidic gangue-free organic alternatives to bentonite in synthesizing iron pellets. Iron ore, water and the corresponding binder were mixed and rolled in a pelletizing disk to form green pellets. The green pellets were dried and subsequently indurated in a furnace at 1200 ℃ to form indurated pellets. To evaluate the effectiveness of the organic binders, the pellets produced were tested on various pellet properties. Known industrial pellet property standards and the bentonite binder were used as references. Carboxymethyl cellulose, sodium lignosulfonate and corn starch produced green pellets with average drop numbers of 7.20 ± 0.84, 5.60 ± 0.89 and 6.00 ± 1.00 respectively, compared to bentonite’s 5.00 ± 0.71. Dry pellets of average compressive strength 5.93 ± 0.09, 5.86 ± 0.03 and 11.52 ± 0.18 kg/pellet were produced by carboxymethyl cellulose, sodium lignosulfonate and corn starch respectively while bentonite’s averaged 5.60 ± 0.08 kg/pellet. For indurated pellets, carboxymethyl cellulose (210.2 ± 1.88 kg/pellet) and sodium lignosulfonate (198.1 ± 2.49 kg/pellet) pellets were weaker than those of bentonite (250.4 ± 2.06 kg/pellet) but satisfied the industrial requirement of 181.4 kg/pellet. A boron oxide additive (0.1 wt. %) was used to boost the strength of carboxymethyl cellulose indurated pellets to 252.6 ± 1.32 kg/pellet, rendering them superior to those of bentonite.
膨润土是传统上用于铁矿石球团的粘结剂。然而,膨润土含有高达 85% 的二氧化硅和氧化铝,是炼铁过程中不受欢迎的酸性煤矸石。在这项研究中,羧甲基纤维素、木质素磺酸钠和玉米淀粉被用作合成铁球团时膨润土的不含酸性矸石的有机替代品。将铁矿石、水和相应的粘合剂混合并在造粒盘中轧制成绿色球团。绿色球团经干燥后,在 1200 ℃ 的炉中焙烧,形成焙烧球团。为了评估有机粘合剂的效果,对生产出的颗粒进行了各种颗粒特性测试。已知的工业颗粒特性标准和膨润土粘合剂被用作参考。与膨润土的 5.00 ± 0.71 相比,羧甲基纤维素、木质素磺酸钠和玉米淀粉生产的绿色颗粒的平均滴数分别为 7.20 ± 0.84、5.60 ± 0.89 和 6.00 ± 1.00。羧甲基纤维素、木质素磺酸钠和玉米淀粉生产的干颗粒的平均抗压强度分别为 5.93 ± 0.09、5.86 ± 0.03 和 11.52 ± 0.18 千克/颗粒,而膨润土的平均抗压强度为 5.60 ± 0.08 千克/颗粒。就吲哚化颗粒而言,羧甲基纤维素(210.2±1.88 千克/颗粒)和木质素磺酸钠(198.1±2.49 千克/颗粒)的颗粒比膨润土(250.4±2.06 千克/颗粒)的颗粒弱,但能满足 181.4 千克/颗粒的工业要求。使用氧化硼添加剂(0.1 wt %)可将羧甲基纤维素吲哚化颗粒的强度提高到 252.6 ± 1.32 kg/颗粒,使其优于膨润土颗粒。
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Physicochemical Problems of Mineral Processing
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