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Differential effects of maturation on nicotinic- and muscarinic receptor-induced ion secretion in guinea pig distal colon. 成熟对豚鼠远端结肠烟碱和毒蕈碱受体诱导的离子分泌的不同影响。
A. Powell, R. Reddix
The incidence of constipation increases with age. This has been linked to age-related changes in the structure and function of myenteric neurons regulating intestinal motility; however, the role of submucous neurons is unknown. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of maturation on cholinergic receptor-induced ion secretion in guinea pig colon. Changes in the short-circuit current (Isc) and tissue conductance were monitored in muscle-stripped colonic segments from young (3-4-month-old) and mature (12-15-month-old) male guinea pigs. Thirty-one percent of colonic segments from young guinea pigs exhibited ongoing neural activity, which was absent in mature animals. Baseline Isc was significantly higher only in young guinea pig tissues with ongoing activity. Tissue conductance was similar in all tissues. Electrical field stimulation caused a biphasic increase in the Isc. At 15 V/10 Hz, only Peak 1 was attenuated, whereas both peaks were reduced in mature guinea pigs at 10 V/5Hz. 1,1, dimethyl-4-phenyl-piperazinium(DMPP)-induced ion secretion was blunted in mature guinea pigs. Atropine reduced the 1,1, dimethyl-4-phenyl-piperazinium response only in young guinea pigs. Carbachol-induced ion secretion was similar in tissues from both age groups. In conclusion, nicotinic receptor-induced secretion mediated by both cholinergic and noncholinergic secretomotor neurons was blunted; however, epithelial muscarinic receptor activity was unaltered during maturation.
便秘的发病率随着年龄的增长而增加。这与调节肠道运动的肌神经元结构和功能的年龄相关变化有关;然而,粘膜下神经元的作用尚不清楚。本研究的目的是确定成熟对豚鼠结肠胆碱能受体诱导离子分泌的影响。对幼龄雄性豚鼠(3-4月龄)和成年雄性豚鼠(12-15月龄)肌肉剥离结肠段的短路电流(Isc)和组织电导的变化进行了监测。来自年轻豚鼠的31%的结肠段表现出持续的神经活动,这在成熟的动物中是不存在的。基线Isc仅在持续活动的年轻豚鼠组织中显著升高。所有组织的组织电导相似。电场刺激引起Isc的双相增加。在15 V/10 Hz时,只有峰1衰减,而在10 V/5Hz时,成熟豚鼠的两个峰均减弱。1,1,二甲基-4-苯基哌嗪(DMPP)诱导的离子分泌在成熟豚鼠中钝化。阿托品仅在年轻豚鼠中降低了1,1,二甲基-4-苯基哌嗪的反应。碳水化合物诱导的离子分泌在两个年龄组的组织中相似。综上所述,烟碱受体介导的胆碱能和非胆碱能分泌运动神经元的分泌均被减弱;然而,上皮毒蕈碱受体的活性在成熟过程中没有改变。
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引用次数: 14
Activity of environmentally relevant low doses of endocrine disruptors and the bisphenol A controversy: initial results confirmed. 与环境有关的低剂量内分泌干扰物的活性和双酚A争议:初步结果证实。
D. Sheehan
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引用次数: 57
The similarity of FSH-releasing factor to lamprey gonadotropin-releasing hormone III (l-GnRH-III). fsh释放因子与七鳃鳗促性腺激素释放激素III (l-GnRH-III)的相似性。
W. Yu, S. Karanth, S. Sower, A. Parlow, S. McCann
To validate further the existence of a specific hypothalamic follicle stimulating hormone releasing factor (FSHRF), stalk-median eminence (SME) fragments from sheep and whole hypothalami from male rats were purified by gel filtration on Sephadex G-25, and the gonadotropin-releasing activity on hemipituitaries of rats incubated in vitro was determined by bioassay and compared with the radioimmunoassayable luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRH) and lamprey gonadotropin releasing hormone (l-GnRH) activities in the fractions. The FSH-releasing fractions eluted in the same sequence of tubes from the Sephadex column found earlier by in vivo bioassay and were clearly separated from the immunoassayable and bioassayable LHRH. The radioimmunoassay (RIA) for l-GnRH recognized equally l-GnRH-I and -III but had negligible cross-reactivity with LHRH. Fractionation of rat hypothalamic extract by gel filtration on Sephadex G-25 revealed three peaks of l-GnRH determined by RIA, all of which eluted prior to the peak of LHRH. Only the second peak had FSH-releasing but not LH-releasing activity. To determine if this FSH-releasing activity was caused by the presence of l-GnRH in the fraction, the pituitaries were incubated with normal rabbit serum or the l-GnRH antiserum (1:1000), and the effect on the FSH- and LH-releasing activity of the FSH-releasing fraction and the LH-releasing activity of LHRH was determined. The antiserum had no effect on basal release of either FSH or LH but eliminated the FSH-releasing activity of the active fraction without altering the LH-releasing activity of LHRH. Since l-GnRH-I has little activity to release FSH or LH, and its activity is nonselective, whereas previous experiments have shown that l-GnRH-III highly selectively releases FSH with a potency equal to that of LHRH to release LH, the results support the hypothesis that the FSH-releasing activity observed in these experiments was caused by l-GnRH-III or a closely related peptide.
为了进一步证实下丘脑促卵泡激素释放因子(FSHRF)的存在,我们用Sephadex G-25凝胶过滤纯化了来自绵羊和雄性大鼠整个下丘脑的茎-中突(SME)片段。采用生物测定法测定体外培养大鼠半衰期促性腺激素释放活性,并与放射线免疫测定的促黄体生成素释放激素(LHRH)和七鳃鳗促性腺激素释放激素(l-GnRH)活性进行比较。从体内生物测定中发现的Sephadex柱中以相同的试管序列洗脱的fsh释放组分与免疫测定和生物测定的LHRH明显分离。l-GnRH的放射免疫测定(RIA)同样识别l-GnRH- i和-III,但与LHRH的交叉反应性可以忽略不计。用Sephadex G-25凝胶过滤大鼠下丘脑提取物,发现RIA测定的3个l-GnRH峰均在LHRH峰前被洗脱。只有第二个峰有fsh释放活性,而没有lh释放活性。为了确定这种促卵泡刺激素释放活性是否由该馏分中存在l-GnRH引起,将垂体与正常兔血清或l-GnRH抗血清(1:1000)孵育,测定促卵泡刺激素释放馏分和LHRH的促卵泡刺激素释放活性和促卵泡刺激素释放活性的影响。抗血清对FSH和LH的基础释放没有影响,但消除了活性部分的FSH释放活性,而不改变LHRH的LH释放活性。由于l-GnRH-I释放FSH或LH的活性很小,且其活性是非选择性的,而之前的实验表明,l-GnRH-III高度选择性地释放FSH,其释放LH的效力与LHRH相当,因此结果支持实验中观察到的FSH释放活性是由l-GnRH-III或密切相关的肽引起的假设。
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引用次数: 39
Water-soluble Hexasulfobutyl[60]fullerene inhibit low-density lipoprotein oxidation in aqueous and lipophilic phases. 水溶性六磺丁基[60]富勒烯在水相和亲脂相中抑制低密度脂蛋白氧化。
Yuan-Teh Lee, L. Chiang, Wei-Jao Chen, H. Hsu
Oxidative modification of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Increasing the resistance of LDL to oxidation may therefore mitigate, or even prevent, atherosclerosis. A new water-soluble C60 derivative, hexasulfobutyl[60]fullerene [C60 - (CH2CH2CH2CH2-SO3Na)6; FC4S], consisting of 6 sulfobutyl moieties covalently bound onto the C60 cage is a potent free radical scavenger. This study explored the antioxidative effect of sulfobutylated fullerene derivatives (FC4S) on LDL oxidation. FC4S was found to be effective in protecting LDL against oxidation induced by either Cu2+ or azo peroxyl radicals generated initially in the aqueous or lipophilic phase, respectively. Levels of the oxidative products, conjugated diene and thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances, and the relative electrophoresis mobility of the LDL were decreased. The addition of 20 microM FC4S at the early stage of oxidation increased the kinetic lag time from 69 +/- 11 to 14 +/- 10 min (P < 0.05) and decreased the propagation rate from 17.1 +/- 2.6 to 6.3 +/- 1.0 mOD/min (P < 0. 005). Persistent suppression of peroxidation reaction was observed upon further addition of FC4S after full consumption of all endogenous antioxidants during the propagation period. Intravenous injection of hypercholesterolemic rabbits with FC4S (1 mg/kg/day) efficiently decreased atheroma formation. Data substantiate the use of FC4S as an excellent hydrophilic antioxidant in protecting atheroma formation, via removing free radicals, in either aqueous or lipophilic phase.
低密度脂蛋白(LDL)的氧化修饰在动脉粥样硬化的发病机制中起着关键作用。因此,增加低密度脂蛋白的抗氧化能力可以减轻甚至预防动脉粥样硬化。一种新的水溶性C60衍生物六磺基丁基[60]富勒烯[C60 - (CH2CH2CH2CH2-SO3Na)6]由6个磺基丁基共价结合在C60笼上组成的FC4S是一种有效的自由基清除剂。本研究探讨了磺基丁基富勒烯衍生物(FC4S)对LDL氧化的抗氧化作用。FC4S被发现可以有效地保护LDL免受Cu2+或偶氮过氧自由基的氧化,这些自由基分别产生于水相或亲脂相。氧化产物、共轭二烯和硫代巴比妥酸反应物质的水平以及LDL的相对电泳迁移率均降低。在氧化前期添加20 μ m的FC4S,使动力学滞后时间从69 +/- 11 min增加到14 +/- 10 min (P < 0.05),繁殖速率从17.1 +/- 2.6降低到6.3 +/- 1.0 mOD/min (P < 0.05)。005)。在繁殖期间,在消耗完所有内源抗氧化剂后,进一步添加FC4S,观察到过氧化反应的持续抑制。高胆固醇血症家兔静脉注射FC4S (1 mg/kg/天)可有效降低动脉粥样硬化的形成。数据证实FC4S作为一种优异的亲水性抗氧化剂,通过去除水相或亲脂相的自由基,保护动脉粥样硬化的形成。
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引用次数: 31
Does the insulin-like growth factor system interact with prostaglandins and proinflammatory cytokines during neurodegeneration? 在神经退行性变过程中,胰岛素样生长因子系统是否与前列腺素和促炎细胞因子相互作用?
B. Lackey, S. L. Gray, D. Henricks
Prostaglandins and proinflammatory cytokines are implicated in the etiology of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease. Signaling cascades initiated by these factors may result in reactive oxygen species generation and cell death. The insulin-like growth factors (IGF) are ubiquitous polypeptides involved in all aspects of growth and development. Additionally, the IGF are regarded as survival factors that display potent antiapoptotic activity. Interfering with IGF production, distribution, or signaling may result in greater susceptibility to apoptotic stimuli. In neurodegenerative conditions, the IGF appear to be antagonized by prostaglandins and proinflammatory cytokines. In this review, the relationship among specific prostaglandins, the proinflammatory factors, tumor necrosis factor, interleukin-1, and interleukin-6, and the IGF system will be investigated.
前列腺素和促炎细胞因子与神经退行性疾病的病因有关,如阿尔茨海默病。这些因素引发的信号级联反应可能导致活性氧的产生和细胞死亡。胰岛素样生长因子(IGF)是一种普遍存在的多肽,参与人体生长发育的各个方面。此外,IGF被认为是具有有效抗凋亡活性的存活因子。干扰IGF的产生、分布或信号传导可能导致对凋亡刺激的更大易感性。在神经退行性疾病中,IGF似乎被前列腺素和促炎细胞因子拮抗。本文就特异性前列腺素、促炎因子、肿瘤坏死因子、白细胞介素-1、白细胞介素-6与IGF系统的关系作一综述。
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引用次数: 9
The familial mediterranean fever protein interacts and colocalizes with a putative Golgi transporter. 家族性地中海热蛋白与假定的高尔基转运蛋白相互作用并共定位。
X. Chen, Y. Bykhovskaya, N. Tidow, M. Hamon, Z. Bercovitz, O. Spirina, N. Fischel‐Ghodsian
The biological function of pyrin, the protein mutated in Familial Mediterranean Fever (FMF), has not been elucidated. Based on sequence homology, a transcription factor activity was proposed for this neutrophil-specific protein. In a yeast two-hybrid assay, neither transcription activation activity nor any self interaction was detected for pyrin. Screening of an expression cDNA library of peripheral blood leukocytes using as bait the carboxyl portion of pyrin (amino acids 557-781), which contains most of the FMF mutations, led to the identification of P/M-IP1 (pyrin/marenostrin interacting protein 1). A splice variant of P/M-IP1, GTC-90, had previously been described as a component of the 13S hetero-oligomeric protein complex that stimulates in vitro Golgi transport. We have now shown that P/M-IP1 colocalizes with pyrin in the perinuclear cytoplasm of Cos-7 cells and that the interaction between these two proteins is impaired by FMF causing mutations in pyrin. These data suggest that, at some stage of its functional pathway, pyrin resides in the cytoplasm and might be involved in, or impacted by, cellular protein sorting by the Golgi apparatus. The data also imply that P/M-IP1 may be involved in the abnormal inflammatory response that occurs in patients with FMF.
家族性地中海热(FMF)突变蛋白pyrin的生物学功能尚未阐明。基于序列同源性,提出了该中性粒细胞特异性蛋白的转录因子活性。在酵母双杂交实验中,既没有转录激活活性,也没有检测到pyrin的任何自相互作用。筛选含有大多数FMF突变的pyrin羧基部分(557-781氨基酸)的外周血白细胞表达cDNA文库,鉴定出P/M-IP1 (pyrin/marenostrin相互作用蛋白1)。P/M-IP1的一个剪接变体GTC-90,之前被描述为13S异聚寡聚蛋白复合物的一个组成部分,刺激体外高尔基转运。我们现在已经证明,在Cos-7细胞的核周细胞质中,P/M-IP1与pyrin共定位,并且这两种蛋白之间的相互作用被FMF引起的pyrin突变破坏。这些数据表明,在其功能途径的某些阶段,pyrin驻留在细胞质中,并可能参与或受高尔基体细胞蛋白质分选的影响。这些数据还表明,P/M-IP1可能参与了FMF患者发生的异常炎症反应。
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引用次数: 24
Topical insulin and accumulation of excitotoxic and other amino acids in ischemic rat cerebral cortex. 局部胰岛素与缺血大鼠大脑皮层兴奋毒性及其他氨基酸的积累。
L. L. Guyot, F. Diaz, M. O'regan, D. Song, J. Phillis
Insulin plays a neuroprotectant role in the brain and spinal cord during ischemia. However, studies have shown insulin to increase the sensitivity of cultured cortical cells to glutamate toxicity. The present study looked at the relationship between topically administered insulin (1 mIU insulin/ml and 100 mIU insulin/ml) during a four-vessel model of global ischemia and the accumulation of amino acids, especially glutamate, from the ischemic rat cerebral cortex. The lower dose of insulin was found to attenuate the release of excitotoxic and other amino acids from the cortex in ischemia/reperfusion. This may occur because insulin increases glucose availability to glial cells resulting in maintenance of glycolysis and ionic pumps that can reduce glutamate release and maintain uptake during ischemia/reperfusion. The higher dose of insulin, which significantly increased the amount of aspartate, glutamate, taurine, and GABA during reperfusion, may act to stimulate the amount of glycogen stored in astrocytes, reducing the availability of glucose for metabolic purposes.
胰岛素在脑和脊髓缺血时起神经保护作用。然而,研究表明胰岛素可增加培养的皮质细胞对谷氨酸毒性的敏感性。本研究观察了四血管模型中局部注射胰岛素(1 mIU胰岛素/ml和100 mIU胰岛素/ml)与缺血大鼠大脑皮层氨基酸,特别是谷氨酸的积累之间的关系。在缺血/再灌注时,较低剂量的胰岛素可减弱皮层中兴奋毒性氨基酸和其他氨基酸的释放。这可能是因为胰岛素增加了胶质细胞的葡萄糖可用性,从而维持糖酵解和离子泵,从而减少谷氨酸的释放并维持缺血/再灌注期间的摄取。在再灌注期间,高剂量的胰岛素显著增加了天冬氨酸、谷氨酸、牛磺酸和GABA的含量,这可能刺激了星形胶质细胞中储存的糖原的量,降低了葡萄糖代谢目的的可用性。
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引用次数: 12
Evidence of endogenous mono-ADP-ribosylation of cardiac proteins via anti-ADP-ribosylarginine immunoreactivity. 内源性单adp核糖基化心脏蛋白通过抗adp核糖精氨酸免疫反应的证据。
C. J. Schwab, M. J. Colville, A. Fullerton, K. Mcmahon
Arginine-specific mono-ADP-ribosylation of proteins and arginine-specific mono-ADP-ribosyltransferase occur in heart. We developed a polyclonal antiserum, R-28, against ADP-ribosylpolyarginine that recognized mono-ADP-ribosylated proteins and identified the major mono-ADP-ribosylation products of quail heart. Treatment of Immobilon-bound ADP-ribosylated Gs protein with hydroxylamine under conditions that remove ADP-ribose from its arginines eliminated R-28 immunoreactivity to Gs. Also, R-28 immunoreactivity to quail heart proteins was removed by NaOH and phosphodiesterase I treatments. Similar treatment with mercuric chloride did not remove the immunoreactivity but did remove exogenously (via in vitro pertussis toxin treatment) added ADP-ribose from cysteine of cardiac Gi/Go proteins. The antiserum did not appear to react with ADP-ribosylasparagine of Rho (formed by C3 toxin), ADP-ribosyldiphthamide of elongation factor 2 (formed by diphtheria toxin) in quail heart preparations, or polyADP-ribosylated proteins of a neonate rat cardiac nuclear preparation. Thus, the R-28 antiserum appears to contain predominantly antibodies directed against ADP-ribosylarginine. To test the usefulness of R-28, immunoblotting of subcellular fractions of quail heart was performed. R-28 showed the greatest immunoreactivity in the sarcolemma with significant immunoreactivity in denser membrane fractions. The cytosol also contained an immunoreactive band distinct from those found in the membranes. Hydroxylamine treatment eliminated immunoreactivity in the sarcolemma and denser membrane fractions but not the cytosol, suggesting the membranous immunoreactive bands contain ADP-ribosylarginine. In conclusion, a polyclonal antiserum that recognizes ADP-ribosylarginine proteins has been raised. The usefulness of the antiserum is demonstrated by the characterization of endogenous arginine mono-ADP-ribosylation products in quail heart. The quail heart has several sarcolemmal and denser membrane fraction proteins that appear to be mono-ADP-ribosylated on arginines.
精氨酸特异性单adp核糖基化蛋白和精氨酸特异性单adp核糖基转移酶发生在心脏。我们开发了一种针对adp -核糖基聚精氨酸的多克隆抗血清R-28,该血清识别单adp -核糖基化蛋白,并鉴定了鹌鹑心脏的主要单adp -核糖基化产物。用羟胺处理固定蛋白结合的adp核糖基化的Gs蛋白,去除其精氨酸中的adp核糖,消除R-28对Gs的免疫反应性。此外,NaOH和磷酸二酯酶I处理可以去除R-28对鹌鹑心脏蛋白的免疫反应性。类似的氯化汞处理并没有消除免疫反应性,但确实从心脏Gi/Go蛋白的半胱氨酸中去除外源性(通过体外百日咳毒素处理)添加的adp核糖。抗血清与鹌鹑心脏制剂中的Rho的adp -核糖素天冬氨酸(由C3毒素形成)、延长因子2的adp -核糖素二苯二胺(由白喉毒素形成)或新生大鼠心脏制剂中的聚adp -核糖素蛋白没有反应。因此,R-28抗血清似乎主要含有针对adp -核糖精氨酸的抗体。为了验证R-28的有效性,我们对鹌鹑心脏亚细胞部分进行了免疫印迹。R-28在肌膜中表现出最大的免疫反应性,在较致密的膜组分中表现出显著的免疫反应性。胞质溶胶中还含有与细胞膜中发现的不同的免疫反应带。羟胺处理消除了肌膜和致密膜部分的免疫反应性,但没有消除细胞质,表明膜免疫反应带含有adp -核糖精氨酸。总之,建立了一种识别adp -核糖精氨酸蛋白的多克隆抗血清。鹌鹑心脏内源性精氨酸单adp核糖基化产物的表征证明了抗血清的有效性。鹌鹑心脏有几个肌层和致密的膜部分蛋白,似乎是单adp核糖基化在精氨酸上。
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引用次数: 15
Anatomy and blood supply of the lower four cranial and cervical nerves: relevance to surgical neck dissection. 解剖和血液供应的下四颅颈神经:与外科颈部解剖的关系。
H. Brown, G. Hidden, M. Ledroux, L. Poitevan
This study is a continuation of previous work searching for possible anatomic reasons to explain variable and usually unpredictable postoperative pain and dysfunction after the same nerve losses with similar neck dissection operations. The study consisted of dissections of 19 deceased unpreserved elderly subjects arterially injected with dyed latex. Of the 19 subjects, 14 had brain stem and cervical spinal cord dissections, and all had neck dissections. The findings suggested two possible anatomic reasons for the pain and dysfunction: (i) The intracranial anatomy of the lower four cranial nerves, the glossopharyngeal (IX), the vagus (X), the spinal accessory (XI), and the hypoglossal (XII), was just as variable as the previously reported peripheral spinal accessory nerve plexus; and (ii) Both the intracranial and neck dissections indicated that the blood supply to the lower four cranial and cervical nerves, particularly to the brachial plexus, could be impaired by atherosclerosis and/or neuroforaminal impingement or operative loss. This loss of blood supply theoretically could result in ischemia as another possible cause of postoperative pain and dysfunction. It is concluded that because of the potential importance of each nerve and vessel, often unknown at operation, it is very important to spare as many of them as possible to avoid subsequent painful impairment.
本研究是先前工作的延续,旨在寻找可能的解剖学原因来解释相同神经丧失和类似颈部剥离手术后发生的可变且通常不可预测的术后疼痛和功能障碍。该研究包括19例死亡的未保存的老年受试者的解剖,动脉注射染色乳胶。在19名受试者中,14人有脑干和颈脊髓解剖,所有人都有颈部解剖。(ii)颅内和颈部解剖均表明,动脉粥样硬化和/或神经孔撞击或手术损失可能会损害下四颅和颈神经,特别是臂丛神经的血液供应。理论上,这种血液供应的丧失可能导致缺血,这是术后疼痛和功能障碍的另一个可能原因。结论是,由于每条神经和血管的潜在重要性,在手术中往往是未知的,因此尽可能多地保留它们以避免随后的痛苦损害是非常重要的。
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引用次数: 16
Understanding human behavior is central to improving health. 了解人类行为对改善健康至关重要。
Steven A. Schroeder
{"title":"Understanding human behavior is central to improving health.","authors":"Steven A. Schroeder","doi":"10.1111/J.1525-1373.2000.PSE22347-2.X","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1525-1373.2000.PSE22347-2.X","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":20618,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine. Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine","volume":"15 12 1","pages":"329-30"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86962672","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 3
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