Computational and theoretical study of the dynamics of the formation of a quasi-neutral proton beam propagating from the rear surface of an aluminum target under the action of super-intense laser pulse is presented. It is shown that total time to establish the quasi-neutrality of the proton beam is about two laser pulse durations. The calculated values of the effective temperature and the number of fast protons are close to the experimental results1.
{"title":"Quasi-neutrality of the relativistic laser-driven proton beam","authors":"S. Andreev, V. Tarakanov","doi":"10.1117/12.2604804","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2604804","url":null,"abstract":"Computational and theoretical study of the dynamics of the formation of a quasi-neutral proton beam propagating from the rear surface of an aluminum target under the action of super-intense laser pulse is presented. It is shown that total time to establish the quasi-neutrality of the proton beam is about two laser pulse durations. The calculated values of the effective temperature and the number of fast protons are close to the experimental results1.","PeriodicalId":205170,"journal":{"name":"Atomic and Molecular Pulsed Lasers","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127158657","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
E. Sosnin, Vlada S. Cherneta, I. A. Victorova, V. Skakun, V. Panarin, A. Butenkova
The work is devoted to identifying the features of plant growth and development under laboratory conditions after presowing stimulation of seeds of pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), thuja (Thuja occidentalis L.) and eggplant (Solanum melongena L., variety "Universal") by UVB radiation of XeCl-excilamp. In all cases, conditions were identified in which UVB stimulation accelerates the germination of these seeds and the formation of seedlings. Additionally, microcoping of germinating 10-day-old thuja seeds performed on sections shows that the seeds show clear differences compared to the untreated control. If in the control, the seeds were just beginning to germinate (the appearance of the germ root), then in the experimental samples, on average, 5% of the seeds passed to the stage of development and formation of the seedling, had a developed root, hypocotyl, colored cotyledons, which began to shed the seed rind. The obtained primary data confirm the prospects of using narrow-band UVB radiation of XeCl-excilamps for pre-sowing stimulation of plant seeds.
本研究以XeCl-excilamp的UVB辐射对松木(Pinus sylvestris L.)、西洋柏(thuja occidentalis L.)和茄子(Solanum melongena L.，品种“Universal”)种子进行播前刺激后，在实验室条件下鉴定植物生长发育特征。在所有情况下，都确定了UVB刺激加速这些种子发芽和幼苗形成的条件。此外，对萌发10天的土加种子进行切片显微复制显示，与未处理的对照相比，种子表现出明显的差异。如果在对照中，种子刚刚开始发芽(胚根的外观)，那么在实验样品中，平均有5%的种子进入了幼苗的发育和形成阶段，具有发达的根，下胚轴，彩色子叶，开始脱落种子皮。获得的初步数据证实了利用xecl - exilamps的窄带UVB辐射对植物种子进行播前刺激的前景。
{"title":"A new data on priming of plant seeds by UVB radiation","authors":"E. Sosnin, Vlada S. Cherneta, I. A. Victorova, V. Skakun, V. Panarin, A. Butenkova","doi":"10.1117/12.2605105","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2605105","url":null,"abstract":"The work is devoted to identifying the features of plant growth and development under laboratory conditions after presowing stimulation of seeds of pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), thuja (Thuja occidentalis L.) and eggplant (Solanum melongena L., variety \"Universal\") by UVB radiation of XeCl-excilamp. In all cases, conditions were identified in which UVB stimulation accelerates the germination of these seeds and the formation of seedlings. Additionally, microcoping of germinating 10-day-old thuja seeds performed on sections shows that the seeds show clear differences compared to the untreated control. If in the control, the seeds were just beginning to germinate (the appearance of the germ root), then in the experimental samples, on average, 5% of the seeds passed to the stage of development and formation of the seedling, had a developed root, hypocotyl, colored cotyledons, which began to shed the seed rind. The obtained primary data confirm the prospects of using narrow-band UVB radiation of XeCl-excilamps for pre-sowing stimulation of plant seeds.","PeriodicalId":205170,"journal":{"name":"Atomic and Molecular Pulsed Lasers","volume":"43 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124891623","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article describes the methods and approaches used by us to solve the problem of a high error in the determination of a component with a low concentration in a gas mixture. The approaches based on the modification of the machine learning model were considered, the approach to the generation of the training sample was changed, an iterative method for increasing the accuracy of the model results was proposed.
{"title":"Application of machine learning algorithms and laser absorption spectroscopy to solve the problem of determining components with a low concentration in multicomponent gas mixtures","authors":"V. Prischepa, V. Skiba, A. Borisov, D. Vrazhnov","doi":"10.1117/12.2614040","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2614040","url":null,"abstract":"This article describes the methods and approaches used by us to solve the problem of a high error in the determination of a component with a low concentration in a gas mixture. The approaches based on the modification of the machine learning model were considered, the approach to the generation of the training sample was changed, an iterative method for increasing the accuracy of the model results was proposed.","PeriodicalId":205170,"journal":{"name":"Atomic and Molecular Pulsed Lasers","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125277143","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Narrow-band ultraviolet B radiation is increasingly used in the therapy and recurrence prevention of autoimmune skin diseases. The popularity of this method stems from the relative safety and minimal impact on the human body during physical therapy. This paper reports on the development of a unique design of the excimer lamp equipped with a UVB dose control system, a sensor control unit with a ribbon software interface, a quick positioning system, and an electronic patient logbook. The excimer lamp is designed to provide safer and more effective UVB therapy for skin psoriasis, nail plate psoriasis, vitiligo and atopic dermatitis.
{"title":"Design features of the excimer lamp for UVB therapy","authors":"D. Schitz, A. Ivankov","doi":"10.1117/12.2613752","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2613752","url":null,"abstract":"Narrow-band ultraviolet B radiation is increasingly used in the therapy and recurrence prevention of autoimmune skin diseases. The popularity of this method stems from the relative safety and minimal impact on the human body during physical therapy. This paper reports on the development of a unique design of the excimer lamp equipped with a UVB dose control system, a sensor control unit with a ribbon software interface, a quick positioning system, and an electronic patient logbook. The excimer lamp is designed to provide safer and more effective UVB therapy for skin psoriasis, nail plate psoriasis, vitiligo and atopic dermatitis.","PeriodicalId":205170,"journal":{"name":"Atomic and Molecular Pulsed Lasers","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128795328","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
I. Minin, Y. Geints, P. Baranov, I. Zatonov, C. Liu, L. Yue, O. Minin
In the past few years, it has shown that photonic jet – a high-intensity near-field focus can be curved through focusing of an asymmetric mesoscale dielectric particle. This unique electromagnetic beam configuration breaking spatial symmetry was termed ‘photonic hooks’ and demonstrated different features from Airy-family beams using a relatively simple experimental setup. The measured radius of the photonic curvature it creates approximates to half of the wavelength, which is the smallest curvature of electromagnetic wave ever reported. This effect was discovered in many relevant fields, including near-field optics (both in transmitted and reflection modes), terahertz (THz) radiation, in-plane plasmonics, and acoustics, and this paper is a short review for them.
{"title":"Photonic hook: a new sub-wavelength-scale selfbending light beam","authors":"I. Minin, Y. Geints, P. Baranov, I. Zatonov, C. Liu, L. Yue, O. Minin","doi":"10.1117/12.2599498","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2599498","url":null,"abstract":"In the past few years, it has shown that photonic jet – a high-intensity near-field focus can be curved through focusing of an asymmetric mesoscale dielectric particle. This unique electromagnetic beam configuration breaking spatial symmetry was termed ‘photonic hooks’ and demonstrated different features from Airy-family beams using a relatively simple experimental setup. The measured radius of the photonic curvature it creates approximates to half of the wavelength, which is the smallest curvature of electromagnetic wave ever reported. This effect was discovered in many relevant fields, including near-field optics (both in transmitted and reflection modes), terahertz (THz) radiation, in-plane plasmonics, and acoustics, and this paper is a short review for them.","PeriodicalId":205170,"journal":{"name":"Atomic and Molecular Pulsed Lasers","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130494998","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
N. Nikolaev, A. Mamrashev, V. Antsygin, D. Ezhov, D. Lubenko, V. Svetlichnyi, Y. Andreev, V. Losev
We present the thorough studies of dielectric properties of BiB3O6 (BIBO) crystal in the subterahertz range. We observe a large birefringence Δn = nZ −nX = 1.5 and the values of absorption coefficients of all three axes to be less than 0.5 cm−1 at the frequency of 0.3 THz. The difference from visible range in angle Φ between the dielectric axis z and crystallophysical axis χ is found to be more than 6°. The simulated phase-matching curves in the xz plane of the crystal show the optimal value of the angle θ to be around 25.5°±1° for an efficient millimeter-wave generation under the pump of 1064 nm laser radiation.
{"title":"The dielectric tensor rotation angle and optical properties of a nonlinear crystal of bismuth triborate in the millimeter-wave range","authors":"N. Nikolaev, A. Mamrashev, V. Antsygin, D. Ezhov, D. Lubenko, V. Svetlichnyi, Y. Andreev, V. Losev","doi":"10.1117/12.2613758","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2613758","url":null,"abstract":"We present the thorough studies of dielectric properties of BiB3O6 (BIBO) crystal in the subterahertz range. We observe a large birefringence Δn = nZ −nX = 1.5 and the values of absorption coefficients of all three axes to be less than 0.5 cm−1 at the frequency of 0.3 THz. The difference from visible range in angle Φ between the dielectric axis z and crystallophysical axis χ is found to be more than 6°. The simulated phase-matching curves in the xz plane of the crystal show the optimal value of the angle θ to be around 25.5°±1° for an efficient millimeter-wave generation under the pump of 1064 nm laser radiation.","PeriodicalId":205170,"journal":{"name":"Atomic and Molecular Pulsed Lasers","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123525942","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Anton Klimkin, Grigorii Kokhanenko, T. Kuraeva, Yurii Ponomarev, Igor Ptashnik
Substances with different absorption spectra have different backscatter spectra. If the range of sounding wavelengths is narrow, but includes evident absorption bands of an aerosol substance, then this substance can be detected from the backscattering spectrum. This is a ground for the use of the differential scattering (DICS) technique for the detection of known organic compounds in natural and anthropogenic aerosol. CO2 lasers with the wavelength tuning range 9–11 μm, which includes the absorption bands of many organic substances, are apparently the most suitable for DICS implementation. It should be borne in mind that when the imaginary part of the refractive index changes (for example, when an absorbing substance is added to a water drop), the real part of the refractive index is also changes. For large particles (r ≥ 10 μm), even small changes in the refractive index significantly affect the backscattering efficiency. The accuracy of the literature data is insufficient for preliminary (a priori) calculation of aerosol backscatter coefficients. Therefore, the development of DICS requires extensive field measurements and their complex mathematical processing with the use of machine learning algorithms. This research sets out the task of systematization of the backscattering radiation by atmospheric aerosol with different organic substances and finding out the wave lengths where the backscatter signal is higher than the selective and continuum atmospheric molecular absorption.
{"title":"Consideration of selective and nonselective absorption by water vapor and ozone when sounding atmospheric organic aerosol with a CO2 laser-based IR lidar","authors":"Anton Klimkin, Grigorii Kokhanenko, T. Kuraeva, Yurii Ponomarev, Igor Ptashnik","doi":"10.1117/12.2616208","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2616208","url":null,"abstract":"Substances with different absorption spectra have different backscatter spectra. If the range of sounding wavelengths is narrow, but includes evident absorption bands of an aerosol substance, then this substance can be detected from the backscattering spectrum. This is a ground for the use of the differential scattering (DICS) technique for the detection of known organic compounds in natural and anthropogenic aerosol. CO2 lasers with the wavelength tuning range 9–11 μm, which includes the absorption bands of many organic substances, are apparently the most suitable for DICS implementation. It should be borne in mind that when the imaginary part of the refractive index changes (for example, when an absorbing substance is added to a water drop), the real part of the refractive index is also changes. For large particles (r ≥ 10 μm), even small changes in the refractive index significantly affect the backscattering efficiency. The accuracy of the literature data is insufficient for preliminary (a priori) calculation of aerosol backscatter coefficients. Therefore, the development of DICS requires extensive field measurements and their complex mathematical processing with the use of machine learning algorithms. This research sets out the task of systematization of the backscattering radiation by atmospheric aerosol with different organic substances and finding out the wave lengths where the backscatter signal is higher than the selective and continuum atmospheric molecular absorption.","PeriodicalId":205170,"journal":{"name":"Atomic and Molecular Pulsed Lasers","volume":"67 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129902394","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The results of an experimental investigation of the "electrical wind" as a means of convective renewal of gas mixtures in the gas–discharge gaps in CO2–laser mixtures at superatmospheric (1–12 Atm) pressures are presented. It is established that for a fixed value of the current of a unipolar corona discharge, the speed of the "electrical wind" does not depend on the pressure, but is determined by the chemical composition of the working mixture. The maximum values of the "electrical wind" velocity were achieved in pure carbon dioxide and molecular nitrogen and their values are 3.2 and 2.9 m∙s –1. In typical CO2:N2:He laser mixtures = 1:1:3 – 1:1:6 the values of the speed of the "electrical wind" are in the range from 2.5 to 1.5 m∙s –1. It is reported about the design and generation characteristics of a small–sized sealed–off metal–ceramic CO2 laser of superatmospheric pressure with an "electrical wind" operating at pulse repetition frequencies up to 25 Hz. At an operating pressure of 12 atmospheres and the excitation zone of the volumetric pump discharge V =18∙0.8∙0.8 cm3 achieved the maximum radiation energy in a pulse of 0.8 J with a duration of up to 10 nanoseconds.
{"title":"Pulse-periodical CO2 laser operating at pressures up to 12 atmospheres","authors":"B. Kozlov, D. S. Makhanko, A. Y. Payurov","doi":"10.1117/12.2613557","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2613557","url":null,"abstract":"The results of an experimental investigation of the \"electrical wind\" as a means of convective renewal of gas mixtures in the gas–discharge gaps in CO2–laser mixtures at superatmospheric (1–12 Atm) pressures are presented. It is established that for a fixed value of the current of a unipolar corona discharge, the speed of the \"electrical wind\" does not depend on the pressure, but is determined by the chemical composition of the working mixture. The maximum values of the \"electrical wind\" velocity were achieved in pure carbon dioxide and molecular nitrogen and their values are 3.2 and 2.9 m∙s –1. In typical CO2:N2:He laser mixtures = 1:1:3 – 1:1:6 the values of the speed of the \"electrical wind\" are in the range from 2.5 to 1.5 m∙s –1. It is reported about the design and generation characteristics of a small–sized sealed–off metal–ceramic CO2 laser of superatmospheric pressure with an \"electrical wind\" operating at pulse repetition frequencies up to 25 Hz. At an operating pressure of 12 atmospheres and the excitation zone of the volumetric pump discharge V =18∙0.8∙0.8 cm3 achieved the maximum radiation energy in a pulse of 0.8 J with a duration of up to 10 nanoseconds.","PeriodicalId":205170,"journal":{"name":"Atomic and Molecular Pulsed Lasers","volume":"2014 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128718860","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
N. Dmitrieva, O. N. Tchaykovskaya, E. Bocharnikova, D. Ezhov
The study of short-lived induced (singlet-singlet) and long-lived induced (in particular, triplet-triplet) absorption capacity of crystal violet (CV) in various solvents was carried out by the pump-probe method. Water, dimethyl sulfoxide, isopropyl alcohol, and ethyl alcohol were selected as solvents. The formation of triplet states in various CV solvents was revealed upon excitation by nanosecond radiation of the 4th harmonic of a Nd: YAG laser (wavelength 266 nm, average power – 25.5 mV, repetition frequency – 3 Hz, pulse duration – 10 ns, peak power – 10-12 MW/cm2). It is shown that the spectrum of the induced CV absorption in ethanol contains two closely spaced bands at 400 and 485 nm. Short-lived and long-lived induced CV absorption in isopropanol at room temperature (λmax=400 nm) was recorded. Keywords: crystal violet (CV), induced absorption spectra, spectroscopy, pump-probe method.
{"title":"Induced absorption spectra of crystal violet at various solvents","authors":"N. Dmitrieva, O. N. Tchaykovskaya, E. Bocharnikova, D. Ezhov","doi":"10.1117/12.2593826","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2593826","url":null,"abstract":"The study of short-lived induced (singlet-singlet) and long-lived induced (in particular, triplet-triplet) absorption capacity of crystal violet (CV) in various solvents was carried out by the pump-probe method. Water, dimethyl sulfoxide, isopropyl alcohol, and ethyl alcohol were selected as solvents. The formation of triplet states in various CV solvents was revealed upon excitation by nanosecond radiation of the 4th harmonic of a Nd: YAG laser (wavelength 266 nm, average power – 25.5 mV, repetition frequency – 3 Hz, pulse duration – 10 ns, peak power – 10-12 MW/cm2). It is shown that the spectrum of the induced CV absorption in ethanol contains two closely spaced bands at 400 and 485 nm. Short-lived and long-lived induced CV absorption in isopropanol at room temperature (λmax=400 nm) was recorded. Keywords: crystal violet (CV), induced absorption spectra, spectroscopy, pump-probe method.","PeriodicalId":205170,"journal":{"name":"Atomic and Molecular Pulsed Lasers","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123393874","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Yacoub, E. Telminov, T. A. Solodova, E. Nikonova
Lasing characteristics of solid-state active media based on Chromen 3 (Ch-3) in polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) were investigated such lasing at full width at half maximum (FWHM), Spectral width and output power. Comparing between the lasing characteristics based on resonator’s geometric parameters were investigated.
{"title":"Tunable organic solid-state laser","authors":"A. Yacoub, E. Telminov, T. A. Solodova, E. Nikonova","doi":"10.1117/12.2616677","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2616677","url":null,"abstract":"Lasing characteristics of solid-state active media based on Chromen 3 (Ch-3) in polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) were investigated such lasing at full width at half maximum (FWHM), Spectral width and output power. Comparing between the lasing characteristics based on resonator’s geometric parameters were investigated.","PeriodicalId":205170,"journal":{"name":"Atomic and Molecular Pulsed Lasers","volume":"70 3","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120913284","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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