Pub Date : 2019-08-15DOI: 10.33112/ORDOGTUNGA.21.2
Halldóra Jónsdóttir, Þórdís Úlfarsdóttir
Íslensk nútímamálsorðabók (A Dictionary of Contemporary Icelandic - islenskordabok.is) is a new dictionary designed for the web. It is largely modelled on the multilingual ISLEX project (www.islex.is), inheriting its lemmalist as well as its general structure, such as division into meanings, examples of use, information on the valency of verbs and prepositions, the use of labels, pronunciations, illustrations etc. The fact that a living language is always open to change has affected the work, so the dictionary’s lemma list and other contents reflect the spoken and written Icelandic of today, this also entails regular updates and additions to the material. The article first discusses the predecessors of Íslensk nútímamálsorðabók, it also briefly deals with the publishing history of Icelandic dictionaries. A description is given of the dictionary’s framework, linguistic approach, contents and its main features, as well as the editorial policy of the work as reflected in its vocabulary and definitions, and the way it deals with loan words and slang. Three important aspects of the dictionary come into focus which all can be said to be groundbreaking in Icelandic lexicography. These are: the processing of all articles according to the lemma’s semantic fields, a heavy use of corpora, and the dictionary’s original design for the web. Finally, some information is given on the use of the dictionary since its opening in late 2016.
Íslensk nútímamálsorðabók(当代冰岛语词典- islenskordabok.is)是一个为网络设计的新词典。它在很大程度上模仿了多语种ISLEX项目(www.islex.is)，继承了它的引理和一般结构，如意义划分、用法示例、动词和介词的配价信息、标签的使用、发音、插图等。一门活的语言总是开放变化的事实影响了工作，所以字典的引词表和其他内容反映了今天的冰岛语口语和书面语，这也需要定期更新和补充材料。本文首先讨论了Íslensk nútímamálsorðabók的前身，并简要介绍了冰岛词典的出版历史。介绍了词典的框架、语言方法、内容和主要特点，以及反映在词典词汇和定义中的编辑政策，以及词典处理外来词和俚语的方式。词典的三个重要方面成为焦点，都可以说是开创性的冰岛词典编纂。它们是:根据引理的语义域对所有文章进行处理，大量使用语料库，以及词典为网络设计的原始设计。最后，还提供了自2016年底词典开放以来的一些使用信息。
{"title":"Íslensk nútímamálsorðabók. Kjarni tungumálsins","authors":"Halldóra Jónsdóttir, Þórdís Úlfarsdóttir","doi":"10.33112/ORDOGTUNGA.21.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33112/ORDOGTUNGA.21.2","url":null,"abstract":"Íslensk nútímamálsorðabók (A Dictionary of Contemporary Icelandic - islenskordabok.is) is a new dictionary designed for the web. It is largely modelled on the multilingual ISLEX project (www.islex.is), inheriting its lemmalist as well as its general structure, such as division into meanings, examples of use, information on the valency of verbs and prepositions, the use of labels, pronunciations, illustrations etc. The fact that a living language is always open to change has affected the work, so the dictionary’s lemma list and other contents reflect the spoken and written Icelandic of today, this also entails regular updates and additions to the material. The article first discusses the predecessors of Íslensk nútímamálsorðabók, it also briefly deals with the publishing history of Icelandic dictionaries. A description is given of the dictionary’s framework, linguistic approach, contents and its main features, as well as the editorial policy of the work as reflected in its vocabulary and definitions, and the way it deals with loan words and slang. Three important aspects of the dictionary come into focus which all can be said to be groundbreaking in Icelandic lexicography. These are: the processing of all articles according to the lemma’s semantic fields, a heavy use of corpora, and the dictionary’s original design for the web. Finally, some information is given on the use of the dictionary since its opening in late 2016.","PeriodicalId":205730,"journal":{"name":"Orð og tunga","volume":"359 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132430314","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-08-15DOI: 10.33112/ordogtunga.21.9
Steinþór Steingrímsson
Í maí 2018 var ný textamálheild, Risamálheildin, opnuð á vefnum málheildir.árnastofnun.is. Risamálheildin er leitarbær í leitarvél sem er sérsmíðuð fyrir málheildir og aðlöguð að íslenskum textum en einnig er hægt að sækja alla textana sem í henni eru, markaða og lemmaða, til nota við þróun á máltæknibúnaði eða í rannsóknir. Fyrsta útgáfa málheildarinnar inniheldur yfir 1200 milljón lesmálsorð í textum úr ýmsum áttum. Stefnt er að því að gefa út nýja útgáfu málheildarinnar árlega, þar sem fleiri textum hefur verið bætt við og hún mörkuð og lemmuð með nýjustu aðferðum.
{"title":"Risamálheildin","authors":"Steinþór Steingrímsson","doi":"10.33112/ordogtunga.21.9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33112/ordogtunga.21.9","url":null,"abstract":"Í maí 2018 var ný textamálheild, Risamálheildin, opnuð á vefnum málheildir.árnastofnun.is. Risamálheildin er leitarbær í leitarvél sem er sérsmíðuð fyrir málheildir og aðlöguð að íslenskum textum en einnig er hægt að sækja alla textana sem í henni eru, markaða og lemmaða, til nota við þróun á máltæknibúnaði eða í rannsóknir. Fyrsta útgáfa málheildarinnar inniheldur yfir 1200 milljón lesmálsorð í textum úr ýmsum áttum. Stefnt er að því að gefa út nýja útgáfu málheildarinnar árlega, þar sem fleiri textum hefur verið bætt við og hún mörkuð og lemmuð með nýjustu aðferðum.","PeriodicalId":205730,"journal":{"name":"Orð og tunga","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122373714","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-08-15DOI: 10.33112/ORDOGTUNGA.21.3
Katrín Axelsdóttir
The male name Þórarinn is traditionally Þórarni in the dative. In addition to the usual dative form, four innovative forms have been used, Þórarin, Þórarini, Þórarinum and Þórarininum. Here, att empts are made to explain how these forms emerged. Þórarinand Þórarini have their counterparts in the infl ection of personal names, e.g. Benedikt(dat.) and Auðuni (dat.), and are apparently due to proportional analogy. Þórarinumis a surprising form and may be due to proportional analogy and non-proportional analogy (rhyming formation), the two types even working in harmony. Þórarininumis also unexpected and may be due to other non-proportional types of analogy (blending/contamination or folk etymology).
{"title":"Áhrifsbreytingar í þágufalli nafnsins Þórarinn","authors":"Katrín Axelsdóttir","doi":"10.33112/ORDOGTUNGA.21.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33112/ORDOGTUNGA.21.3","url":null,"abstract":"The male name Þórarinn is traditionally Þórarni in the dative. In addition to the usual dative form, four innovative forms have been used, Þórarin, Þórarini, Þórarinum and Þórarininum. Here, att empts are made to explain how these forms emerged. Þórarinand Þórarini have their counterparts in the infl ection of personal names, e.g. Benedikt(dat.) and Auðuni (dat.), and are apparently due to proportional analogy. Þórarinumis a surprising form and may be due to proportional analogy and non-proportional analogy (rhyming formation), the two types even working in harmony. Þórarininumis also unexpected and may be due to other non-proportional types of analogy (blending/contamination or folk etymology).","PeriodicalId":205730,"journal":{"name":"Orð og tunga","volume":"43 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116230599","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-08-15DOI: 10.33112/ORDOGTUNGA.21.5
þórhalla Guðmundsdóttir Beck, Matthew Whelpton
Brent Berlin and Paul Kay brought a sea change in semantic studies of colour terms when they published their book Basic Color Terms in 1969. Up to that point the dominant view was that each language represented a unique conceptual organisation of the world, a view supported by the fact that the colour spectrum is a continuum which provides not obvious breaks for the purposes of naming. Despite the many criticisms of their work which have followed, their methodology has proven extremely influential and been widely adopted. The project Evolution of Semantic Systems, 2011–2012, adopted their methodology for a study of colour terms in the Indo-European languages and the Colours in Context project applied the same methods to a study of Icelandic Sign Language. Signed languages diff er in many ways from spoken languages but the results of this study suggest the broad organisation of the colour space is the same in Icelandic Sign Language, Icelandic and British English. The colour space is organised by a few dominant terms, largely the same as Berlin and Kay ́s original basic colour terms. Yet within that broad pattern is considerable microvariation, especially in the spaces between the dominant terms. There the characteristic patt erns of word formation in the language have a clear influence in colour naming strategies.
{"title":"Samspil máls og merkingar. Um litaheiti í íslensku táknmáli","authors":"þórhalla Guðmundsdóttir Beck, Matthew Whelpton","doi":"10.33112/ORDOGTUNGA.21.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33112/ORDOGTUNGA.21.5","url":null,"abstract":"Brent Berlin and Paul Kay brought a sea change in semantic studies of colour terms when they published their book Basic Color Terms in 1969. Up to that point the dominant view was that each language represented a unique conceptual organisation of the world, a view supported by the fact that the colour spectrum is a continuum which provides not obvious breaks for the purposes of naming. Despite the many criticisms of their work which have followed, their methodology has proven extremely influential and been widely adopted. The project Evolution of Semantic Systems, 2011–2012, adopted their methodology for a study of colour terms in the Indo-European languages and the Colours in Context project applied the same methods to a study of Icelandic Sign Language. Signed languages diff er in many ways from spoken languages but the results of this study suggest the broad organisation of the colour space is the same in Icelandic Sign Language, Icelandic and British English. The colour space is organised by a few dominant terms, largely the same as Berlin and Kay ́s original basic colour terms. Yet within that broad pattern is considerable microvariation, especially in the spaces between the dominant terms. There the characteristic patt erns of word formation in the language have a clear influence in colour naming strategies.","PeriodicalId":205730,"journal":{"name":"Orð og tunga","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125614991","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-08-15DOI: 10.33112/ORDOGTUNGA.21.8
Svavar Sigmundsson
Í grein í tímaritinu Sögu veltir Gunnar Karlsson (2014:87–97) sagnfræðingur því fyrir sér hvers vegna Leifur Eiríksson var kallaður heppinn. Niðurstaða hans er þessi: „Leifur hlýtur að hafa verið kallaður inn heppni vegna þess að hann þótti færa öðru fólki höpp.“ (Gunnar Karlsson 2014:97).
贡纳尔-卡尔松（Gunnar Karlsson，2014:87-97）在《索古的故事》（Gögu veltir Gunnar Karlsson，2014:87-97）一书中指出，莱弗尔-埃里克松的故事被认为是 "骇人听闻 "的。(Gunnar Karlsson 2014:97）。
{"title":"Var Leifur heppni lánsamur eða frækinn?","authors":"Svavar Sigmundsson","doi":"10.33112/ORDOGTUNGA.21.8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33112/ORDOGTUNGA.21.8","url":null,"abstract":"Í grein í tímaritinu Sögu veltir Gunnar Karlsson (2014:87–97) sagnfræðingur því fyrir sér hvers vegna Leifur Eiríksson var kallaður heppinn. Niðurstaða hans er þessi: „Leifur hlýtur að hafa verið kallaður inn heppni vegna þess að hann þótti færa öðru fólki höpp.“ (Gunnar Karlsson 2014:97).","PeriodicalId":205730,"journal":{"name":"Orð og tunga","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125845328","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-08-15DOI: 10.33112/ORDOGTUNGA.21.10
Jóhannes B. Sigtryggsson
This is a overview over the main changes in new official rules about punctuation in Icelandic published by the Ministry of Education, Science and Culture in 2018. The Icelandic Language Council made these new rules that supersede older official punctuation rules from 1974.
{"title":"Nýjar reglur Íslenskrar málnefndar um greinarmerkjasetningu. Yfirlit yfir breytingar","authors":"Jóhannes B. Sigtryggsson","doi":"10.33112/ORDOGTUNGA.21.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33112/ORDOGTUNGA.21.10","url":null,"abstract":"This is a overview over the main changes in new official rules about punctuation in Icelandic published by the Ministry of Education, Science and Culture in 2018. The Icelandic Language Council made these new rules that supersede older official punctuation rules from 1974.","PeriodicalId":205730,"journal":{"name":"Orð og tunga","volume":"6 3","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"113979157","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-08-15DOI: 10.33112/ORDOGTUNGA.21.4
Minamisawa Yuki
This paper investigates metaphorical expressions of anger in Icelandic (reiði), based on conceptual metaphor theory (Lakoff & Johnson 1980, see section 2.1). In recent years, many studies have been carried out to describe how we understand emotions using conceptual metaphors. Special attention has been paid to the emotion of anger, for which a certain number of conceptual metaphors have been proposed (e.g. Kövecses 1990, 2000; Lakoff 1987). Recently, studies have increasingly focused on cross-linguistic similarities and differences (e.g. Kövecses 1995, 2005; Matsuki 1995, Soriano 2003), finding more or less similar conceptual metaphors in different languages.
{"title":"Metaphor and Collocation. The Case of REIÐI","authors":"Minamisawa Yuki","doi":"10.33112/ORDOGTUNGA.21.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33112/ORDOGTUNGA.21.4","url":null,"abstract":"This paper investigates metaphorical expressions of anger in Icelandic (reiði), based on conceptual metaphor theory (Lakoff & Johnson 1980, see section 2.1). In recent years, many studies have been carried out to describe how we understand emotions using conceptual metaphors. Special attention has been paid to the emotion of anger, for which a certain number of conceptual metaphors have been proposed (e.g. Kövecses 1990, 2000; Lakoff 1987). Recently, studies have increasingly focused on cross-linguistic similarities and differences (e.g. Kövecses 1995, 2005; Matsuki 1995, Soriano 2003), finding more or less similar conceptual metaphors in different languages.","PeriodicalId":205730,"journal":{"name":"Orð og tunga","volume":"4 11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122775770","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-08-15DOI: 10.33112/ORDOGTUNGA.21.6
Tinna Frímann Jökulsdóttir, Anton Karl Ingason, Sigríður Sigurjónsdóttir, Eiríkur Rögnvaldsson
English is increasingly influencing the Icelandic language community, raising concerns about the state and prospects of the Icelandic language. Recent studies indicate that such concerns are probably justified. The viability of the language depends on it being used in all areas of daily communication and the attitudes of speakers toward the contact between Icelandic and English is important in this respect. This paper describes the results of a recent study of the attitudes of about 350 Icelandic speakers toward neologisms and their use of a few technology-related neologisms. The paper discusses possible reasons for why some neologisms are received more positively than others and the relationship between neologisms and language viability in the context of Icelandic. The general discussion is then related to the findings of the study which indicate that there is a general consensus among all age groups that Icelandic neologisms should be created and adopted instead of foreign loanwords, although the proportion of such responses is lower in the younger age groups. Icelandic neologisms were viewed more favorably than loanwords in most cases but it is nevertheless clear that not all neologisms are equally well received. We consider some possible explanations for such differences.
{"title":"Um nýyrði sem tengjast tölvum og tækni","authors":"Tinna Frímann Jökulsdóttir, Anton Karl Ingason, Sigríður Sigurjónsdóttir, Eiríkur Rögnvaldsson","doi":"10.33112/ORDOGTUNGA.21.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33112/ORDOGTUNGA.21.6","url":null,"abstract":"English is increasingly influencing the Icelandic language community, raising concerns about the state and prospects of the Icelandic language. Recent studies indicate that such concerns are probably justified. The viability of the language depends on it being used in all areas of daily communication and the attitudes of speakers toward the contact between Icelandic and English is important in this respect. This paper describes the results of a recent study of the attitudes of about 350 Icelandic speakers toward neologisms and their use of a few technology-related neologisms. The paper discusses possible reasons for why some neologisms are received more positively than others and the relationship between neologisms and language viability in the context of Icelandic. The general discussion is then related to the findings of the study which indicate that there is a general consensus among all age groups that Icelandic neologisms should be created and adopted instead of foreign loanwords, although the proportion of such responses is lower in the younger age groups. Icelandic neologisms were viewed more favorably than loanwords in most cases but it is nevertheless clear that not all neologisms are equally well received. We consider some possible explanations for such differences.","PeriodicalId":205730,"journal":{"name":"Orð og tunga","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128156732","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-06-01DOI: 10.33112/ordogtunga.20.8
Stefanie Bade
Att itudes to languages and language varieties are oft en diverse, generally being infl u-enced by individuals’ backgrounds and environment. This study investigates which background variables influence evaluations of foreign-accented speech in Icelandic. 538 Icelanders evaluated eight audio cues according to eight personality traits connected with prestige and solidarity. The speakers (all female) represented the largest immigration groups in Iceland. They were from the following countries: USA, Den-mark, the Philippines, Lithuania, Poland, Thailand, and Germany. Additionally, one native speaker of Icelandic was recorded. The verbal guise technique was employed, thus concealing speakers’ backgrounds. Statistical analysis revealed that women and those over 60 are generally more positive in their evaluation as compared to men or those under 60 years. Other background variables, such as residency, education or profession, showed much variance between individual accents and personality traits. The findings indicate that people’s background influences attitudes towards accents. Overall, results imply that those accents which can be categorized as Western are preferred to those that belong to Eastern Europeans or Asians. An ideological categorization of that kind has the power to potentially influence the deep-rooted linguistic climate in Iceland and to make way for a hierarchical system built on perceived na-tiveness and non-nativeness.
{"title":"Hvernig meta Íslendingar fólk sem talar með hreim? Greining á duldum viðhorfum með sérstöku tilliti til kyns og aldurs","authors":"Stefanie Bade","doi":"10.33112/ordogtunga.20.8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33112/ordogtunga.20.8","url":null,"abstract":"Att itudes to languages and language varieties are oft en diverse, generally being infl u-enced by individuals’ backgrounds and environment. This study investigates which background variables influence evaluations of foreign-accented speech in Icelandic. 538 Icelanders evaluated eight audio cues according to eight personality traits connected with prestige and solidarity. The speakers (all female) represented the largest immigration groups in Iceland. They were from the following countries: USA, Den-mark, the Philippines, Lithuania, Poland, Thailand, and Germany. Additionally, one native speaker of Icelandic was recorded. The verbal guise technique was employed, thus concealing speakers’ backgrounds. Statistical analysis revealed that women and those over 60 are generally more positive in their evaluation as compared to men or those under 60 years. Other background variables, such as residency, education or profession, showed much variance between individual accents and personality traits. The findings indicate that people’s background influences attitudes towards accents. Overall, results imply that those accents which can be categorized as Western are preferred to those that belong to Eastern Europeans or Asians. An ideological categorization of that kind has the power to potentially influence the deep-rooted linguistic climate in Iceland and to make way for a hierarchical system built on perceived na-tiveness and non-nativeness.","PeriodicalId":205730,"journal":{"name":"Orð og tunga","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122082279","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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