{"title":"A Novel Leaf Extract of Sorghum Vulgare as an Eco-friendly Corrosion Inhibitor for Mild Steel Corrosion in 0.5 M H2SO4","authors":"S. Sharma, M. Sharma, N. Dheer, al et","doi":"10.4152/pea.2023410402","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4152/pea.2023410402","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":20334,"journal":{"name":"Portugaliae Electrochimica Acta","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70922241","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
U2 and U4 were successfully synthesized from C 7 H 6 N 2 N-alkylation (general and useful route to quaternary ammonium salts NH4Cl from tertiary amines) with alkyl bromides. The products were further alkylated to the corresponding ILs: U5 and U7. All the synthesized compounds were characterized by spectroscopic techniques, and their compositions were established through elemental analysis. The synthesized compounds were investigated as inhibitors for MS corrosion, using 1 M HCl as a model solution. WL experiments, surface analysis, quantum chemical calculations and MD simulation methods were used for evaluating the inhibitors anticorrosion properties. The results showed that ILs possessed remarkable inhibition properties under the studied conditions. U5 displayed the highest IE of 95.22%, at 200 ppm. ILs corrosion IE(%) was ascribed to their adsorption onto the MS surfaces, which followed the Langmuir’s isotherm. SEM revealed the formation of a barrier film by the inhibitors on the MS surface. Finally, the experimental results were corroborated by theoretical quantum chemical calculations and MD simulation studies. The studied inhibitor molecules interaction energies with the Fe surface followed the order U5 > U7 > U2 > U4, which is consistent with the experimental data.
以烷基溴为原料，用c7h6n2n -烷基化反应(叔胺制NH4Cl季铵盐的常用途径)成功合成了U2和U4。将产物进一步烷基化成相应的il: U5和U7。所有合成的化合物都通过光谱技术进行了表征，并通过元素分析确定了它们的组成。以1 M HCl为模型溶液，对合成的化合物作为MS腐蚀抑制剂进行了研究。采用WL实验、表面分析、量子化学计算和MD模拟等方法对缓蚀剂的防腐性能进行了评价。结果表明，在实验条件下，il具有明显的抑制作用。U5在200ppm时的IE最高，为95.22%。ILs腐蚀IE(%)归因于它们在质谱表面的吸附，其吸附遵循Langmuir等温线。扫描电镜显示，抑制剂在质谱表面形成了一层屏障膜。最后，通过理论量子化学计算和MD模拟研究验证了实验结果。所研究的抑制剂分子与Fe表面的相互作用能依次为U5 > U7 > U2 > U4，与实验数据一致。
{"title":"Corrosion Inhibitive Potentials of Some N-Alkyl Benzimidazoles and their Corresponding Ionic Liquids on a Mild Steel Surface: Experimental and Theoretical Approach","authors":"U. B. Suleiman, U. Yunusa, A. Muhammad, al et","doi":"10.4152/pea.2023410504","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4152/pea.2023410504","url":null,"abstract":"U2 and U4 were successfully synthesized from C 7 H 6 N 2 N-alkylation (general and useful route to quaternary ammonium salts NH4Cl from tertiary amines) with alkyl bromides. The products were further alkylated to the corresponding ILs: U5 and U7. All the synthesized compounds were characterized by spectroscopic techniques, and their compositions were established through elemental analysis. The synthesized compounds were investigated as inhibitors for MS corrosion, using 1 M HCl as a model solution. WL experiments, surface analysis, quantum chemical calculations and MD simulation methods were used for evaluating the inhibitors anticorrosion properties. The results showed that ILs possessed remarkable inhibition properties under the studied conditions. U5 displayed the highest IE of 95.22%, at 200 ppm. ILs corrosion IE(%) was ascribed to their adsorption onto the MS surfaces, which followed the Langmuir’s isotherm. SEM revealed the formation of a barrier film by the inhibitors on the MS surface. Finally, the experimental results were corroborated by theoretical quantum chemical calculations and MD simulation studies. The studied inhibitor molecules interaction energies with the Fe surface followed the order U5 > U7 > U2 > U4, which is consistent with the experimental data.","PeriodicalId":20334,"journal":{"name":"Portugaliae Electrochimica Acta","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70922533","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Optimization and Performance Evaluation of Lemon Leaves Extract as Inhibitor for Mild Steel Corrosion in a 1.0 M HCl Solution","authors":"O. Oyewole, J. Adeoye, A. Tunbosun, al et","doi":"10.4152/pea.2023410602","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4152/pea.2023410602","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":20334,"journal":{"name":"Portugaliae Electrochimica Acta","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70922933","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
DESs, as new-generation room temperature ILs, are very promising to perform anodic processing of different metals and alloys. We report Ni-Cu alloy (45 wt.% Ni) anodic treatment in a DES, ethaline, for the first time. It is shown that the anodic dissolution originated the formation of sparingly soluble Ni and Cu chloride salts in the near-electrode layer. Ni-Cu alloy anodic treatment in ethaline resulted in changed patterns of the metallic surface morphology. Depending on the applied electrode E, star like crystallites, with sharply pointed shapes and thorns, may appear on the anodically etched surface, and surface morphology smoothing was observed, in some cases. The Ni-Cu alloy anodic processing in ethaline, which dramatically changed its surface morphology, contributed to a considerable increase in the electrocatalytic activity towards HER in an alkaline medium. Considering favorable environmental aspects of DES use and marked improvement in electrocatalytic properties, this treatment can be further used to develop high-efficient, eco-friendly and relatively inexpensive electrocatalysts methods for water electrolysis within H 2 energy concept.
{"title":"Anodic Treatment of Ni-Cu Alloy in a Deep Eutectic Solvent to Improve Electrocatalytic Activity in the Hydrogen Evolution Reaction","authors":"V. Protsenko, T. Butyrina, D. Makhota, Al Et","doi":"10.4152/pea.2023400603","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4152/pea.2023400603","url":null,"abstract":"DESs, as new-generation room temperature ILs, are very promising to perform anodic processing of different metals and alloys. We report Ni-Cu alloy (45 wt.% Ni) anodic treatment in a DES, ethaline, for the first time. It is shown that the anodic dissolution originated the formation of sparingly soluble Ni and Cu chloride salts in the near-electrode layer. Ni-Cu alloy anodic treatment in ethaline resulted in changed patterns of the metallic surface morphology. Depending on the applied electrode E, star like crystallites, with sharply pointed shapes and thorns, may appear on the anodically etched surface, and surface morphology smoothing was observed, in some cases. The Ni-Cu alloy anodic processing in ethaline, which dramatically changed its surface morphology, contributed to a considerable increase in the electrocatalytic activity towards HER in an alkaline medium. Considering favorable environmental aspects of DES use and marked improvement in electrocatalytic properties, this treatment can be further used to develop high-efficient, eco-friendly and relatively inexpensive electrocatalysts methods for water electrolysis within H 2 energy concept.","PeriodicalId":20334,"journal":{"name":"Portugaliae Electrochimica Acta","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70921200","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Due to its highest gravimetric energy density, H 2 has been regarded as the preferred clean-energy carrier, with potentially environmentally-friendly production through the solar-assisted WS. Since human activities generate enormous amounts of WW, H 2 production from this new resource has gained attention as an emergent technology. This paper addresses the most relevant and current aspects of H 2 production from WWEL, and electricity generation from RES . In this sense, the state of art of H 2 production, especially from WS, is presented here, as well as the main approaches to electricity generation from RES, with the greatest potential for viability. A new approach on this matter, which is part of the work that is being developed by the authors of this study, was also herein presented.
{"title":"Wastewater Electrolysis for Hydrogen Production","authors":"M. Cartaxo, J. Fernandes, M. Gomes, al et","doi":"10.4152/pea.2023410105","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4152/pea.2023410105","url":null,"abstract":"Due to its highest gravimetric energy density, H 2 has been regarded as the preferred clean-energy carrier, with potentially environmentally-friendly production through the solar-assisted WS. Since human activities generate enormous amounts of WW, H 2 production from this new resource has gained attention as an emergent technology. This paper addresses the most relevant and current aspects of H 2 production from WWEL, and electricity generation from RES . In this sense, the state of art of H 2 production, especially from WS, is presented here, as well as the main approaches to electricity generation from RES, with the greatest potential for viability. A new approach on this matter, which is part of the work that is being developed by the authors of this study, was also herein presented.","PeriodicalId":20334,"journal":{"name":"Portugaliae Electrochimica Acta","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70921910","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this study, Zs-c leaves were extracted by a 70% CH 3 OH solvent. The extract was investigated as green corrosion inhibitor for CS C1010 alloy in 0.1 M HCl. The study was done with different inhibitor concentrations (1, 2, 8 and 9 ppm). The extract showed the highest IE of 96.06%, at 9 ppm. The inhibitor adsorption on the CS alloy surface was found to obey the Langmuir’s adsorption isotherm model. K ads , ΔH ads , ΔS ads and ΔG ads were also calculated. The temperature effect on Zs-c leaves extract IE%, with the optimal concentration of 9 ppm, was studied at 35,45 and 55 ºC. The results showed that IE% decreased with raising solution temperatures. In addition, 𝐸 (cid:3028)∗ , ΔH, ΔS and ΔG kinetic parameters were calculated. On the other hand, phytochemical tests and quantitative analysis, such as TPC and TFC, were also carried out. In addition, the anti-bacterial activity or growth inhibition of bacterial strains, such as Ec and Sa, were studied. Anti-fungal activity or growth inhibition studies of Ca and An species were also carried out, at a 100 mg/mL concentration. Anti-oxidant activity was also investigated by DPPH, at concentrations of 100, 250, 500, 750 and 1000 µg/mL, and good results were obtained.
{"title":"Ziziphus Spina Christi Leaves Methanol Extract Evaluation as Antifungal, Antibacterial, Antioxidant and Green Inhibitor for Carbon Steel Alloy Corrosion in Hydrochloric Acid","authors":"S. Z. Al-Ashoor, D. S. Ali, H. Al-Sawaad","doi":"10.4152/pea.2023410205","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4152/pea.2023410205","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, Zs-c leaves were extracted by a 70% CH 3 OH solvent. The extract was investigated as green corrosion inhibitor for CS C1010 alloy in 0.1 M HCl. The study was done with different inhibitor concentrations (1, 2, 8 and 9 ppm). The extract showed the highest IE of 96.06%, at 9 ppm. The inhibitor adsorption on the CS alloy surface was found to obey the Langmuir’s adsorption isotherm model. K ads , ΔH ads , ΔS ads and ΔG ads were also calculated. The temperature effect on Zs-c leaves extract IE%, with the optimal concentration of 9 ppm, was studied at 35,45 and 55 ºC. The results showed that IE% decreased with raising solution temperatures. In addition, 𝐸 (cid:3028)∗ , ΔH, ΔS and ΔG kinetic parameters were calculated. On the other hand, phytochemical tests and quantitative analysis, such as TPC and TFC, were also carried out. In addition, the anti-bacterial activity or growth inhibition of bacterial strains, such as Ec and Sa, were studied. Anti-fungal activity or growth inhibition studies of Ca and An species were also carried out, at a 100 mg/mL concentration. Anti-oxidant activity was also investigated by DPPH, at concentrations of 100, 250, 500, 750 and 1000 µg/mL, and good results were obtained.","PeriodicalId":20334,"journal":{"name":"Portugaliae Electrochimica Acta","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70921941","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Inhibition of MS corrosion in a 3% NaCl solution, by glasses containing Ti-0, Ti-5 and Ti-7, in different C, was investigated using AFM, EIS, FTIR spectroscopy, PPD, SEM and XRD techniques. PPD and IES gave IE(%) of 92.8, 99 and 98.3%, and 91.9, 98 and 98.3%, for Ti-0, Ti-5 and Ti-7 glasses, respectively, at optimum C (0.4 g/L). In addition, EIS results indicated that IE(%)increased with higher C of Ti in the glasses, reaching its maximum at 7% TiO 2 . The three studied compounds acted as anodic inhibitors, though anodic reactions were more suppressed than the cathodic ones. SEM revealed that the inhibitors significantly stopped the attack by Cl - ions, through chemical adsorption onto the MS surface.
{"title":"Performance of Glasses Containing Titan as Potential Corrosion Inhibitors for Mild Steel in a 3% NaCl Solution","authors":"A. Shaim, M. Galai, K. Ba, al et","doi":"10.4152/pea.2023410503","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4152/pea.2023410503","url":null,"abstract":"Inhibition of MS corrosion in a 3% NaCl solution, by glasses containing Ti-0, Ti-5 and Ti-7, in different C, was investigated using AFM, EIS, FTIR spectroscopy, PPD, SEM and XRD techniques. PPD and IES gave IE(%) of 92.8, 99 and 98.3%, and 91.9, 98 and 98.3%, for Ti-0, Ti-5 and Ti-7 glasses, respectively, at optimum C (0.4 g/L). In addition, EIS results indicated that IE(%)increased with higher C of Ti in the glasses, reaching its maximum at 7% TiO 2 . The three studied compounds acted as anodic inhibitors, though anodic reactions were more suppressed than the cathodic ones. SEM revealed that the inhibitors significantly stopped the attack by Cl - ions, through chemical adsorption onto the MS surface.","PeriodicalId":20334,"journal":{"name":"Portugaliae Electrochimica Acta","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70922449","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Performance of Quinoxalinone Derivatives as a Potential Efficient Inhibitor of Ordinary Steel Corrosion in 1 M Hydrochloric Acid: DFT Calculations","authors":"A. Benallal, M. Galai, F. Benhiba, al et","doi":"10.4152/pea.2023410604","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4152/pea.2023410604","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":20334,"journal":{"name":"Portugaliae Electrochimica Acta","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70923081","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Investigation of Ziziphus Lotus Leaves Extract Corrosion Inhibitory Impact on Carbon Steel in a Molar Hydrochloric Acid Solution","authors":"S. Lahmady, O. Anor, I. Forsal, al et","doi":"10.4152/pea.2023410203","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4152/pea.2023410203","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":20334,"journal":{"name":"Portugaliae Electrochimica Acta","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70921657","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Scraped or end-of-life WC-Co bonded makes it an attractive resource. The conventional technologies to recover these metals entail energy-intensive pre-treatment steps, followed by their dissolution in a high volume of concentrated acids/alkali reagents. Recently, much attention has been given to the development of energy-efficient and environmentally friendly routes based on WC-Co direct electrochemical dissolution as anodes. However, the metals have a retarded dissolution, in NaOH alkali media, due to the formation of passive oxide layers, in the acidic electrolytes, and of hydroxides, on the anodic surface. The present study investigated WC and Co dissolution fundamentals in aqueous NH 3 , in order to develop a greener process, by the suitable addition of (NH 4 ) 2 CO 3 , (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 and NH 4 Cl Preliminary PDP studies revealed the necessary concentration of NH 3 and additives, and their effect on the metals passivation tendency, for obtaining the best anodic dissolution parameters. The electrodissolution experiments in a specially designed cell achieved the maximum values, by adjusting those parameters. The highest dissolution of W and Co occurred under optimum conditions (10 V, 150 g/L NH 3 and 15% w/v NH 4 Cl). Co was deposited at the cathode, while H 8 N 2 O 4 W remained in the electrolyte and was recovered as H 2 WO 4 or YTO . Topographical analysis of the polarized surface by AFM has confirmed the pitting corrosion mechanism responsible for W and Co dissolution. A process flow chart for the newly developed single-step direct recycling methods of WC scraps has also been proposed. This process has produced pure saleable WO 3 powder and Co.
报废或报废的WC-Co粘合使其成为一种有吸引力的资源。回收这些金属的传统技术需要耗费大量能源的预处理步骤，然后将其溶解在大量的浓酸/碱试剂中。近年来，以WC-Co直接电化学溶解为阳极的节能环保路线的开发受到了广泛关注。然而，由于酸性电解质和阳极表面的氢氧化物形成了被动氧化层，金属在NaOH碱介质中溶解迟缓。本研究考察了WC和Co在nh3水溶液中溶解的基本原理，为了开发更环保的工艺，通过适当的(nh4) 2co3、(nh4) 2so4和nh4 Cl的加入，初步的PDP研究揭示了nh3和添加剂的浓度，以及它们对金属钝化倾向的影响，以获得最佳的阳极溶解参数。通过调整这些参数，在专门设计的电解池中进行电溶解实验，获得了最大值。在最佳条件(10 V, 150 g/L nh3和15% W / V nh4 Cl)下，W和Co的溶解率最高。Co沉积在阴极，而h8n2o4w留在电解液中，并被回收为h2wo4或YTO。用原子力显微镜对极化表面进行形貌分析，证实了W和Co溶解的点蚀机制。提出了新开发的单步直接回收WC废料的工艺流程图。该工艺生产出了纯可销售的三氧化二钒粉和钴。
{"title":"Recovery of Strategic Metals from Tungsten Carbide-Cobalt Bonded Waste by Electrochemical Processing","authors":"P. Katiyar, N. Randhawa","doi":"10.4152/pea.2023410202","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4152/pea.2023410202","url":null,"abstract":"Scraped or end-of-life WC-Co bonded makes it an attractive resource. The conventional technologies to recover these metals entail energy-intensive pre-treatment steps, followed by their dissolution in a high volume of concentrated acids/alkali reagents. Recently, much attention has been given to the development of energy-efficient and environmentally friendly routes based on WC-Co direct electrochemical dissolution as anodes. However, the metals have a retarded dissolution, in NaOH alkali media, due to the formation of passive oxide layers, in the acidic electrolytes, and of hydroxides, on the anodic surface. The present study investigated WC and Co dissolution fundamentals in aqueous NH 3 , in order to develop a greener process, by the suitable addition of (NH 4 ) 2 CO 3 , (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 and NH 4 Cl Preliminary PDP studies revealed the necessary concentration of NH 3 and additives, and their effect on the metals passivation tendency, for obtaining the best anodic dissolution parameters. The electrodissolution experiments in a specially designed cell achieved the maximum values, by adjusting those parameters. The highest dissolution of W and Co occurred under optimum conditions (10 V, 150 g/L NH 3 and 15% w/v NH 4 Cl). Co was deposited at the cathode, while H 8 N 2 O 4 W remained in the electrolyte and was recovered as H 2 WO 4 or YTO . Topographical analysis of the polarized surface by AFM has confirmed the pitting corrosion mechanism responsible for W and Co dissolution. A process flow chart for the newly developed single-step direct recycling methods of WC scraps has also been proposed. This process has produced pure saleable WO 3 powder and Co.","PeriodicalId":20334,"journal":{"name":"Portugaliae Electrochimica Acta","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70921447","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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