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Brain evolution and language: A comparative 3D analysis of Wernicke's area in extant and fossil hominids. 脑进化和语言:现存和化石原始人韦尼克区对比三维分析。
4区 医学 Q3 Neuroscience Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2022.12.001
Harmony Hill, Marta Mirazón Lahr, Amélie Beaudet

The spoken word does not fossilize. Despite this, scientists have long sought to unearth the origins of language within the human lineage. One of the lines of evidence they have pursued is functional brain areas, such as Broca's and Wernicke's areas, which are associated with speech production and comprehension, respectively. Sulcal layout of Broca's area clearly differs between humans and our closest living relatives, the chimpanzees, enabling its homolog in fossil hominins to be deemed more chimpanzee-like (i.e., closer to the ancestral form) or more human-like (i.e., derived form) with relative ease. Yet, no such differences have been found for Wernicke's area. This study compares sulcal and gyral organization of Wernicke's area across extant human brains (n=4), extant chimpanzee brains (n=5) and fossil hominin endocasts (n=4). Some chimpanzee brains had indications of leftward Wernicke's area asymmetry in the form of a shorter Sylvian fissure and/or caudal superior temporal gyral bulging in the left hemisphere. Overlap between the superior and middle temporal sulci in human but not chimpanzee brains may be due to a relatively larger Wernicke's area in humans. Fragmentation of the main body of the superior temporal sulcus exclusively in human left hemispheres was ascribed to a leftward Wernicke's area asymmetry in this species. Endocast examination found that, while Paranthropus robustus exhibit human-like overlap between the superior and middle temporal sulci, Australopithecus africanus do not, although they do exhibit chimpanzee-like caudal superior temporal gyral bulging. Such findings signal, albeit loosely, a more human-like Wernicke's area in Paranthropus than Australopithecus.

口语不会变成化石。尽管如此,科学家们长期以来一直试图在人类谱系中发掘语言的起源。他们寻找的证据之一是大脑的功能性区域,比如布罗卡区和韦尼克区,它们分别与语言产生和理解有关。人类和我们的近亲黑猩猩的布洛卡区结构明显不同,这使得它在古人类化石中的同系物相对容易被认为更像黑猩猩(即更接近祖先形式)或更像人类(即衍生形式)。然而,在韦尼克区没有发现这种差异。这项研究比较了现存人类大脑(n=4)、现存黑猩猩大脑(n=5)和古人类化石模型(n=4)的韦尼克区脑沟和脑回组织。一些黑猩猩的大脑有向左的韦尼克区不对称的迹象,表现为较短的Sylvian裂缝和/或左半球的尾侧颞上回突起。人类大脑的上颞沟和中颞沟有重叠,而黑猩猩没有,这可能是由于人类的韦尼克区相对较大。人类左半球颞上沟主体的断裂归因于该物种向左的韦尼克区不对称。内窥镜检查发现,虽然粗壮副猿在颞上沟和颞中沟之间表现出与人类相似的重叠,但非洲南方古猿却没有,尽管它们确实表现出与黑猩猩相似的颞上尾回突起。这些发现表明,尽管不太严格,但在副人类中,韦尼克区比南方古猿更像人类。
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引用次数: 1
Brain stimulation for treatment-resistant depression. 脑刺激治疗难治性抑郁症。
4区 医学 Q3 Neuroscience Pub Date : 2023-01-01 Epub Date: 2023-06-09 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2023.03.006
Aluisio Rodrigues, Lisiane Martins, Nivaldo Ribeiro Villela, Laís Razza, Andre R Brunoni

Depression is one of the main public health problems in the world, having a high prevalence and being considered the main cause of disability. An important portion of patients does not respond to treatment with the initial trial of conventional antidepressants in the current depressive episode of moderate to severe intensity, which characterizes treatment-resistant depression. In this context, non-invasive neuromodulation procedures use an electric current or magnetic field to modulate the central nervous system, and they represent a new option for patients with treatment-resistant depression.

抑郁症是世界上主要的公共卫生问题之一,发病率很高,被认为是导致残疾的主要原因。在目前中度至重度抑郁症发作中,有相当一部分患者对常规抗抑郁药的初步试验没有反应,这是耐治性抑郁症的特征。在这种情况下,非侵入性神经调控程序使用电流或磁场来调节中枢神经系统,这为耐治性抑郁症患者提供了一种新的选择。
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引用次数: 3
Increased relaxation, less boredom, and a faster passage of time during a period of silence in the forest. 在森林里安静的一段时间里,你会更放松,更少无聊,时间过得更快。
4区 医学 Q3 Neuroscience Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2022.12.010
Eric Pfeifer, Kerstin Pothmann, Stefan Claaßen, Marc Wittmann

Introduction: There is growing evidence of the beneficial effects of exposure to nature on health and well-being. Time spent in nature can decrease stress, anxiety, depression, and improve mood. In the present study, we compared the experience of a short period of silence in the natural environment of a forest with the same amount of silence in a seminar room.

Methods: We applied an intra-subject design with two 6:30-min sessions of silence in two different environments (forest, seminar room). The participants (n=41) were assigned to four groups. Two groups started with the indoor condition and two groups with the outdoor condition. After 1 week, the two groups were exposed to the other condition. Participants filled out personality-trait scales on meaning in life and belief in oneness with the world, as well as state scales assessing emotional reactions, relaxation, boredom, and the subjective sense of self, time, and space.

Results: Participants felt significantly more relaxed and less bored in the forest compared to indoors. They experienced time less intensely, judging it to pass faster and to last shorter in the forest. Regarding trait variables, the higher the search for meaning, the higher oneness beliefs in participants. The higher oneness beliefs, the more positive participants felt during silence in the forest.

Discussion: Interest in nature-assisted therapy is increasing in the healthcare sector. Exposure to silence in the natural setting of a forest could prove to be an effective complement to interventions applied in nature-assisted therapy, such as forest therapy.

越来越多的证据表明,接触大自然对健康和福祉有有益的影响。在大自然中度过的时间可以减轻压力、焦虑、抑郁,改善情绪。在本研究中,我们比较了在森林自然环境中短暂的沉默与在研讨室中相同数量的沉默的体验。方法:我们采用受试者内部设计,在两个不同的环境(森林,研讨室)中进行两次6:30分钟的沉默。参与者(n=41)被分为四组。两组从室内条件开始,两组从室外条件开始。1周后,两组分别进入另一种环境。参与者填写了关于生活意义和与世界合一的信念的人格特质量表,以及评估情绪反应、放松、无聊和主观自我、时间和空间的状态量表。结果:与室内相比,参与者在森林中明显感到更放松,更少无聊。他们对时间的感觉不那么强烈,认为在森林里时间过得更快,持续时间更短。在特质变量方面,对意义的追求越高,参与者的同一性信念越高。合一信念越高,参与者在森林中沉默时感受到的积极情绪就越高。讨论:在医疗保健领域,对自然辅助疗法的兴趣正在增加。在森林的自然环境中接触寂静可以证明是对诸如森林疗法等自然辅助疗法所采用的干预措施的有效补充。
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引用次数: 0
The cloud of unknowing: Cognitive dedifferentiation in whole-body perceptual deprivation. 未知之云:全身知觉剥夺的认知去分化。
4区 医学 Q3 Neuroscience Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2022.12.004
Michele Pellegrino, Joseph Glicksohn, Fabio Marson, Francesco Ferraiuolo, Tal Dotan Ben-Soussan

An altered sensory environment, especially a homogeneous one like a ganzfeld, can induce a wide range of experiences in people immersed in it. The ganzfeld of our current focus is the OVO Whole-Body Perceptual Deprivation chamber (OVO-WBPD). Previous literature has found this specific immersive environment to be capable of softening and dissolving perception of boundaries across time and sensory modalities, among other domains. Since recent published electrophysiological results demonstrated that immersion in the OVO-WBPD significantly increased delta and beta activity, in the left inferior frontal cortex and in the left insula, we sought to better understand the subjective experiences of participants utilizing this altered sensory environment via semi-qualitative methodology. Consequently, semi-structured interviews of participants were analyzed by three independent evaluators focusing on several domains of experience often reported in perceptual deprivation environments. We found a significantly shared consensus on the presence of experiences belonging to semantic domains of altered experience, demonstrating that the OVO-WBPD chamber consistently elicits positively connotated, bodily-oriented and cognitively dedifferentiated subjective states of consciousness in the majority of 32 examined participants.

一个改变了的感官环境,尤其是像甘孜菲尔德这样的同质环境,可以让沉浸在其中的人产生各种各样的体验。我们目前关注的焦点是OVO全身知觉剥夺室(OVO- wbpd)。先前的文献发现,这种特定的沉浸式环境能够软化和溶解跨越时间和感官模式的边界感知,以及其他领域。由于最近发表的电生理结果表明,浸泡在OVO-WBPD中显著增加了左额叶下皮层和左脑岛的δ和β活动,我们试图通过半定性方法更好地理解参与者利用这种改变的感觉环境的主观体验。因此,参与者的半结构化访谈由三个独立的评估者分析,重点关注在知觉剥夺环境中经常报告的几个经验领域。我们发现,对于属于改变经验语义域的经验的存在,存在着显著的共同共识,表明在32名被测参与者中,OVO-WBPD室始终能引出积极内涵、身体导向和认知去分化的主观意识状态。
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引用次数: 1
Moving through silence in dance: A neural perspective. 在舞蹈中穿过沉默:一种神经视角。
4区 医学 Q3 Neuroscience Pub Date : 2023-01-01 Epub Date: 2023-04-10 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2022.12.009
Vered Aviv

The word "silence" typically refers to the auditory modality, signifying an absence of sound or noise, being quiet. One may then ask: could we attribute the notion of silence to the domain of dance, e.g., when a movement is absent and the dancer stops moving? Is it at all useful to think in terms of silence when referring to dance? In this chapter, my exploration of these questions is based on recent studies in brain research, which demonstrate the remarkable facility of specific regions in the human brain to perceive visually referred biological and, in particular, human motion, leading to prediction of future movements of the human body. I will argue that merely ceasing motion is an insufficient condition for creating a perception of silence in the mind of a spectator of dance. Rather, the experience of silence in dance is a special situation where the static position of the dancer does not imply motion, and is unlikely to evoke interpretation of the intentions or the emotional expression of the dancer. For this to happen, the position of the dancer, while being still, should be held effortlessly, aimlessly, and with a minimal expression of emotion and intention. Furthermore, I suggest that dynamics, repetitive movement (such as that of Sufi whirling dervishes), can also be perceived as silence in dance because of the high level of predictability and evenness of the movement. These moments of silence in dance, which are so rare in our daily lives, invite us to experience the human body from a new, "out of the box" perspective that is the essence of all the arts.

“沉默”一词通常指的是听觉模态,表示没有声音或噪音,安静。人们可能会问:我们能把沉默的概念归因于舞蹈的领域吗?例如,当一个动作不存在,舞者停止移动时?在提到舞蹈时,用沉默来思考有什么用吗?在本章中,我对这些问题的探索是基于大脑研究的最新研究,这些研究证明了人类大脑中特定区域感知视觉参考生物,特别是人类运动的非凡能力,从而预测了人体未来的运动。我认为,仅仅停止运动是在舞蹈观众的脑海中创造沉默感的不充分条件。相反,舞蹈中的沉默体验是一种特殊的情况,舞者的静态位置并不意味着运动,也不太可能引起对舞者意图或情感表达的解释。要做到这一点,舞者在静止的时候,应该毫不费力地、漫无目的地保持姿势,并尽量减少情绪和意图的表达。此外,我认为,由于动作的高度可预测性和均匀性,动态、重复性动作(如苏菲旋转的托钵僧的动作)也可以被视为舞蹈中的沉默。这些在我们日常生活中罕见的舞蹈沉默时刻,邀请我们从一个新的、“开箱即用”的视角来体验人体,这是所有艺术的精髓。
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引用次数: 0
Insights into brain evolution through the genotype-phenotype connection. 通过基因型-表现型联系了解大脑进化。
4区 医学 Q3 Neuroscience Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2022.12.013
Danalaxshmi Shanen Ganapathee, Philipp Gunz

It has recently become possible to start exploring how the genotype translates into human brain morphology and behavior by combining detailed genomic and phenotypic data from thousands of present-day people with archaic genomes of extinct humans, and gene expression data. As a starting point into this emerging interdisciplinary domain, we highlight current debates about which aspects of the modern human brain are unique. We review recent developments from (1) comparative primate neuroscience-a fast-growing field offering an invaluable framework for understanding general mechanisms and the evolution of human-specific traits. (2) paleoanthropology-based on evidence from endocranial imprints in fossil skulls, we trace the evolution from the ape-like brain phenotype of early hominins more than 3 million years ago to the unusual globular brain shape of present-day people. (3) Genomics of present-day and extinct humans. The morphological and genetic differences between modern humans and our closest extinct cousins, the Neandertals, offer important clues about the genetic underpinnings of brain morphology and behavior. The functional consequences of these genetic differences can be tested in animal models, and brain organoids.

最近,通过结合来自数千名现代人的详细基因组和表型数据,以及来自已灭绝人类的古老基因组和基因表达数据,开始探索基因型如何转化为人类大脑形态和行为已经成为可能。作为进入这个新兴跨学科领域的起点,我们强调了当前关于现代人类大脑哪些方面是独特的争论。我们回顾了比较灵长类神经科学的最新进展,这是一个快速发展的领域,为理解一般机制和人类特异性特征的进化提供了宝贵的框架。(2)古人类学根据头骨化石的颅内印记证据,追溯了300多万年前早期人类的类人猿脑表型到现代人不寻常的球形脑形状的进化过程。(3)现代人和已灭绝人类的基因组学。现代人和我们的近亲尼安德特人在形态和基因上的差异,为研究大脑形态和行为的遗传基础提供了重要线索。这些基因差异的功能后果可以在动物模型和脑类器官中进行测试。
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引用次数: 2
Overview of treatment-resistant depression. 难治性抑郁症概述。
4区 医学 Q3 Neuroscience Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2023.03.007
Cheng-Ta Li

Patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) often exhibit an inadequate treatment response or failure to achieve remission following treatment with antidepressant drugs. Treatment-resistant depression (TRD) is proposed to identify this clinical scenario. Compared to those without TRD, patients with TRD have significantly lower health-related quality of life in mental and physical dimensions, more functional impairment and productivity loss, and higher healthcare costs. TRD imposes a massive burden on the individual, family, and society. However, a lack of consensus on the TRD definition limits the comparison and interpretation of TRD treatment efficacy across trials. Furthermore, because of the various TRD definitions, there is scarce treatment guideline specifically for TRD, in contrast to the rich treatment guidelines for MDD. In this chapter, common issues related to TRD, such as proper definitions of an adequate antidepressant trial and TRD, were carefully reviewed. Prevalence of and clinical outcomes related to TRD were summarized. We also summarized the staging models ever proposed for the diagnosis of TRD. Furthermore, we highlighted variations in the definition regarding the lack of or an inadequate response in treatment guidelines for depression. Up-to-date treatment options for TRD, including pharmacological strategies, psychotherapeutic interventions, neurostimulation techniques, glutamatergic compounds, and even experimental agents were reviewed.

重度抑郁障碍(MDD)患者经常表现出治疗反应不足或抗抑郁药物治疗后未能达到缓解。治疗抵抗性抑郁症(TRD)被提出来识别这种临床情况。与没有TRD的患者相比,TRD患者在精神和身体方面的健康相关生活质量明显降低,功能障碍和生产力损失更多,医疗费用更高。TRD给个人、家庭和社会带来了巨大的负担。然而,对TRD的定义缺乏共识限制了在不同试验中对TRD治疗效果的比较和解释。此外,由于各种各样的TRD定义,与丰富的MDD治疗指南相比,专门针对TRD的治疗指南很少。在这一章中,与TRD相关的常见问题,如适当的抗抑郁药试验和TRD的正确定义,被仔细审查。总结TRD的患病率及相关临床结果。我们也总结了目前提出的诊断TRD的分期模型。此外,我们强调了抑郁症治疗指南中关于缺乏或反应不足的定义的变化。本文综述了最新的TRD治疗方案,包括药理学策略、心理治疗干预、神经刺激技术、谷氨酸能化合物,甚至是实验药物。
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引用次数: 2
Preface. 前言。
4区 医学 Q3 Neuroscience Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/S0079-6123(23)00065-1
Cheng-Ta Li
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引用次数: 0
Preface: The science of game-based learning in education and health. 前言:基于游戏的教育和健康学习科学。
4区 医学 Q3 Neuroscience Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/S0079-6123(23)00041-9
Flavia H Santos
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引用次数: 0
Can the Clobber game become a classroom-based tool for screening students' executive functions? 小丑游戏能成为一种基于课堂的工具来筛选学生的执行功能吗?
4区 医学 Q3 Neuroscience Pub Date : 2023-01-01 Epub Date: 2023-07-28 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2023.07.001
Telma Pará, Luís Alfredo Vidal de Carvalho, Paulo Mattos, Simone Dantas, Sylvain Gravier, Sue Johnston-Wilder

The use of games for cognitive screening is not new and involves employing simple tasks as well as virtual reality. In this work, we introduce the use of the combinatorial game Clobber, created by the mathematicians Albert, Grossman, Nowakowski and Wolfe in 2001 in a classroom-based experiment and analyzed how it can assess cognitive functions. Specifically, this study tries to address how the use of the Clobber game can target executive functions (EFs) and why it may be a valuable game to assess EFs. Executive functions have an extremely complex nature and combine abilities which involve planning, decision-making, productive action, and self-regulation, among others. We performed a cross-sectional study with a sample of 111 participants aged 9-30 from three educational levels in which Clobber was applied in four different configurations varying in complexity. The findings identify two variables that can guide future experiments with Clobber: the game configuration and the time spent solving the game.

使用游戏进行认知筛查并不是什么新鲜事,它涉及到使用简单的任务和虚拟现实。在这项工作中,我们介绍了数学家Albert、Grossman、Nowakowski和Wolfe于2001年创建的组合游戏Clobber在课堂实验中的使用,并分析了它如何评估认知功能。具体而言,本研究试图解决如何使用Clobber游戏来针对执行功能(EF),以及为什么它可能是评估EF的一个有价值的游戏。行政职能具有极其复杂的性质,综合了规划、决策、生产行动和自我调节等方面的能力。我们对来自三个教育水平的111名9-30岁的参与者进行了一项横断面研究,其中Clobber应用于四种不同的配置,其复杂性各不相同。研究结果确定了两个可以指导未来Clobber实验的变量:游戏配置和解决游戏所花费的时间。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Progress in brain research
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