Pub Date : 2024-09-17DOI: 10.1177/14644207241280372
AJ Brunner
Quantitative delamination resistance data of fibre-reinforced polymer-matrix (FRP) composites for quasi-static or cyclic fatigue loads are determined under different loading modes and load rates, respectively. Such data find use, e.g., in FRP materials’ development, materials’ selection, assessment of durability, or structural design. Round robins during test development yielded repeatability and reproducibility (coefficients of variation) of roughly 10 to 25%. This scatter has several different sources. Intrinsic material variability amounts to a few percent at best, at least for advanced manufacturing processes. This intrinsic scatter is essential for material comparisons and structural design. Measurement resolution specified in standardised test procedures yields a maximum of 4–5% variability. Most of the remaining scatter comes from other, extrinsic sources. Test operator actions, e.g., choice of test set-up, manual data acquisition or data analysis can yield extrinsic scatter. Damage mechanisms during delamination initiation and propagation act on the micro- and meso-scale, typically a few micrometer to a few hundred micrometer in size, with corresponding time-scales estimated to between a few tens of nanoseconds and a few microseconds. Defect size-scales are hence several orders of magnitudes lower than test specimen and structural scales, respectively. Predictive capability of models using such test data for structures are, therefore, limited. Major issues are up-scaling from straight beam-like specimens to larger shell-like structures, possibly with complex shape and varying thickness as well as from unidirectional fibre orientation to multidirectional lay-ups.
{"title":"Quantification of delamination resistance data of FRP composites and its limits","authors":"AJ Brunner","doi":"10.1177/14644207241280372","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/14644207241280372","url":null,"abstract":"Quantitative delamination resistance data of fibre-reinforced polymer-matrix (FRP) composites for quasi-static or cyclic fatigue loads are determined under different loading modes and load rates, respectively. Such data find use, e.g., in FRP materials’ development, materials’ selection, assessment of durability, or structural design. Round robins during test development yielded repeatability and reproducibility (coefficients of variation) of roughly 10 to 25%. This scatter has several different sources. Intrinsic material variability amounts to a few percent at best, at least for advanced manufacturing processes. This intrinsic scatter is essential for material comparisons and structural design. Measurement resolution specified in standardised test procedures yields a maximum of 4–5% variability. Most of the remaining scatter comes from other, extrinsic sources. Test operator actions, e.g., choice of test set-up, manual data acquisition or data analysis can yield extrinsic scatter. Damage mechanisms during delamination initiation and propagation act on the micro- and meso-scale, typically a few micrometer to a few hundred micrometer in size, with corresponding time-scales estimated to between a few tens of nanoseconds and a few microseconds. Defect size-scales are hence several orders of magnitudes lower than test specimen and structural scales, respectively. Predictive capability of models using such test data for structures are, therefore, limited. Major issues are up-scaling from straight beam-like specimens to larger shell-like structures, possibly with complex shape and varying thickness as well as from unidirectional fibre orientation to multidirectional lay-ups.","PeriodicalId":20630,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part L: Journal of Materials: Design and Applications","volume":"41 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142255203","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-17DOI: 10.1177/14644207241283273
M. Neumann, A. Haelsig, K. Hoefer, J. Hensel
The paper describes a high-current Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW) process using wire electrodes with diameters up to 4.0 mm for single-pass full penetration butt joint welding of 20 mm thick steel plates. Fundamental research aims to develop thick-wire GMAW into a high-efficiency method by identifying the limits of welding performance and achievable deposition rates. Current gaps in understanding include equipment requirements, process properties, application fields, and weld quality. The research project addresses these gaps through systematic investigations of basic technological analyses, application sample welding, and quality evaluations. The objective was to create a robust, cost-efficient gas-shielded high-performance welding technology with deposition rates comparable to Submerged Arc Welding. The fully mechanized, automatic welding setup included two parallel-connected welding power sources, one wire feeder and one high-power welding torch. Welding parameters and conditions were evaluated with the aim of achieving a high-quality weld. Optimal parameters were identified for one-sided single-pass welding on 20 mm thick plates. Validation of thick-wire GMAW for 20 mm thick high-strength steels was conducted via two-sided single-pass welding on S690Q grade plates. Testing of the weld joint included static tensile strength test (3x tensile specimen), a Charpy impact test at −40 °C (6x Charpy V-notch specimens respectively with notch position in weld metal, base material and heat-affected zone (HAZ)), microstructure examination and a hardness test. The lowest recorded impact energy was observed to be 50 J within the weld metal, in combination with hardness peaks in the HAZ reaching 415 HV1, and all tensile specimens failing outside the HAZ within the base material. The process achieved reliable, reproducible, and economical joint welding, meeting necessary mechanical-technological quality standards. The paper enhances the understanding of selected welding techniques tor thick plate joining and offers valuable industrial insights, demonstrating the technique's applicability and feasibility for high-strength applications.
{"title":"Thick-wire GMAW for fusion welding of high-strength steels","authors":"M. Neumann, A. Haelsig, K. Hoefer, J. Hensel","doi":"10.1177/14644207241283273","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/14644207241283273","url":null,"abstract":"The paper describes a high-current Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW) process using wire electrodes with diameters up to 4.0 mm for single-pass full penetration butt joint welding of 20 mm thick steel plates. Fundamental research aims to develop thick-wire GMAW into a high-efficiency method by identifying the limits of welding performance and achievable deposition rates. Current gaps in understanding include equipment requirements, process properties, application fields, and weld quality. The research project addresses these gaps through systematic investigations of basic technological analyses, application sample welding, and quality evaluations. The objective was to create a robust, cost-efficient gas-shielded high-performance welding technology with deposition rates comparable to Submerged Arc Welding. The fully mechanized, automatic welding setup included two parallel-connected welding power sources, one wire feeder and one high-power welding torch. Welding parameters and conditions were evaluated with the aim of achieving a high-quality weld. Optimal parameters were identified for one-sided single-pass welding on 20 mm thick plates. Validation of thick-wire GMAW for 20 mm thick high-strength steels was conducted via two-sided single-pass welding on S690Q grade plates. Testing of the weld joint included static tensile strength test (3x tensile specimen), a Charpy impact test at −40 °C (6x Charpy V-notch specimens respectively with notch position in weld metal, base material and heat-affected zone (HAZ)), microstructure examination and a hardness test. The lowest recorded impact energy was observed to be 50 J within the weld metal, in combination with hardness peaks in the HAZ reaching 415 HV1, and all tensile specimens failing outside the HAZ within the base material. The process achieved reliable, reproducible, and economical joint welding, meeting necessary mechanical-technological quality standards. The paper enhances the understanding of selected welding techniques tor thick plate joining and offers valuable industrial insights, demonstrating the technique's applicability and feasibility for high-strength applications.","PeriodicalId":20630,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part L: Journal of Materials: Design and Applications","volume":"66 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142255204","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-10DOI: 10.1177/14644207241269558
Babloo Roy Gautam, Nazrul Islam Khan, Nitya Nand Gosvami, Subhankar Das
Self-healing polymers (SHP), inspired by nature, are materials that have the ability to recover themselves from various physical damages in the presence of different inducing environments. The self-recovering property indicates the capability to heal the cracks in their very nascent stage at their micro or nano-level size and provides a door to prevent them from any major catastrophic failure. In this article, a comprehensive review with updated reported work on various types of self-healing mechanisms and their advantages and limitations has been discussed, along with their applications. The main focus of the review has been aligned with the challenges and future scopes associated with the exploration of self-healing concepts for industrial coating applications. The different extrinsic, intrinsic, and combined healing mechanisms have been explained, along with their application in coating. Finally, the recent status of healing technology and future research trends has been discussed in this review article.
{"title":"Recent advancements in self-healing materials and their application in coating industry","authors":"Babloo Roy Gautam, Nazrul Islam Khan, Nitya Nand Gosvami, Subhankar Das","doi":"10.1177/14644207241269558","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/14644207241269558","url":null,"abstract":"Self-healing polymers (SHP), inspired by nature, are materials that have the ability to recover themselves from various physical damages in the presence of different inducing environments. The self-recovering property indicates the capability to heal the cracks in their very nascent stage at their micro or nano-level size and provides a door to prevent them from any major catastrophic failure. In this article, a comprehensive review with updated reported work on various types of self-healing mechanisms and their advantages and limitations has been discussed, along with their applications. The main focus of the review has been aligned with the challenges and future scopes associated with the exploration of self-healing concepts for industrial coating applications. The different extrinsic, intrinsic, and combined healing mechanisms have been explained, along with their application in coating. Finally, the recent status of healing technology and future research trends has been discussed in this review article.","PeriodicalId":20630,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part L: Journal of Materials: Design and Applications","volume":"44 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142198195","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-10DOI: 10.1177/14644207241279940
Unnam Raghu Ram Chowdary, R. Vaira Vignesh, R. Saravanan, A. Shanmugasundaram
This research investigates the microstructural, mechanical, and tribological properties of Al-Cu-Ni alloys in the as-cast, solutionized, artificially aged condition. In addition, the influence of cold-rolling followed by solutionizing/strain softening on the microstructure and microhardness was evaluated through a comprehensive analysis. Microstructural examination reveals that the addition of nickel to Al-Cu-Ni leads to refined dendritic structures and intermetallic phase formation. Texture analysis and microhardness measurements demonstrate the impact of mechanical and heat treatments on grain size, orientation, and material hardness. Tribological characterization reveals superior wear resistance in the heat treated Al-Cu-Ni alloy, attributed to intermetallic phases and refined microstructures.
{"title":"Investigations on microstructural, mechanical, and tribological properties of Al-Cu-Ni alloy in cast, heat-treated, and strain-softened conditions","authors":"Unnam Raghu Ram Chowdary, R. Vaira Vignesh, R. Saravanan, A. Shanmugasundaram","doi":"10.1177/14644207241279940","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/14644207241279940","url":null,"abstract":"This research investigates the microstructural, mechanical, and tribological properties of Al-Cu-Ni alloys in the as-cast, solutionized, artificially aged condition. In addition, the influence of cold-rolling followed by solutionizing/strain softening on the microstructure and microhardness was evaluated through a comprehensive analysis. Microstructural examination reveals that the addition of nickel to Al-Cu-Ni leads to refined dendritic structures and intermetallic phase formation. Texture analysis and microhardness measurements demonstrate the impact of mechanical and heat treatments on grain size, orientation, and material hardness. Tribological characterization reveals superior wear resistance in the heat treated Al-Cu-Ni alloy, attributed to intermetallic phases and refined microstructures.","PeriodicalId":20630,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part L: Journal of Materials: Design and Applications","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142198196","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The need for improved asphalt pavements has led to the exploration of nanomaterials such as graphene oxide (GO). This study investigates the potential of GO to enhance the performance of asphalt concrete (AC) with a nominal maximum aggregate size of 12.5 mm (AC_12.5) pavements, a commonly used material in highway construction that has not been extensively studied with GO modification. The main objective is to evaluate the impact of varying GO content (1%, 1.5%, and 2%) on the key technical properties of AC_12.5, including rutting resistance, moisture stability, and tensile capacity. A series of performance tests, including Marshall stability, residual stability, splitting tensile strength, and dynamic modulus, were conducted on AC_12.5 samples with varying GO content. Furthermore, a mechanistic– empirical (M-E) approach was employed to compare the rutting resistance of GO-modified pavements with that of conventional pavements. Initial findings suggest that GO incorporation significantly enhanced the mechanical properties of AC_12.5 compared with the control mixture. Performance tests indicated improved rutting resistance, moisture stability, and tensile capacity. The M– E analysis demonstrated superior rutting resistance in the GO-modified pavement structures. The findings confirm the potential of GO as a promising nanomaterial for enhancing the performance of AC_12.5 pavements. The observed improvements in key mechanical properties and rutting resistance suggest its feasibility for developing more durable, sustainable, and cost-effective roads in the future.
由于需要改进沥青路面，人们开始探索氧化石墨烯（GO）等纳米材料。本研究调查了 GO 在提高标称最大集料粒径为 12.5 毫米（AC_12.5）的沥青混凝土（AC）路面性能方面的潜力。研究的主要目的是评估不同的 GO 含量（1%、1.5% 和 2%）对 AC_12.5 主要技术性能的影响，包括抗车辙性、湿度稳定性和抗拉能力。对不同 GO 含量的 AC_12.5 样品进行了一系列性能测试，包括马歇尔稳定性、残留稳定性、劈裂拉伸强度和动态模量。此外，还采用了机械-经验（M-E）方法来比较 GO 改性路面与传统路面的抗车辙性能。初步研究结果表明，与对照混合物相比，GO 的加入大大提高了 AC_12.5 的机械性能。性能测试表明，AC_12.5 的抗车辙性、湿度稳定性和拉伸能力都有所提高。M- E 分析表明，GO 改性路面结构的抗车辙能力更强。这些研究结果证实了 GO 作为一种有前途的纳米材料在提高 AC_12.5 路面性能方面的潜力。观察到的关键机械性能和抗车辙性能的改善表明，该材料在未来开发更耐用、更可持续、更经济的道路方面具有可行性。
{"title":"Evaluation of the performance enhancement of asphalt concrete via graphene oxide incorporation: A multi-test approach","authors":"Huong-Giang Thi Hoang, Hoang-Long Nguyen, Hai-Bang Ly","doi":"10.1177/14644207241282113","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/14644207241282113","url":null,"abstract":"The need for improved asphalt pavements has led to the exploration of nanomaterials such as graphene oxide (GO). This study investigates the potential of GO to enhance the performance of asphalt concrete (AC) with a nominal maximum aggregate size of 12.5 mm (AC_12.5) pavements, a commonly used material in highway construction that has not been extensively studied with GO modification. The main objective is to evaluate the impact of varying GO content (1%, 1.5%, and 2%) on the key technical properties of AC_12.5, including rutting resistance, moisture stability, and tensile capacity. A series of performance tests, including Marshall stability, residual stability, splitting tensile strength, and dynamic modulus, were conducted on AC_12.5 samples with varying GO content. Furthermore, a mechanistic– empirical (M-E) approach was employed to compare the rutting resistance of GO-modified pavements with that of conventional pavements. Initial findings suggest that GO incorporation significantly enhanced the mechanical properties of AC_12.5 compared with the control mixture. Performance tests indicated improved rutting resistance, moisture stability, and tensile capacity. The M– E analysis demonstrated superior rutting resistance in the GO-modified pavement structures. The findings confirm the potential of GO as a promising nanomaterial for enhancing the performance of AC_12.5 pavements. The observed improvements in key mechanical properties and rutting resistance suggest its feasibility for developing more durable, sustainable, and cost-effective roads in the future.","PeriodicalId":20630,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part L: Journal of Materials: Design and Applications","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142198194","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The increasing concern for the environment has driven a surge in popularity of utilizing modern technology to develop new products from renewable resources. To address this, polymer composites are incorporating various bio-waste materials as filler components. This study focuses on fabricating four-layered hybrid polyester laminates using kenaf (K), glass (G), and reinforced with fish scale (FS) powder at concentrations ranging from 5 wt.% to 15 wt.%. Mechanical properties are assessed following ASTM standards to evaluate the optimal FS filler percentage. The results reflect that the KGKG laminate with 15 wt. % FS exhibits utmost tensile strength and hardness, while the same laminate with 10 wt. % FS shows optimal flexural and impact properties. Further, numerical analysis is performed using ANSYS 19.0 software to validate the experimental findings. It is marked that, the results of numerical analysis are align intimately with the experimental data, with a deviation of 5 to 10%. Additionally, the moisture absorption behavior is investigated, and the results revealing that FS filler reduced moisture uptake and enhanced dimensional stability. Further, the study is extended to investigate the thermal attributes of laminates through Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) and Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA). The fractured surface morphology are studied through Scanning Electron Microscopic (SEM) and the findings reveal significant occurrences of matrix cracking, fiber withdrawal, and the separation of fibers from the matrix. Overall, this study suggests the incorporation of FS bio-fillers into hybridized kenaf/glass laminates in order to improve performance and create environmentally friendly options that suitable for automotive applications.
{"title":"Influence of fish-scale powder addition and stacking order on mechanical and thermal properties of hybrid kenaf/glass polyester composites","authors":"Chandrakanta Mishra, Deepak Kumar Mohapatra, Chitta Ranjan Deo, Chetana Tripathy","doi":"10.1177/14644207241281791","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/14644207241281791","url":null,"abstract":"The increasing concern for the environment has driven a surge in popularity of utilizing modern technology to develop new products from renewable resources. To address this, polymer composites are incorporating various bio-waste materials as filler components. This study focuses on fabricating four-layered hybrid polyester laminates using kenaf (K), glass (G), and reinforced with fish scale (FS) powder at concentrations ranging from 5 wt.% to 15 wt.%. Mechanical properties are assessed following ASTM standards to evaluate the optimal FS filler percentage. The results reflect that the KGKG laminate with 15 wt. % FS exhibits utmost tensile strength and hardness, while the same laminate with 10 wt. % FS shows optimal flexural and impact properties. Further, numerical analysis is performed using ANSYS 19.0 software to validate the experimental findings. It is marked that, the results of numerical analysis are align intimately with the experimental data, with a deviation of 5 to 10%. Additionally, the moisture absorption behavior is investigated, and the results revealing that FS filler reduced moisture uptake and enhanced dimensional stability. Further, the study is extended to investigate the thermal attributes of laminates through Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) and Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA). The fractured surface morphology are studied through Scanning Electron Microscopic (SEM) and the findings reveal significant occurrences of matrix cracking, fiber withdrawal, and the separation of fibers from the matrix. Overall, this study suggests the incorporation of FS bio-fillers into hybridized kenaf/glass laminates in order to improve performance and create environmentally friendly options that suitable for automotive applications.","PeriodicalId":20630,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part L: Journal of Materials: Design and Applications","volume":"45 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142198197","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-09DOI: 10.1177/14644207241269584
Krishna Biswas, Debasis Datta
Through experimental testing and numerical simulations, this study examines the effects of ballistic events on thin FRP composite laminated plates fabricated using a hand lay-up method. Experimental ballistic impact tests using a pneumatic gun are conducted on composite plates reinforced with woven glass and woven Kevlar 29 fibers. An advanced three-dimensional finite element model programed in Ansys/Autodyn v19.1 is employed to verify the experimental findings and analyze the ballistic perforation characteristics of the target. The crucial material constants needed for the constitutive material model used in the simulation are acquired through precise experimentation on samples prepared from the fabricated laminates. Significant agreement is observed between the FE simulations and experimental findings, particularly concerning the assessment of residual velocities of the projectile and damage pattern in the laminates. The results of this study show that when subjected to ballistic impact by a flat-ended cylindrical projectile, the thin woven FRP composite primarily experiences damage characterized by delamination, fiber breakage and matrix cracking. Additionally, based on current simulations, it is observed that the ballistic limit velocity of the Kevlar 29/epoxy laminate exceeds that of GFRP by 25.64% when both materials have an equal thickness of 2.8 mm.
{"title":"Experimental and numerical analysis of ballistic impat and material characterization of GFRP and Kevlar 29/epoxy composite laminate","authors":"Krishna Biswas, Debasis Datta","doi":"10.1177/14644207241269584","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/14644207241269584","url":null,"abstract":"Through experimental testing and numerical simulations, this study examines the effects of ballistic events on thin FRP composite laminated plates fabricated using a hand lay-up method. Experimental ballistic impact tests using a pneumatic gun are conducted on composite plates reinforced with woven glass and woven Kevlar 29 fibers. An advanced three-dimensional finite element model programed in Ansys/Autodyn v19.1 is employed to verify the experimental findings and analyze the ballistic perforation characteristics of the target. The crucial material constants needed for the constitutive material model used in the simulation are acquired through precise experimentation on samples prepared from the fabricated laminates. Significant agreement is observed between the FE simulations and experimental findings, particularly concerning the assessment of residual velocities of the projectile and damage pattern in the laminates. The results of this study show that when subjected to ballistic impact by a flat-ended cylindrical projectile, the thin woven FRP composite primarily experiences damage characterized by delamination, fiber breakage and matrix cracking. Additionally, based on current simulations, it is observed that the ballistic limit velocity of the Kevlar 29/epoxy laminate exceeds that of GFRP by 25.64% when both materials have an equal thickness of 2.8 mm.","PeriodicalId":20630,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part L: Journal of Materials: Design and Applications","volume":"32 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142227797","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this investigation, the fabrication and mechanical properties of Bi metallic structure walls produced using wire-arc-additive manufacturing (WAAM) technique, employing stainless steel (SS) 316L and 304 filler wires, are examined. The findings reveal that SS 304 exhibits superior mechanical attributes compared to SS 316L, notably showcasing impressive tensile strength and exceptional ductility. Bi metallic structure, meticulously constructed using both SS 316L and SS 304 filler wires, effectively replicates these distinctive mechanical properties, rendering it highly desirable for application prioritizing mechanical performance. The observed enhancement in strength is attributed to variations in microstructure resulting from a complex thermal history. Microstructural and crystallographic analyses of Bi metallic structure are conducted using optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), electron backscattered diffraction spectroscopy (EBSD), and X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD). Additionally, tensile strength (TS) of Bi metallic structure surpasses that of WAAM SS 316L by 3.95%. This comprehensive research not only elucidates the intricate process of material selection in additive manufacturing but also underscores the significant potential of Bi metallic structure in meeting the stringent demands of engineering applications requiring exceptional mechanical properties.
在这项研究中，采用不锈钢（SS）316L 和 304 填充线，利用线弧添加制造（WAAM）技术生产的 Bi 金属结构壁的制造和机械性能得到了检验。研究结果表明，与 SS 316L 相比，SS 304 具有更优越的机械属性，尤其是拉伸强度和延展性。使用 SS 316L 和 SS 304 填充丝精心制作的 Bi 金属结构有效地复制了这些独特的机械属性，使其在注重机械性能的应用中大放异彩。所观察到的强度提高归因于复杂的热历史导致的微观结构变化。使用光学显微镜（OM）、扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、能量色散光谱（EDS）、电子反向散射衍射光谱（EBSD）和 X 射线衍射光谱（XRD）对 Bi 金属结构进行了微观结构和晶体学分析。此外，Bi 金属结构的拉伸强度（TS）比 WAAM SS 316L 高出 3.95%。这项综合研究不仅阐明了增材制造中材料选择的复杂过程，还凸显了 Bi 金属结构在满足需要优异机械性能的工程应用的严格要求方面所具有的巨大潜力。
{"title":"Wire-arc-additively manufactured Bi metallic structure: Mechanical properties and microstructural characterization","authors":"Mohan Kumar Subramaniyan, Arunkumar Thirugnanasambandam","doi":"10.1177/14644207241269590","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/14644207241269590","url":null,"abstract":"In this investigation, the fabrication and mechanical properties of Bi metallic structure walls produced using wire-arc-additive manufacturing (WAAM) technique, employing stainless steel (SS) 316L and 304 filler wires, are examined. The findings reveal that SS 304 exhibits superior mechanical attributes compared to SS 316L, notably showcasing impressive tensile strength and exceptional ductility. Bi metallic structure, meticulously constructed using both SS 316L and SS 304 filler wires, effectively replicates these distinctive mechanical properties, rendering it highly desirable for application prioritizing mechanical performance. The observed enhancement in strength is attributed to variations in microstructure resulting from a complex thermal history. Microstructural and crystallographic analyses of Bi metallic structure are conducted using optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), electron backscattered diffraction spectroscopy (EBSD), and X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD). Additionally, tensile strength (TS) of Bi metallic structure surpasses that of WAAM SS 316L by 3.95%. This comprehensive research not only elucidates the intricate process of material selection in additive manufacturing but also underscores the significant potential of Bi metallic structure in meeting the stringent demands of engineering applications requiring exceptional mechanical properties.","PeriodicalId":20630,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part L: Journal of Materials: Design and Applications","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142198200","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-05DOI: 10.1177/14644207241281707
Haozhe Yi, Kiwon Oh, Ravinder K. Kang, Cody W. Yothers, Annaliese K. Franz, Yu Qiao
Microalgae cultivation is a promising technology for carbon sequestration and wastewater remediation. It is economically and logistically critical to find viable applications for the large quantities of produced biomass. In current research, a structural material is developed by using nearly 100% Chlorella sorokiniana. The otherwise non-cohesive microalgae cells are first surface-activated and then compacted under a relatively high pressure. The resulting material is a dense solid, stronger than typical steel-reinforced concrete in flexural tests. The processing procedure is simple and fast, and the setup is scalable. This technique may be useful for next-generation green construction and provide a use-case for sustainable microalgae biomass.
{"title":"Carbon-Storing Structural Material Based on Wastewater-Cultivated Chlorella Sorokiniana","authors":"Haozhe Yi, Kiwon Oh, Ravinder K. Kang, Cody W. Yothers, Annaliese K. Franz, Yu Qiao","doi":"10.1177/14644207241281707","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/14644207241281707","url":null,"abstract":"Microalgae cultivation is a promising technology for carbon sequestration and wastewater remediation. It is economically and logistically critical to find viable applications for the large quantities of produced biomass. In current research, a structural material is developed by using nearly 100% Chlorella sorokiniana. The otherwise non-cohesive microalgae cells are first surface-activated and then compacted under a relatively high pressure. The resulting material is a dense solid, stronger than typical steel-reinforced concrete in flexural tests. The processing procedure is simple and fast, and the setup is scalable. This technique may be useful for next-generation green construction and provide a use-case for sustainable microalgae biomass.","PeriodicalId":20630,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part L: Journal of Materials: Design and Applications","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142198198","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-30DOI: 10.1177/14644207241270782
Alda MP Simões, Felipe A Canut, Edgar N Mamiya, Luis Reis
Corrosion-fatigue is a severe form of degradation that results from the joint effect of cyclic tensile stresses and of a corrosive environment and is particularly relevant in mooring chains of offshore structures. The work deals with the corrosion-fatigue of a high-strength low-carbon steel alloy used in mooring chains. While many studies are concerned with the nucleation of cracks starting from corrosion pits, the work deals rather with the opposite effect, i.e., how the cyclic stress may influence the nucleation and growth of pits. A range of applied cyclic stresses were applied both to cylindrical specimens and to trunk conical-shaped specimens, the corrosion degree being estimated by quantitative image analysis of the corroded surface, using the fraction of corroded area as an index. The cyclic tensile stress enhanced the nucleation/growth of pits on the surface. The corroded area in cylindrical specimens increases exponentially with the stress when the Smith-Watson-Topper (SWT) model is considered. The trunk conical specimen geometry reveals the effect of stress for a single exposure time, an advantage compared to the cylindrical geometry, in which the effect of exposure time cannot be isolated from that of the applied stress. The extent of surface corrosion increases with the local mean stress, except for a narrow region near the crack, likely due to local cathodic protection induced by the anode inside the crack. Correlations are proposed for the stress limits corresponding to a certain reduction in corrosion-fatigue life, and for the surface corrosion damage as a function of the local SWT parameter.
{"title":"Corrosion susceptibility of mooring chain steel under cyclic stress","authors":"Alda MP Simões, Felipe A Canut, Edgar N Mamiya, Luis Reis","doi":"10.1177/14644207241270782","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/14644207241270782","url":null,"abstract":"Corrosion-fatigue is a severe form of degradation that results from the joint effect of cyclic tensile stresses and of a corrosive environment and is particularly relevant in mooring chains of offshore structures. The work deals with the corrosion-fatigue of a high-strength low-carbon steel alloy used in mooring chains. While many studies are concerned with the nucleation of cracks starting from corrosion pits, the work deals rather with the opposite effect, i.e., how the cyclic stress may influence the nucleation and growth of pits. A range of applied cyclic stresses were applied both to cylindrical specimens and to trunk conical-shaped specimens, the corrosion degree being estimated by quantitative image analysis of the corroded surface, using the fraction of corroded area as an index. The cyclic tensile stress enhanced the nucleation/growth of pits on the surface. The corroded area in cylindrical specimens increases exponentially with the stress when the Smith-Watson-Topper (SWT) model is considered. The trunk conical specimen geometry reveals the effect of stress for a single exposure time, an advantage compared to the cylindrical geometry, in which the effect of exposure time cannot be isolated from that of the applied stress. The extent of surface corrosion increases with the local mean stress, except for a narrow region near the crack, likely due to local cathodic protection induced by the anode inside the crack. Correlations are proposed for the stress limits corresponding to a certain reduction in corrosion-fatigue life, and for the surface corrosion damage as a function of the local SWT parameter.","PeriodicalId":20630,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part L: Journal of Materials: Design and Applications","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142198199","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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