Pub Date : 2020-12-21DOI: 10.30687/rg/2281-6100/2022/01/004
Sofia del Monaco
Money laundering activities related to the cryptocurrency market have seen an exponential increase over the last fifteen years as a consequence of technological developments and economic distresses, as the 2008 crisis and the 2020 pandemic. This essay will analyse the European Union legislation created in order to tackle this phenomenon, dwelling on the Fifth Anti-Money Laundering Directive and its similarities among international laws. In particular, it will be displayed the importance of intermediaries, such as money mules and mixing services, to ease money laundering and increase the anonymity. In this framework, the European Union finds itself almost powerless: the legality of the virtual currency source is assessed only when entering and exiting in the virtual market and not during in-market transactions as well as a complete lack of legislation on mixing services activities. Therefore, how can the European Union steam the misuse of such intermediaries with ex-ante and ex-post interventions? And, finally, are the European privacy policies so important to outrank the risk related to money laundering activities? This paper shows that one way to prevent cryptocurrency money laundering pullulation is launching sensitization and awareness programmes since young age through educational institutions and, most importantly, a narrower legislation is required, implementing those laws that proved to be effective in other countries, in defiance of privacy policies.
{"title":"Money Mules and Tumblers\u0000 Money Laundering During the Cryptocurrency Era","authors":"Sofia del Monaco","doi":"10.30687/rg/2281-6100/2022/01/004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30687/rg/2281-6100/2022/01/004","url":null,"abstract":"Money laundering activities related to the cryptocurrency market have seen an exponential increase over the last fifteen years as a consequence of technological developments and economic distresses, as the 2008 crisis and the 2020 pandemic. This essay will analyse the European Union legislation created in order to tackle this phenomenon, dwelling on the Fifth Anti-Money Laundering Directive and its similarities among international laws. In particular, it will be displayed the importance of intermediaries, such as money mules and mixing services, to ease money laundering and increase the anonymity. In this framework, the European Union finds itself almost powerless: the legality of the virtual currency source is assessed only when entering and exiting in the virtual market and not during in-market transactions as well as a complete lack of legislation on mixing services activities. Therefore, how can the European Union steam the misuse of such intermediaries with ex-ante and ex-post interventions? And, finally, are the European privacy policies so important to outrank the risk related to money laundering activities? This paper shows that one way to prevent cryptocurrency money laundering pullulation is launching sensitization and awareness programmes since young age through educational institutions and, most importantly, a narrower legislation is required, implementing those laws that proved to be effective in other countries, in defiance of privacy policies.","PeriodicalId":204526,"journal":{"name":"Ricerche giuridiche","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129154520","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-21DOI: 10.30687/rg/2281-6100/2022/01/005
M. Marafatto
The aim of this elaborate is to analyse the main features of crypto assets, highlighting both the benefits and drawbacks, paying particular attention to crypto securities. Starting from an overview of these financial instruments, it focuses more specifically on different categories of tokens. Once outlined the classification boundaries, the paper narrows the key opportunities and major threats of the market presented by the literature available on the object. Starting from Security Token Offering, it delineates the steps and the entities involved throughout the life of these new instruments. Towards the end, all the features are compared to attempt to understand whether they are going to remain on the market.
{"title":"The Dawn of Crypto Assets: A Comet or a New Universe?\u0000 Treats and Opportunities of the Upcoming Stars of the Financial Market","authors":"M. Marafatto","doi":"10.30687/rg/2281-6100/2022/01/005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30687/rg/2281-6100/2022/01/005","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this elaborate is to analyse the main features of crypto assets, highlighting both the benefits and drawbacks, paying particular attention to crypto securities. Starting from an overview of these financial instruments, it focuses more specifically on different categories of tokens. Once outlined the classification boundaries, the paper narrows the key opportunities and major threats of the market presented by the literature available on the object. Starting from Security Token Offering, it delineates the steps and the entities involved throughout the life of these new instruments. Towards the end, all the features are compared to attempt to understand whether they are going to remain on the market.","PeriodicalId":204526,"journal":{"name":"Ricerche giuridiche","volume":"56 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125624396","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-21DOI: 10.30687/rg/2281-6100/2022/01/006
N. Galasso
The ruling of the Supreme Court declares a derivative contract null and void due to the lack of informative elements, such as the mark to market, the probabilistic scenarios and the hidden costs. The failure to indicate these elements determines the lack of a clear and defined causal profile of the contract. The Court arrives at this solution, focusing only on the principles of civil law, leaving aside, however, the specific rules contained in the TUF.
{"title":"La decisione delle Sezioni Unite in materia di contratti derivati: profili di criticità della sentenza n. 8770/2020","authors":"N. Galasso","doi":"10.30687/rg/2281-6100/2022/01/006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30687/rg/2281-6100/2022/01/006","url":null,"abstract":"The ruling of the Supreme Court declares a derivative contract null and void due to the lack of informative elements, such as the mark to market, the probabilistic scenarios and the hidden costs. The failure to indicate these elements determines the lack of a clear and defined causal profile of the contract. The Court arrives at this solution, focusing only on the principles of civil law, leaving aside, however, the specific rules contained in the TUF.","PeriodicalId":204526,"journal":{"name":"Ricerche giuridiche","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134192665","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-21DOI: 10.30687/rg/2281-6100/2022/01/001
Giuseppe Percoco
Law Decree no. 179 of October 12th 2012 started a process of extension of the financing channels for limited responsibility enterprises, focusing mainly on those operating in innovative sectors. One of the evolutive lines on which the intervention has focused relates to the necessity of such enterprises to lure professional competen-cies and specialistic, organisational skills fundamental for enterprises belonging to innovative sectors, without, however, compromising their financial sustainability. In such sense, two main institutions: the acquisition/subscription of their holdings and the is- suing of financial instruments.
{"title":"Il work for equity nelle start-up innovative a responsabilità limitata","authors":"Giuseppe Percoco","doi":"10.30687/rg/2281-6100/2022/01/001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30687/rg/2281-6100/2022/01/001","url":null,"abstract":"Law Decree no. 179 of October 12th 2012 started a process of extension of the financing channels for limited responsibility enterprises, focusing mainly on those operating in innovative sectors. One of the evolutive lines on which the intervention has focused relates to the necessity of such enterprises to lure professional competen-cies and specialistic, organisational skills fundamental for enterprises belonging to innovative sectors, without, however, compromising their financial sustainability. In such sense, two main institutions: the acquisition/subscription of their holdings and the is- suing of financial instruments.","PeriodicalId":204526,"journal":{"name":"Ricerche giuridiche","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115434042","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-21DOI: 10.30687/rg/2281-6100/2022/01/002
Lucrezia Cipriani
Crowdfunding platforms have been particularly relevant in the ambit of innovations introduced with the development of Fintech, including those that base their activity on lending (the so called “lending-based crowdfunding” platforms). The active platforms - whose number in Italy is still relatively small - carry out a market activity that facilitates the matching of interests between those who are in surplus (and wish to use money towards a return), and those who are in deficit (and wish to obtain funding). This article aims to provide a look at lending crowdfunding, with a twofold purpose: (i) understanding how the relevant platforms can be legally qualified, also with regard to their compatibility with the activities reserved by law to financial intermediaries; ii) analyzing the possible scenarios related to the “European Crowdfunding Service Providers” EU Regulation (ECSP), considering that only in recent years the Commission has decided to go beyond a mere monitoring of the sector.
{"title":"Brevi note in tema di marketplace lending alla luce del nuovo regolamento europeo in materia di crowdfunding","authors":"Lucrezia Cipriani","doi":"10.30687/rg/2281-6100/2022/01/002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30687/rg/2281-6100/2022/01/002","url":null,"abstract":"Crowdfunding platforms have been particularly relevant in the ambit of innovations introduced with the development of Fintech, including those that base their activity on lending (the so called “lending-based crowdfunding” platforms). \u0000The active platforms - whose number in Italy is still relatively small - carry out a market activity that facilitates the matching of interests between those who are in surplus (and wish to use money towards a return), and those who are in deficit (and wish to obtain funding).\u0000This article aims to provide a look at lending crowdfunding, with a twofold purpose:\u0000(i) understanding how the relevant platforms can be legally qualified, also with regard to their compatibility with the activities reserved by law to financial intermediaries;\u0000ii) analyzing the possible scenarios related to the “European Crowdfunding Service Providers” EU Regulation (ECSP), considering that only in recent years the Commission has decided to go beyond a mere monitoring of the sector.","PeriodicalId":204526,"journal":{"name":"Ricerche giuridiche","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121222492","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-21DOI: 10.30687/rg/2281-6100/2022/01/003
Matteo Maria Marchiò
L’articolo analizza la ripartizione di competenze tra soci e amministratori di s.p.a. nel caso di delibera di aumento del capitale sociale a pagamento. Considerata la stretta inerenza di tale vicenda societaria alla gestione dell’impresa, lo scritto intende sostenere che, sebbene la legge attribuisca la relativa competenza deliberativa all’assemblea, ai soci resta pur sempre preclusa la facoltà di apportare modifiche alla proposta presentata dagli amministratori, anche laddove l’operazione programmata non richieda l’esclusione o limitazione del diritto di opzione spettante agli azionisti.
{"title":"La modificabilità della proposta di aumento del capitale sociale nella s.p.a.","authors":"Matteo Maria Marchiò","doi":"10.30687/rg/2281-6100/2022/01/003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30687/rg/2281-6100/2022/01/003","url":null,"abstract":"L’articolo analizza la ripartizione di competenze tra soci e amministratori di s.p.a. nel caso di delibera di aumento del capitale sociale a pagamento. Considerata la stretta inerenza di tale vicenda societaria alla gestione dell’impresa, lo scritto intende sostenere che, sebbene la legge attribuisca la relativa competenza deliberativa all’assemblea, ai soci resta pur sempre preclusa la facoltà di apportare modifiche alla proposta presentata dagli amministratori, anche laddove l’operazione programmata non richieda l’esclusione o limitazione del diritto di opzione spettante agli azionisti.","PeriodicalId":204526,"journal":{"name":"Ricerche giuridiche","volume":"49 2","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120850046","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-06-15DOI: 10.30687/rg/2281-6100/2020/01/005
Francesco Butturini
La nota si sofferma su una sentenza del Tribunale di Roma inerente all'azione di responsabilità nei confronti di un amministratore di s.r.l. esercitata ai sensi dell'art. 2476, sesto comma (attuale settimo comma a seguito del d.lgs 12 gennaio 2019, n. 14). In particolare, si intende approfondire il termine di decorrenza della prescrizione dell'azione stessa per la quale il Tribunale predica una disciplina diversa sul punto rispetto all'analogo rimedio attribuito ai singoli soci o terzi direttamente danneggiati previsto nella s.p.a. all'art. 2395 c.c.. Tuttavia, le previsioni generali dettate in materia di prescrizione (artt. 2934 e ss.) e i principi costituzionali sembrano suggerire una differente interpretazione dell'art. 2395 c.c. che renderebbe, così, uniforme la disciplina tra i due tipi societari anche rispetto al termine di decorrenza dell'esercizio dell'azione stessa.
该说明涉及罗马法院的一项判决，该判决涉及根据《欧洲共同体条约》第177条对s.r.l.董事提起的诉讼。第2476条第6款(现为第7款，自2019年1月12日第14号法令以来)。特别是，它打算延长诉讼时效期间，原讼法庭在这方面主张的规则不同于《公约》第5条所规定的给予直接受害的个别成员或第三方的类似补救办法。2s9 c . c。但是，关于时效期间的一般规定第2934条等)和宪法原则似乎表明对第95条的不同解释。因此，这两种公司类型之间的规则在诉讼开始的最后期限方面是统一的。
{"title":"In tema di prescrizione dell’azione di responsabilità dei singoli soci o terzi verso gli amministratori di società di capitali","authors":"Francesco Butturini","doi":"10.30687/rg/2281-6100/2020/01/005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30687/rg/2281-6100/2020/01/005","url":null,"abstract":"La nota si sofferma su una sentenza del Tribunale di Roma inerente all'azione di responsabilità nei confronti di un amministratore di s.r.l. esercitata ai sensi dell'art. 2476, sesto comma (attuale settimo comma a seguito del d.lgs 12 gennaio 2019, n. 14). In particolare, si intende approfondire il termine di decorrenza della prescrizione dell'azione stessa per la quale il Tribunale predica una disciplina diversa sul punto rispetto all'analogo rimedio attribuito ai singoli soci o terzi direttamente danneggiati previsto nella s.p.a. all'art. 2395 c.c.. Tuttavia, le previsioni generali dettate in materia di prescrizione (artt. 2934 e ss.) e i principi costituzionali sembrano suggerire una differente interpretazione dell'art. 2395 c.c. che renderebbe, così, uniforme la disciplina tra i due tipi societari anche rispetto al termine di decorrenza dell'esercizio dell'azione stessa.","PeriodicalId":204526,"journal":{"name":"Ricerche giuridiche","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134043415","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-06-15DOI: 10.30687/rg/2281-6100/2020/01/004
V. Iaia
This article focuses on a worthwhile decision of the Court of First Instance of Modena concerning the bank’s protective disclosure obligation while offering ancillary activities. Particularly, it refers to the promotion of investment diamonds offered by third companies. The Court stated that the bank is subject to the obligation to assess the effective value of the promoted diamonds and to inform its clients accordingly. Otherwise the bank would be jointly liable with the company which has sold the investment diamonds for the value difference between the price paid by the bank’s clients and their real value. This decision strengthens the bond between disclosure and liability towards a greater protection of bank customers in order to maintain confidence in the banking system.
{"title":"Attività bancarie accessorie, standard di diligenza e presidi informativi a tutela dell’investitore\u0000 L’obbligo di protective disclosure nella promozione dei diamanti da investimento","authors":"V. Iaia","doi":"10.30687/rg/2281-6100/2020/01/004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30687/rg/2281-6100/2020/01/004","url":null,"abstract":"This article focuses on a worthwhile decision of the Court of First Instance of Modena concerning the bank’s protective disclosure obligation while offering ancillary activities. Particularly, it refers to the promotion of investment diamonds offered by third companies. The Court stated that the bank is subject to the obligation to assess the effective value of the promoted diamonds and to inform its clients accordingly. Otherwise the bank would be jointly liable with the company which has sold the investment diamonds for the value difference between the price paid by the bank’s clients and their real value. This decision strengthens the bond between disclosure and liability towards a greater protection of bank customers in order to maintain confidence in the banking system.","PeriodicalId":204526,"journal":{"name":"Ricerche giuridiche","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133402648","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-06-15DOI: 10.30687/rg/2281-6100/2020/01/006
Sofia Mansoldo
The author comments on the decision of the Tribunal of Venice concerning the quantification of damages caused by director’s unlawful conduct upon the occurrence of a cause for dissolution of the company. This paper aims to analyze the two damage quantification methods inserted in article 2486 of the Italian Civil Code, modified from article 378 of the new Code of enterprise crisis and insolvency.
{"title":"I criteri di quantificazione del danno nelle azioni di responsabilità contro gli amministratori ex art. 2486 c.c., con uno sguardo al Codice della crisi d'impresa e dell'insolvenza","authors":"Sofia Mansoldo","doi":"10.30687/rg/2281-6100/2020/01/006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30687/rg/2281-6100/2020/01/006","url":null,"abstract":"The author comments on the decision of the Tribunal of Venice concerning the quantification of damages caused by director’s unlawful conduct upon the occurrence of a cause for dissolution of the company. This paper aims to analyze the two damage quantification methods inserted in article 2486 of the Italian Civil Code, modified from article 378 of the new Code of enterprise crisis and insolvency.","PeriodicalId":204526,"journal":{"name":"Ricerche giuridiche","volume":"129 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134050631","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-06-15DOI: 10.30687/rg/2281-6100/2020/01/002
S. Baldin, P. Viola
Cultural pluralism and the legal acknowledgment of diversity are currently pervasive topics within comparative constitutional law debates. From the post-Westphalian conception of the nation-state, contemporary and avant-garde forms of constitutionalism in Latin America and South Asia had to struggle with the colonialism’s legacy of monoculturalism, claiming for a proper space for their autochthonous traditions within the legal systems. To this extent, the constitutional experiences of Bolivia and Nepal represent suitable examples to “re-think” the role of culture through a less legalistic approach. From these assumptions, the article aims to verify whether the concept of harmony within the constitutional frameworks of pluralistic societies could be considered as one of the main features of their legal systems (or even the funding myth of the state) within intercultural/multicultural approaches to diversity.
{"title":"A postmodern account on cultural pluralism and harmony. Comparing the constitutional experiences of Bolivia and Nepal\u0000 Comparing the Constitutional Experiences of Bolivia and Nepal","authors":"S. Baldin, P. Viola","doi":"10.30687/rg/2281-6100/2020/01/002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30687/rg/2281-6100/2020/01/002","url":null,"abstract":"Cultural pluralism and the legal acknowledgment of diversity are currently pervasive topics within comparative constitutional law debates. From the post-Westphalian conception of the nation-state, contemporary and avant-garde forms of constitutionalism in Latin America and South Asia had to struggle with the colonialism’s legacy of monoculturalism, claiming for a proper space for their autochthonous traditions within the legal systems. To this extent, the constitutional experiences of Bolivia and Nepal represent suitable examples to “re-think” the role of culture through a less legalistic approach. From these assumptions, the article aims to verify whether the concept of harmony within the constitutional frameworks of pluralistic societies could be considered as one of the main features of their legal systems (or even the funding myth of the state) within intercultural/multicultural approaches to diversity.","PeriodicalId":204526,"journal":{"name":"Ricerche giuridiche","volume":"63 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131553802","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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