Pub Date : 2024-08-07DOI: 10.1177/17543371241265595
Bo Han, Xueqing Li, Yu Li, Tianbiao Liu
To determine the effective attacking patterns of corner kicks in women’s football, this study used associate rule to analyse the corner kicks in the Chinese Women’s Super League 2019. A total of 343 corner kicks from 56 matches were studied to examine the effective characteristics of corner kicks and strategies of strong and weak teams using associate rule analysis. In total, 17 goals were scored via corner kicks, accounting for 9.4% of the total goals (180) of the Women’s Super League in 2019. The result of associate rule analysis showed that the pattern of indirect, outside the box and eight attackers was more likely to create shots when a strong team (top 4 teams) faced a weak team (bottom 4 teams; Lift: 2.9). When a weak team faced a strong team, it was easier to create a shot by delivering the corner kick through an outswing ball directly to the near post (Lift: 6.091). These findings can help coaches to understand the key successful patterns of corner kicks in women’s football and choose a more effective attacking strategy of corner kicks according to the quality of both teams.
{"title":"Analysis of attacking corner kick strategies in the Chinese Women’s Super League 2019","authors":"Bo Han, Xueqing Li, Yu Li, Tianbiao Liu","doi":"10.1177/17543371241265595","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/17543371241265595","url":null,"abstract":"To determine the effective attacking patterns of corner kicks in women’s football, this study used associate rule to analyse the corner kicks in the Chinese Women’s Super League 2019. A total of 343 corner kicks from 56 matches were studied to examine the effective characteristics of corner kicks and strategies of strong and weak teams using associate rule analysis. In total, 17 goals were scored via corner kicks, accounting for 9.4% of the total goals (180) of the Women’s Super League in 2019. The result of associate rule analysis showed that the pattern of indirect, outside the box and eight attackers was more likely to create shots when a strong team (top 4 teams) faced a weak team (bottom 4 teams; Lift: 2.9). When a weak team faced a strong team, it was easier to create a shot by delivering the corner kick through an outswing ball directly to the near post (Lift: 6.091). These findings can help coaches to understand the key successful patterns of corner kicks in women’s football and choose a more effective attacking strategy of corner kicks according to the quality of both teams.","PeriodicalId":20674,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part P: Journal of Sports Engineering and Technology","volume":"27 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141946075","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-31DOI: 10.1177/17543371241260090
Hasan Sahin
Advanced Emergency Braking (AEB) is used to reduce rear-end collisions in critical traffic scenarios. The racing environment contributes critical cases. In Formula races, critical collisions occur during cornering. Drivers may not concentrate on the boundary regions at high speeds. For this reason, an AEB system may support the drivers in such cases. On the other hand, this system is not permitted to be implemented in racing cars. Therefore, an AEB system may be implemented into the environment of the track by using several Long-Range Radars (LRR) at critical points. The originality of this study is the approach in the implementation of an AEB system into the racing environment as a collision warning system. The effectiveness of the implementation of the AEB system into the racing environment depends on the reaction time of the racing drivers. A fuzzy logic controller was proposed to control Time to Collision (TTC) during cornering according to the track geometry. The controller design was established in MATLAB/Simulink interface with the simulations in the IPG/CarMaker environment. According to the simulation results, the approach in the implementation of the AEB system prevented a pile-up.
{"title":"The implementation of a collision warning system in Formula racing","authors":"Hasan Sahin","doi":"10.1177/17543371241260090","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/17543371241260090","url":null,"abstract":"Advanced Emergency Braking (AEB) is used to reduce rear-end collisions in critical traffic scenarios. The racing environment contributes critical cases. In Formula races, critical collisions occur during cornering. Drivers may not concentrate on the boundary regions at high speeds. For this reason, an AEB system may support the drivers in such cases. On the other hand, this system is not permitted to be implemented in racing cars. Therefore, an AEB system may be implemented into the environment of the track by using several Long-Range Radars (LRR) at critical points. The originality of this study is the approach in the implementation of an AEB system into the racing environment as a collision warning system. The effectiveness of the implementation of the AEB system into the racing environment depends on the reaction time of the racing drivers. A fuzzy logic controller was proposed to control Time to Collision (TTC) during cornering according to the track geometry. The controller design was established in MATLAB/Simulink interface with the simulations in the IPG/CarMaker environment. According to the simulation results, the approach in the implementation of the AEB system prevented a pile-up.","PeriodicalId":20674,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part P: Journal of Sports Engineering and Technology","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141871454","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-31DOI: 10.1177/17543371241260098
Lloyd Smith, Bin Lyu, Derek Nevins
The following describes the results of a batting cage study involving youth batters hitting with three types of baseball bats in two weight classes. Participants were allowed to select a bat length from within each type and weight according to their preference. The bats were then swung in random order. Reflective markers were placed on the bats and balls, allowing infrared cameras to track their motion from which speed was obtained. Given the differing ability of the participants, the study outcomes were normalized to the swing speed of each batter. Bat performance was quantified from the bat-ball coefficient of restitution. Laboratory measures of bat performance were shown to strongly correspond with the peak batting cage results. The ball exit speed of hollow bats exceeded that of traditional solid wood bats by as much as 5%. The ball exit speed was also found to be affected more by players’ ability than the bat type. Batter swing speed correlated strongly with bat inertia and was relatively insensitive to the bat-ball impact location, showing that participant effort was not biased by impact quality. Batter swing speed tended to depend more strongly on bat inertia than has been found in adult studies, which may be due to the smaller size of youth participants.
{"title":"The effect of baseball bat properties and participant ability on youth hit ball speed","authors":"Lloyd Smith, Bin Lyu, Derek Nevins","doi":"10.1177/17543371241260098","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/17543371241260098","url":null,"abstract":"The following describes the results of a batting cage study involving youth batters hitting with three types of baseball bats in two weight classes. Participants were allowed to select a bat length from within each type and weight according to their preference. The bats were then swung in random order. Reflective markers were placed on the bats and balls, allowing infrared cameras to track their motion from which speed was obtained. Given the differing ability of the participants, the study outcomes were normalized to the swing speed of each batter. Bat performance was quantified from the bat-ball coefficient of restitution. Laboratory measures of bat performance were shown to strongly correspond with the peak batting cage results. The ball exit speed of hollow bats exceeded that of traditional solid wood bats by as much as 5%. The ball exit speed was also found to be affected more by players’ ability than the bat type. Batter swing speed correlated strongly with bat inertia and was relatively insensitive to the bat-ball impact location, showing that participant effort was not biased by impact quality. Batter swing speed tended to depend more strongly on bat inertia than has been found in adult studies, which may be due to the smaller size of youth participants.","PeriodicalId":20674,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part P: Journal of Sports Engineering and Technology","volume":"46 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141871453","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-26DOI: 10.1177/17543371241265997
Anatolij Nikonov, Marko Nagode, Jernej Klemenc, Igor Emri
The experimental-numerical-analytical methodology, based on a simple non-standard falling weight experiment, was used to investigate the influence of weight on climbing ropes’ response. Analysis of the impact force, deformation of rope, dissipated and retrieved energy, and maximum deceleration showed that the weight of the climber significantly affects all the examined physical quantities and, consequently, climbers’ safety. Smaller falling mass generates smaller maximum force, dissipates less energy, and generates smaller retrieved energy that propels climbers in the opposite vertical direction. However, maximum deceleration, considered to be one of the most important safety indicators, exhibits non-monotonic dependence on weight. In indoor climbing, these results might aid instructors in introducing measures to help in the traceability of the use of ropes regarding climbers’ weight.
{"title":"Effect of weight on dynamic ropes’ responses in indoor climbing","authors":"Anatolij Nikonov, Marko Nagode, Jernej Klemenc, Igor Emri","doi":"10.1177/17543371241265997","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/17543371241265997","url":null,"abstract":"The experimental-numerical-analytical methodology, based on a simple non-standard falling weight experiment, was used to investigate the influence of weight on climbing ropes’ response. Analysis of the impact force, deformation of rope, dissipated and retrieved energy, and maximum deceleration showed that the weight of the climber significantly affects all the examined physical quantities and, consequently, climbers’ safety. Smaller falling mass generates smaller maximum force, dissipates less energy, and generates smaller retrieved energy that propels climbers in the opposite vertical direction. However, maximum deceleration, considered to be one of the most important safety indicators, exhibits non-monotonic dependence on weight. In indoor climbing, these results might aid instructors in introducing measures to help in the traceability of the use of ropes regarding climbers’ weight.","PeriodicalId":20674,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part P: Journal of Sports Engineering and Technology","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141770243","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-24DOI: 10.1177/17543371241265602
Pei Deng, Rui Zhou, Yingzhe Song, Liqing Zhang, Bo Han
The Chinese Football Super League (CSL) introduced the video assistant referee (VAR) in the 2018 season, but the effect of VAR intervention has not yet been analyzed. The purpose of this study is to explore how varying frequencies of VAR interventions affect performance indicators in the CSL. VAR interventions were categorised into three groups, none (VAR0 = 198), one (VAR1 = 184) and two or more (VAR2 = 194). The performance variables included scoring-related variables (goals, shots, shots in the penalty area and penalties), attacking and passing-related variables (passes, crosses and free kicks) and defensive-related variables (tackles, fouls, yellow cards and red cards). The Kruskal-Wallis tests were used to examine the differences in performance variables among the different groups. The findings of these tests revealed that VAR was used in 66% of matches in the 2019–2021 season of the CSL. There were significant differences in penalties ( p < 0.01, η2 = 0.11), shots ( p < 0.05, η2 = 0.03), shots in the penalty area ( p < 0.01, η2 = 0.01), fouls ( p < 0.01,η2 = 0.02), passes ( p < 0.01,η2 = 0.05), free kicks (p < 0.05, η2 = 0.01) yellow cards ( p < 0.01, η2 = 0.02) and red cards ( p < 0.01, η2 = 0.05), but there were no significant differences in the number of goals ( p > 0.05), crosses ( p > 0.05) and tackles ( p > 0.05). Therefore, VAR intervention was frequently applied in the CSL during the 2019–2021 season, and the VAR interventions had various impacts on performance indicators.
{"title":"Once or twice? The effect of different number of video assistant referees intervention","authors":"Pei Deng, Rui Zhou, Yingzhe Song, Liqing Zhang, Bo Han","doi":"10.1177/17543371241265602","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/17543371241265602","url":null,"abstract":"The Chinese Football Super League (CSL) introduced the video assistant referee (VAR) in the 2018 season, but the effect of VAR intervention has not yet been analyzed. The purpose of this study is to explore how varying frequencies of VAR interventions affect performance indicators in the CSL. VAR interventions were categorised into three groups, none (VAR0 = 198), one (VAR1 = 184) and two or more (VAR2 = 194). The performance variables included scoring-related variables (goals, shots, shots in the penalty area and penalties), attacking and passing-related variables (passes, crosses and free kicks) and defensive-related variables (tackles, fouls, yellow cards and red cards). The Kruskal-Wallis tests were used to examine the differences in performance variables among the different groups. The findings of these tests revealed that VAR was used in 66% of matches in the 2019–2021 season of the CSL. There were significant differences in penalties ( p < 0.01, η<jats:sup>2</jats:sup> = 0.11), shots ( p < 0.05, η<jats:sup>2</jats:sup> = 0.03), shots in the penalty area ( p < 0.01, η<jats:sup>2</jats:sup> = 0.01), fouls ( p < 0.01,η<jats:sup>2</jats:sup> = 0.02), passes ( p < 0.01,η<jats:sup>2</jats:sup> = 0.05), free kicks (p < 0.05, η<jats:sup>2</jats:sup> = 0.01) yellow cards ( p < 0.01, η<jats:sup>2</jats:sup> = 0.02) and red cards ( p < 0.01, η<jats:sup>2</jats:sup> = 0.05), but there were no significant differences in the number of goals ( p > 0.05), crosses ( p > 0.05) and tackles ( p > 0.05). Therefore, VAR intervention was frequently applied in the CSL during the 2019–2021 season, and the VAR interventions had various impacts on performance indicators.","PeriodicalId":20674,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part P: Journal of Sports Engineering and Technology","volume":"122 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141770244","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-24DOI: 10.1177/17543371241257996
Damiano Fruet, Andrea Zignoli, Roberto Modena, Barbara Pellegrini, Laura Gastaldi, Lorenzo Bortolan
Treadmills with automatic speed adjustment offer a unique advantage: they can mimic outdoor conditions for specific training or testing protocols. This versatility makes them highly applicable in both sports and rehabilitation settings. This study presents a novel framework based on a feedback control loop system, conceived to control a treadmill belt speed using a non-invasive and low-cost sensor (Microsoft Kinect) to detect the users’ position and avoid object obstruction issues. The speed of the treadmill belt is regulated according to the user’s speed, by means of a proportional-integrative-derivative (PID) controller and a parabolic gain function. By tuning the gain function parameters, the user can customize the response of the treadmill. Position data collected during exercise using the Microsoft Kinect sensor was compared with that collected with a stereophotogrammetric motion capture system, showing promising results in terms of accuracy in position assessment. The comparison highlighted a 0.9 degree of correlation between the two systems during the running and cross-country indoor skiing tests performed. In addition, upon considering the relationship between the differences and averages of the two measures, no systematic bias was identified. The system proved to be functional for running and cross-country skiing, and it can therefore re-create similar typical characteristics of outdoor environments (e.g., speed and slope) thanks to the non-invasive user’s position detection and the customizable gain function.
{"title":"Design and development of a feedback system for automatic treadmill speed adaptation","authors":"Damiano Fruet, Andrea Zignoli, Roberto Modena, Barbara Pellegrini, Laura Gastaldi, Lorenzo Bortolan","doi":"10.1177/17543371241257996","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/17543371241257996","url":null,"abstract":"Treadmills with automatic speed adjustment offer a unique advantage: they can mimic outdoor conditions for specific training or testing protocols. This versatility makes them highly applicable in both sports and rehabilitation settings. This study presents a novel framework based on a feedback control loop system, conceived to control a treadmill belt speed using a non-invasive and low-cost sensor (Microsoft Kinect) to detect the users’ position and avoid object obstruction issues. The speed of the treadmill belt is regulated according to the user’s speed, by means of a proportional-integrative-derivative (PID) controller and a parabolic gain function. By tuning the gain function parameters, the user can customize the response of the treadmill. Position data collected during exercise using the Microsoft Kinect sensor was compared with that collected with a stereophotogrammetric motion capture system, showing promising results in terms of accuracy in position assessment. The comparison highlighted a 0.9 degree of correlation between the two systems during the running and cross-country indoor skiing tests performed. In addition, upon considering the relationship between the differences and averages of the two measures, no systematic bias was identified. The system proved to be functional for running and cross-country skiing, and it can therefore re-create similar typical characteristics of outdoor environments (e.g., speed and slope) thanks to the non-invasive user’s position detection and the customizable gain function.","PeriodicalId":20674,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part P: Journal of Sports Engineering and Technology","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141770246","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-24DOI: 10.1177/17543371241257734
Senne Michielssen, Adam Maloof, Joe Haumacher, Alexander Dreger, Kyle Bonicki, Karl Hallgren
Although baseball has been revolutionized by analytics, not all teams have access to high quality data. While many high school, collegiate, and club teams do not have high speed cameras and radars, they often do record a text-based play-by-play account of the game. The purpose of this study is to demonstrate how to use large language models to convert play-by-play information into quantitative data. We walk through the specific example of spray charts, which depict where on the baseball diamond a hitter tends to put the ball in play. Spray charts are a particularly relevant example because of their use in informing in-game strategy decisions (e.g., the infield shift). This study successfully generates spray charts for collegiate baseball players with 95% accuracy.
{"title":"Using large language models to generate baseball spray charts in the absence of numerical data","authors":"Senne Michielssen, Adam Maloof, Joe Haumacher, Alexander Dreger, Kyle Bonicki, Karl Hallgren","doi":"10.1177/17543371241257734","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/17543371241257734","url":null,"abstract":"Although baseball has been revolutionized by analytics, not all teams have access to high quality data. While many high school, collegiate, and club teams do not have high speed cameras and radars, they often do record a text-based play-by-play account of the game. The purpose of this study is to demonstrate how to use large language models to convert play-by-play information into quantitative data. We walk through the specific example of spray charts, which depict where on the baseball diamond a hitter tends to put the ball in play. Spray charts are a particularly relevant example because of their use in informing in-game strategy decisions (e.g., the infield shift). This study successfully generates spray charts for collegiate baseball players with 95% accuracy.","PeriodicalId":20674,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part P: Journal of Sports Engineering and Technology","volume":"67 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141770245","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-23DOI: 10.1177/17543371241256165
Cooper Knarr, Haley Kwoun, Victor Kleshnev
Indoor rowing ergometers serve as tools to refine stroke technique, improve stamina, and allow training regardless of weather conditions. Currently, the most widely utilized models are the Concept 2 (C2) and the Rowperfect 3 (RP3) static and dynamic ergometers. The timing and magnitude of acceleration during different phases of the rowing stroke have been shown to play a crucial role in performance. Current methods used to extract individual rowing strokes are difficult to apply and utilize complicated measurements, such as oar angle, filters, or machine learning. This paper compares the rowing acceleration profile across three rowing training devices. The C2 and RP3 ergometer handle and seat accelerations are compared to those of a single scull shell using a peak detection signal processing technique. This technique easily identifies peaks during a rowing session so that individual strokes can be extracted. Inertial measurement units (IMU) were attached to the oar handle and the ergometer seat/cage and the scull to measure the acceleration profile of individual strokes. The ergometer drag factor was adjusted to match the boat’s drag factor. One Division I male athlete rowed for 90 s, with 60 s of steady state rowing at 20 strokes/min (spm). The mean difference in acceleration between each ergometer and the boat was calculated. Findings suggest the RP3 ergometer acceleration profile more closely matches that of on-water rowing. Our analysis illuminates key differences between ergometers and on-water rowing, which can help rowers understand how their ergometer training translates to on-water rowing.
{"title":"Using IMU sensors to compare rowing ergometers with rowing on the water","authors":"Cooper Knarr, Haley Kwoun, Victor Kleshnev","doi":"10.1177/17543371241256165","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/17543371241256165","url":null,"abstract":"Indoor rowing ergometers serve as tools to refine stroke technique, improve stamina, and allow training regardless of weather conditions. Currently, the most widely utilized models are the Concept 2 (C2) and the Rowperfect 3 (RP3) static and dynamic ergometers. The timing and magnitude of acceleration during different phases of the rowing stroke have been shown to play a crucial role in performance. Current methods used to extract individual rowing strokes are difficult to apply and utilize complicated measurements, such as oar angle, filters, or machine learning. This paper compares the rowing acceleration profile across three rowing training devices. The C2 and RP3 ergometer handle and seat accelerations are compared to those of a single scull shell using a peak detection signal processing technique. This technique easily identifies peaks during a rowing session so that individual strokes can be extracted. Inertial measurement units (IMU) were attached to the oar handle and the ergometer seat/cage and the scull to measure the acceleration profile of individual strokes. The ergometer drag factor was adjusted to match the boat’s drag factor. One Division I male athlete rowed for 90 s, with 60 s of steady state rowing at 20 strokes/min (spm). The mean difference in acceleration between each ergometer and the boat was calculated. Findings suggest the RP3 ergometer acceleration profile more closely matches that of on-water rowing. Our analysis illuminates key differences between ergometers and on-water rowing, which can help rowers understand how their ergometer training translates to on-water rowing.","PeriodicalId":20674,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part P: Journal of Sports Engineering and Technology","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141770247","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-01DOI: 10.1177/17543371241254596
Ming Li, Xing Wang, Shaoliang Zhang
The increased utilization of the video assistant referee (VAR) system in professional football matches has sparked academic interest, leading to investigations of its impact on various performance variables. This systematic review and meta-analysis sought to assess the impact of VAR on match performance in elite football competitions and determine its effects on diverse variables. We undertook a thorough search of electronic databases and conducted a meta-analysis using the statistical software R. The standardized mean difference (SMD) was employed to quantify the pooled effect of VAR on match performance variables, such as red cards, yellow cards, fouls, offsides, and playing times for both halves and the total game. The analysis included 12 studies, covering 10,088 matches from various elite football competitions. Homogeneity was found in the red cards group, whereas significant heterogeneity was noted in the other groups. VAR implementation correlated with a reduction in fouls (SMD = −0.187) and offsides (SMD = −0.216), indicating statistically significant decreases. Conversely, VAR led to an extension in match playing time, notably in first-half (SMD = 0.406), second-half (SMD = 0.517), and total playing time (SMD = 0.747), with all increases being statistically significant. Our findings indicate that VAR has a significant impact on match performance variables in elite football. Furthermore, the efficacy of VAR interventions differs among organizations and leagues, necessitating future research to ascertain whether VAR’s impact is universal or varies with specific competitions.
职业足球比赛中越来越多地使用视频助理裁判（VAR）系统，这引发了学术界的兴趣，并导致对其对各种表现变量的影响进行调查。本系统综述和荟萃分析旨在评估 VAR 对精英足球比赛表现的影响，并确定其对各种变量的影响。我们对电子数据库进行了全面搜索，并使用 R 统计软件进行了荟萃分析。我们采用了标准化均值差（SMD）来量化 VAR 对比赛表现变量（如红牌、黄牌、犯规、越位、上下半场比赛时间和全场比赛时间）的综合影响。分析包括 12 项研究，涵盖了各种精英足球比赛中的 10,088 场比赛。在红牌组中发现了同质性，而在其他组中则发现了明显的异质性。VAR 的实施与犯规（SMD = -0.187）和越位（SMD = -0.216）的减少相关，表明在统计上有显著的减少。相反，VAR 导致比赛上场时间的延长，尤其是上半场（SMD = 0.406）、下半场（SMD = 0.517）和总上场时间（SMD = 0.747）的延长，且所有增加均具有统计学意义。我们的研究结果表明，在精英足球比赛中，VAR 对比赛成绩变量有重大影响。此外，不同组织和联赛的 VAR 干预效果也不尽相同，因此有必要在未来开展研究，以确定 VAR 的影响是普遍存在的，还是因具体比赛而异。
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This study has multiple purposes and these are (i) to divide EuroLeague players into clusters according to their statistics and positions, (ii) to examine the clusters according to the players’ characteristics and their continents of origin, and (iii) to compare statistics of European and non-European EuroLeague basketball players according to their positions. Dataset is based on the 2020–2021 EuroLeague season. Similarities and differences between players are explained by using the t-test/Mann-Whitney U test, effect sizes, Cluster Analysis (CA), and Multi-Dimensional Scaling (MDS). Six different MDS maps have been introduced to separate guards, forwards, and centers in terms of performance indicators (including both raw and per 40 min statistics). Moreover, the vast majority of MDS maps revealed for all positions are visualized with six clusters. MDS Results show that players playing in similar positions and exhibiting similar performances in the EuroLeague are on the same maps. Also, the results prove that European and non-European basketball players have different playing styles and certain clusters are dominated by either European or non-European players. The information to be obtained from this study may benefit on basketball players, coaches, and managers regarding various issues (player development plan and player transfer policy).
本研究有多个目的，包括：(i) 根据欧洲联赛球员的统计数据和位置将其划分为若干群组；(ii) 根据球员的特点和原籍大洲研究这些群组；(iii) 根据球员的位置比较欧洲和非欧洲联赛篮球运动员的统计数据。数据集基于 2020-2021 赛季的欧洲联赛。使用 t 检验/曼-惠特尼 U 检验、效应大小、聚类分析（CA）和多维尺度（MDS）来解释球员之间的相似性和差异性。我们引入了六种不同的 MDS 地图，以区分后卫、前锋和中锋的表现指标（包括原始数据和每 40 分钟统计数据）。此外，针对所有位置揭示的绝大多数 MDS 地图都有六个群组。MDS 结果表明，在欧洲联赛中，位置相似、表现相似的球员在相同的地图上。此外，结果还证明，欧洲和非欧洲篮球运动员具有不同的比赛风格，某些聚类由欧洲或非欧洲球员主导。从这项研究中获得的信息可能会对篮球运动员、教练员和管理者在各种问题（球员发展计划和球员转会政策）上有所帮助。
{"title":"How do European and non-European players differ: Evidence from EuroLeague basketball with multivariate statistical analysis","authors":"Erhan Çene, Fırat Özdalyan, Coşkun Parim, Egemen Mancı, Tuğbay İnan","doi":"10.1177/17543371241242835","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/17543371241242835","url":null,"abstract":"This study has multiple purposes and these are (i) to divide EuroLeague players into clusters according to their statistics and positions, (ii) to examine the clusters according to the players’ characteristics and their continents of origin, and (iii) to compare statistics of European and non-European EuroLeague basketball players according to their positions. Dataset is based on the 2020–2021 EuroLeague season. Similarities and differences between players are explained by using the t-test/Mann-Whitney U test, effect sizes, Cluster Analysis (CA), and Multi-Dimensional Scaling (MDS). Six different MDS maps have been introduced to separate guards, forwards, and centers in terms of performance indicators (including both raw and per 40 min statistics). Moreover, the vast majority of MDS maps revealed for all positions are visualized with six clusters. MDS Results show that players playing in similar positions and exhibiting similar performances in the EuroLeague are on the same maps. Also, the results prove that European and non-European basketball players have different playing styles and certain clusters are dominated by either European or non-European players. The information to be obtained from this study may benefit on basketball players, coaches, and managers regarding various issues (player development plan and player transfer policy).","PeriodicalId":20674,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part P: Journal of Sports Engineering and Technology","volume":"75 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140577698","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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