Progress in brain research最新文献

There is a relationship between acute bouts of aerobic exercise and cognition in adults, yet the exact nature of this relationship remains unclear. The current pilot study aims to investigate how different modes of cycling (active-assisted cycling vs recumbent cycling) at different moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) intensity levels (prescribed 65-70% Heart Rate Max and self-selected 12-13 Rate of Perceived Exertion) modulate neurocognitive, and behavioral markers of cognition in healthy older adults. A sample of 10 adults (aged 50-74years) participated in baseline (no exercise), active-assisted, and recumbent cycling interventions at different intensity levels. The P3 event-related potential (ERP), a neural index of executive functions, was recorded at baseline and following each exercise condition during an auditory odd-ball paradigm. Results revealed that greater amplitudes within the P3 ERP component were associated with post-exercise recumbent bike cycling compared to baseline and active-assisted cycling. Further, post-exercise behavioral cognitive measures (i.e., button press accuracy) were significantly greater than baseline for both active-assisted and recumbent bikes at both intensity levels. These findings suggest that exercise modulated both neurocognitive and behavioral measures of executive functions in older healthy adults, and that exercise modalities and intensity levels differentially modulate neurocognitive measures.

The purpose of this chapter is to present how past surgeons have viewed the pericranium and how they have reacted to its appearances. In ancient times, the membrane was considered formed by the dura through the sutures and it retained a relationship with the dura via vessels in the sutures. It was considered advisable to strip it totally from any area to be examined for fissure fractures and also for any area to be trepanned, as pericranial injury was thought to lead to fever and inflammation. In the 18th century, a new idea arose that posttraumatic spontaneous separation of the pericranium from the bone was a reliable indicator of the development of intracranial suppuration. This idea was subsequently refuted. For over two millennia, the pericranium was considered to be an important membrane requiring the close attention of the surgeon. It is no longer required to receive more than minimal attention.

The chapter begins with also an outline of the characteristics of four surgeons who changed the direction of thinking and hence of practice. This is followed by a review of the changing ideas which governed surgical practice. Chapter "Two surgical instruments" by Jeremy C. Ganz has examined the uses of drills and lenticulars. In this chapter there is an appraisal of the other instruments used during cranial surgery and how their use related to changing ideas. Finally, there is a concluding section which ties all these elements together.

Wearable electroencephalography (EEG) and electrocardiography (ECG) devices may offer a non-invasive, user-friendly, and cost-effective approach for assessing well-being (WB) in real-world settings. However, challenges remain in dealing with signal artifacts (such as environmental noise and movements) and identifying robust biomarkers. We evaluated the feasibility of using portable hardware to identify potential EEG and heart-rate variability (HRV) correlates of WB. We collected simultaneous ultrashort (2-min) EEG and ECG data from 60 individuals in real-world settings using a wrist ECG electrode connected to a 4-channel wearable EEG headset. These data were processed, assessed for signal quality, and analyzed using the open-source EEGLAB BrainBeats plugin to extract several theory-driven metrics as potential correlates of WB. Namely, the individual alpha frequency (IAF), frontal and posterior alpha asymmetry, and signal entropy for EEG. SDNN, the low/high frequency (LF/HF) ratio, the Poincaré SD1/SD2 ratio, and signal entropy for HRV. We assessed potential associations between these features and the main WB dimensions (hedonic, eudaimonic, global, physical, and social) implementing a pairwise correlation approach, robust Spearman's correlations, and corrections for multiple comparisons. Only eight files showed poor signal quality and were excluded from the analysis. Eudaimonic (psychological) WB was positively correlated with SDNN and the LF/HF ratio. EEG posterior alpha asymmetry was positively correlated with Physical WB (i.e., sleep and pain levels). No relationships were found with the other metrics, or between EEG and HRV metrics. These physiological metrics enable a quick, objective assessment of well-being in real-world settings using scalable, user-friendly tools.

Realistic images became available for the first time. The first major figure was Berengario da Carpi (1460-1530). He made contributions to knowledge. He stated the dura was attached all over the interior of the cranium not just at the sutures. He also noted that deterioration following traumatic hematomas was speedier the deeper within the brain the bleed had occurred and he noticed that post-traumatic neurological deficits were contralateral. Moreover, he introduced new instruments of a practical design. Specifically, he launched trepanation using a brace and bit handle. This instrument required two hands and rotated the trepan in the same direction all the time. In addition, he illustrated a crown trepan in which the bits could be interchanged. He also developed an improved elevator. He also provided the first drawing of a lenticular. The next illustrations came from Vidus Vidius (1509-1569). The illustrations in his text were elegant and realistic but some of them were impractical or unusable. Ambroise Paré (1510-1590) was a major surgeon. He designed an improved brace and bit trepan with a collar to control penetration. He also introduced instruments for expanding a cranial opening by biting up the bone and for depressing the dura to enable material to escape more easily.

This chapter thoroughly examines coffee's impact on cognitive function. It synthesizes research findings involving animals and humans, investigating coffee's influence on various memory and cognitive aspects, including short-term/working memory, long-term memory, attention, vigilance, executive functions, and processing speed. The chapter also discusses moderating factors, such as dose-response relationships, individual differences, age, and habitual consumption patterns, that influence the cognitive effects of coffee. Additionally, it addresses the potential risks and adverse effects associated with coffee intake, memory, and cognitive function, including stress and anxiety, sleep disturbances, cardiovascular effects, and addiction. Studies suggest moderate coffee intake improves attention, processing speed, decision-making, and certain executive functions. However, the effects vary depending on factors like dosage, individual traits, age, and sleep habits. Despite potential benefits, coffee consumption may lead to adverse effects such as anxiety, sleep issues, cardiovascular concerns, and dependency. Future research should address methodological concerns, incorporate neuroimaging methods, explore interactions with other substances, and investigate long-term effects and therapeutic uses. Understanding coffee's neuroscience can shed light on its role in daily life and health.

Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a long-term autoimmune disorder affecting the central nervous system, marked by inflammation, demyelination, and neurodegeneration. While the exact cause of MS remains unknown, recent research indicates that environmental factors, particularly diet, may influence the disease's risk and progression. As a result, the potential neuroprotective effects of coffee, one of the most popular beverages worldwide, have garnered significant attention due to its rich content of bioactive compounds. This chapter explores the impact of coffee consumption on patients with Multiple Sclerosis, highlighting how coffee compounds like caffeine, polyphenols, and diterpenes can reduce inflammation and oxidative stress while enhancing neural function. It highlights caffeine's effect in regulating adenosine receptors, specifically A1R and A2AR, which play important roles in neuroinflammation and neuroprotection in MS. The dual role of microglial cells, which promote inflammation while also aiding neuroprotection, is also highlighted concerning caffeine's effects. Furthermore, the potential of A2AR as a therapeutic target in MS and the non-A2AR-dependent neuroprotective benefits of coffee. In this chapter we suggest that the consumption of coffee has no harmful effect on an MS patient and to a larger extent on public health, and informs future research directions and clinical practice, ultimately improving outcomes for individuals living with MS.

Celsus gave an adequate description of the bones and sutures of the calvarium. His classification of injuries was simple including fissures and depressions. He is the first to relate specific symptoms to specific tissue injury. In addition, he was aware that fractures could be present in the absence of typical findings. He was also the first to note the meningeal vessels could rupture producing severe localized pain. His treatment was more conservative than that of Hippocrates. Plasters were to be used and if there was no deterioration trepanation was avoided. He described the use of the crown trepan (modiolus) and the instrument with a smaller tip which expands rapidly to prevent penetration. He also described the technique of rotating the trepan between the palms. His description of operations for depressed fractures were unusually clear and relevant even by modern standards. His wound care is strikingly different from that of Hippocrates as he advocates various dressings soaked in vinegar and as time passes plasters should be softened with rose oil. Regrettably, Celsus influence would not be felt until the time of the Renaissance, because his texts were lost. However, his "De Medicina" was rediscovered and became the first medical text to be published using the new moveable type printing press, in the year 1478. Thus, his influence was minimal in the Arabic world and the early Renaissance. Thereafter it was profound.

In this paper we investigate the notion of silence using different tools, in particular the hexagon of oppositions.

Caffeine, the main psychoactive component in coffee, has garnered significant attention for its potential impact on the most prevalent mental health conditions like anxiety and depression. This chapter comprehensively examines the neurobiological effects of caffeine, its influence on anxiety and depression, and relevant clinical studies. Caffeine exerts its psychostimulant effects primarily through antagonizing adenosine receptors, modulating neurotransmitter systems, and influencing intracellular calcium signaling in the brain. Caffeine exhibits dose-dependent effects. While moderate caffeine consumption is safe in healthy adults and may offer benefits for mental health, excessive intake is linked to adverse effects on neurological and psychiatric health and can aggravate symptoms, highlighting the importance of adjusting consumption patterns. High caffeine intake correlates with elevated anxiety levels, especially in individuals predisposed to anxiety disorders. However, the relationship between caffeine consumption and the risk of depression is intricate, with some studies suggesting a potential protective effect of moderate intake, while others find no significant association. Individual variations in caffeine metabolism, sensitivity, and genetic factors considerably impact responses to caffeine. The chapter also explores the therapeutic potential of caffeine as an adjunct treatment and outlines challenges and future research directions in elucidating caffeine's multifaceted role in mental health.