Pub Date : 2012-06-18DOI: 10.1002/9781119946045.CH44
P. Calder, P. Yaqoob
Summary There is a bidirectional interaction between nutrition, infection, and immunity: undernutrition decreases immune defenses, making an individual more susceptible to infection, but the immune response to an infection can itself impair nutritional status and alter body composition. Practically all forms of immunity are affected by protein-energy malnutrition, but nonspecific defenses and cell-mediated immunity are more severely affected than humoral (antibody) responses. Micronutrients are required for an efficient immune response, and deficiencies in one or more micronutrients diminish immune function. Essential fatty acids play a role in the regulation of immune responses, since they provide precursors for the synthesis of lipid mediators. Deficiencies in essential amino acids impair immune function, but some nonessential amino acids (e.g., arginine and glutamine) may become conditionally essential in stressful situations. Probiotic bacteria enhance immune function in laboratory animals and may do so in humans. Prebiotics may also have these effects. Breast milk has a composition that promotes the development of the neonatal immune response and protects against infectious diseases.
{"title":"Nutrient regulation of the immune response","authors":"P. Calder, P. Yaqoob","doi":"10.1002/9781119946045.CH44","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119946045.CH44","url":null,"abstract":"Summary There is a bidirectional interaction between nutrition, infection, and immunity: undernutrition decreases immune defenses, making an individual more susceptible to infection, but the immune response to an infection can itself impair nutritional status and alter body composition. Practically all forms of immunity are affected by protein-energy malnutrition, but nonspecific defenses and cell-mediated immunity are more severely affected than humoral (antibody) responses. Micronutrients are required for an efficient immune response, and deficiencies in one or more micronutrients diminish immune function. Essential fatty acids play a role in the regulation of immune responses, since they provide precursors for the synthesis of lipid mediators. Deficiencies in essential amino acids impair immune function, but some nonessential amino acids (e.g., arginine and glutamine) may become conditionally essential in stressful situations. Probiotic bacteria enhance immune function in laboratory animals and may do so in humans. Prebiotics may also have these effects. Breast milk has a composition that promotes the development of the neonatal immune response and protects against infectious diseases.","PeriodicalId":20395,"journal":{"name":"Present Knowledge in Nutrition","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81709023","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-06-18DOI: 10.1002/9781119946045.CH57
Vivian M. Zhao, T. Ziegler
Summary Malnutrition is common in hospitalized patients and is associated with adverse clinical outcomes. A variety of factors commonly present in hospital patients contribute to protein–energy malnutrition and loss of essential vitamins, minerals, and electrolytes. Assessment of nutritional status requires comprehensive evaluation and integration of medical and surgical history, current clinical and fluid status, dietary intake patterns, body weight changes, gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms, physical examination, and selected biochemical tests. Current guidelines suggest that goals for caloric intake between 20 and 25 kcal/kg/day and protein/amino acids between 1.2 and 2.0 g/kg/day are appropriate for most adult hospital patients. Adequate vitamins, minerals, electrolytes, essential amino acids, and essential fatty acids must be provided based on recommended allowances for healthy individuals; however, true requirements in subtypes of hospital patients are unknown. The GI (enteral) route should be the first choice for specialized feeding in the hospital setting, with parenteral nutrition modalities, via peripheral or central vein, reserved for those patients in whom adequate enteral nutrition is not possible. Metabolic, infectious, and mechanical complications can occur with both enteral and parenteral feeding modalities and can be prevented or reduced with careful monitoring and adherence to current standards of practice. Relatively few rigorous, randomized controlled clinical trials have been conducted within the field of specialized feeding in the hospital setting, and many areas of uncertainty remain.
{"title":"Specialized nutrition support","authors":"Vivian M. Zhao, T. Ziegler","doi":"10.1002/9781119946045.CH57","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119946045.CH57","url":null,"abstract":"Summary Malnutrition is common in hospitalized patients and is associated with adverse clinical outcomes. A variety of factors commonly present in hospital patients contribute to protein–energy malnutrition and loss of essential vitamins, minerals, and electrolytes. Assessment of nutritional status requires comprehensive evaluation and integration of medical and surgical history, current clinical and fluid status, dietary intake patterns, body weight changes, gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms, physical examination, and selected biochemical tests. Current guidelines suggest that goals for caloric intake between 20 and 25 kcal/kg/day and protein/amino acids between 1.2 and 2.0 g/kg/day are appropriate for most adult hospital patients. Adequate vitamins, minerals, electrolytes, essential amino acids, and essential fatty acids must be provided based on recommended allowances for healthy individuals; however, true requirements in subtypes of hospital patients are unknown. The GI (enteral) route should be the first choice for specialized feeding in the hospital setting, with parenteral nutrition modalities, via peripheral or central vein, reserved for those patients in whom adequate enteral nutrition is not possible. Metabolic, infectious, and mechanical complications can occur with both enteral and parenteral feeding modalities and can be prevented or reduced with careful monitoring and adherence to current standards of practice. Relatively few rigorous, randomized controlled clinical trials have been conducted within the field of specialized feeding in the hospital setting, and many areas of uncertainty remain.","PeriodicalId":20395,"journal":{"name":"Present Knowledge in Nutrition","volume":"60 6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77409723","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-06-18DOI: 10.1002/9781119946045.CH31
H. Preuss, D. Clouatre
Summary Many health professionals and authoritative groups today recommend decreasing dietary intake of sodium from high–sodium content foods and table salt while increasing potassium because such maneuvers should enhance overall health. The sodium content of the body correlates directly with fluid volume. However, many throughout the world unfortunately ingest far more sodium than generally recommended, leading to volume expansion, edema, and elevate blood pressure. The large INTERMAP and Dietary Approach to Stop Hypertension clinical investigations corroborate findings from earlier studies like INTERSALT by concluding that higher sodium intakes cause elevated blood pressure leading to many cardiovascular perturbations. On the other hand, too small a circulating volume emanating from low sodium intake can create symptoms/signs ranging from tiredness/low blood pressure to outright disorientation/shock. Conversely, higher potassium intakes are characteristically associated with lower blood pressures and better cardiovascular performance. Nevertheless, high and low circulating potassium can also have profound adverse effects–primarily on depolarization/contraction of the heart. With diminished renal function, even moderate potassium intake can cause serious cardiovascular complications.
{"title":"Sodium, chloride, and potassium","authors":"H. Preuss, D. Clouatre","doi":"10.1002/9781119946045.CH31","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119946045.CH31","url":null,"abstract":"Summary Many health professionals and authoritative groups today recommend decreasing dietary intake of sodium from high–sodium content foods and table salt while increasing potassium because such maneuvers should enhance overall health. The sodium content of the body correlates directly with fluid volume. However, many throughout the world unfortunately ingest far more sodium than generally recommended, leading to volume expansion, edema, and elevate blood pressure. The large INTERMAP and Dietary Approach to Stop Hypertension clinical investigations corroborate findings from earlier studies like INTERSALT by concluding that higher sodium intakes cause elevated blood pressure leading to many cardiovascular perturbations. On the other hand, too small a circulating volume emanating from low sodium intake can create symptoms/signs ranging from tiredness/low blood pressure to outright disorientation/shock. Conversely, higher potassium intakes are characteristically associated with lower blood pressures and better cardiovascular performance. Nevertheless, high and low circulating potassium can also have profound adverse effects–primarily on depolarization/contraction of the heart. With diminished renal function, even moderate potassium intake can cause serious cardiovascular complications.","PeriodicalId":20395,"journal":{"name":"Present Knowledge in Nutrition","volume":"34 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79381305","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1990-12-31DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-185254-2.50003-6
A. Abioye, K. Alaimo, S. Anton, E. Askew, J. Baumert, K. Bell, J. Brand-Miller, L. Burke, A. Bye, Elizabeth J. Campbell, Mariana Chilton, S. Colagiuri, C. Compher, J. D. Vries, A. Drewnowski, J. Dwyer, Rebecca Egdorf, I. Elmadfa, W. Fawzi, Hilda E. Fernandez, J. Francis, K. Friedl, Stephanie P Gilley, V. Goh, Wei-min Guo, D. Haytowitz, S. Han, K. Herrick, J. Hoadley, P. Hulshof, S. Irving, E. Jacobsen, N. Jain, Marie Johnson, Emily A. Johnston, A. Johnstone, Sonya J. Jones, I. Kirpich, N. Krebs, P. Kris-Etherton, Ellisiv Lærum-Onsager, J. Lewis, K. Lindsay, A. Maqbool, M. Manore, M. Mascarenhas, C. McClain, L. McKeever, S. McNaughton, S. Meydani, A. Meyer, P. Monsivais, Laura M. Nance, C. Newberry, T. Nickolas, M. Ocké, C. Ogden, E. P. Parks, P. Pehrsson, K. Petersen, R. Post, R. Rienecke, Terrence M. Riley, R. Rizzoli, D. Ryan, Sarah Safadi, T. Sanders, Philip A. Sapp, D. Schnakenberg, L. Smart, Juquan Song, V. Srinivasan, Sylvia Stephen, V. Sullivan, P. Suter, Steve L. Taylor, A. Tindall, K. Tucker, K.
{"title":"Contributors to Volume 2","authors":"A. Abioye, K. Alaimo, S. Anton, E. Askew, J. Baumert, K. Bell, J. Brand-Miller, L. Burke, A. Bye, Elizabeth J. Campbell, Mariana Chilton, S. Colagiuri, C. Compher, J. D. Vries, A. Drewnowski, J. Dwyer, Rebecca Egdorf, I. Elmadfa, W. Fawzi, Hilda E. Fernandez, J. Francis, K. Friedl, Stephanie P Gilley, V. Goh, Wei-min Guo, D. Haytowitz, S. Han, K. Herrick, J. Hoadley, P. Hulshof, S. Irving, E. Jacobsen, N. Jain, Marie Johnson, Emily A. Johnston, A. Johnstone, Sonya J. Jones, I. Kirpich, N. Krebs, P. Kris-Etherton, Ellisiv Lærum-Onsager, J. Lewis, K. Lindsay, A. Maqbool, M. Manore, M. Mascarenhas, C. McClain, L. McKeever, S. McNaughton, S. Meydani, A. Meyer, P. Monsivais, Laura M. Nance, C. Newberry, T. Nickolas, M. Ocké, C. Ogden, E. P. Parks, P. Pehrsson, K. Petersen, R. Post, R. Rienecke, Terrence M. Riley, R. Rizzoli, D. Ryan, Sarah Safadi, T. Sanders, Philip A. Sapp, D. Schnakenberg, L. Smart, Juquan Song, V. Srinivasan, Sylvia Stephen, V. Sullivan, P. Suter, Steve L. Taylor, A. Tindall, K. Tucker, K. ","doi":"10.1016/B978-0-12-185254-2.50003-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-185254-2.50003-6","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":20395,"journal":{"name":"Present Knowledge in Nutrition","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80454605","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-66162-1.00003-2
Rylee T. Ahnen, R. Mottet, Morrine A. Omolo, J. Slavin
{"title":"Carbohydrates","authors":"Rylee T. Ahnen, R. Mottet, Morrine A. Omolo, J. Slavin","doi":"10.1016/b978-0-323-66162-1.00003-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-323-66162-1.00003-2","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":20395,"journal":{"name":"Present Knowledge in Nutrition","volume":"63 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85769896","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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