Pub Date : 2024-01-30DOI: 10.1177/17543371241229526
José Pino-Ortega, Pedro Reche-Soto, Antonio García-de-Alcaraz
The monitoring and assessment of athletes’ behavior by Electronic Performance and Tracking Systems (EPTS) is a growing reality. However, the reliability and precision of the recording systems remains unclear. The aim of this study was to compare the differences between Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) and Local Position Systems (LPS) based on Ultra-Wide Band (UWB) in terms of kinematic measurements. Twelve beach volleyball matches were recorded in a tournament, leading to a total of 469 rallies performed. Kinematic variables such as distance (total, explosive, and speed area), accelerations, decelerations, and speed (mean and maximum) were measured with GNSS and UWB systems. Mean-difference tests ( T-test or Mann-Whitney U test) were applied to calculate the dissimilarity between systems ( p < 0.05), as well as the effect size at 95% confidence intervals. Statistically significant differences were found in distance, explosive distance, running at 0–6 and 6–12 km/h, and total number of accelerations and decelerations favoring the GNSS system, with large and very large differences in the last two variables. Contrarily, a statistically significant difference was observed in maximum accelerations favoring the UWB system, with a moderate difference. These findings reveal strong divergence between both systems in the measurement of key kinematic variables, so data should be analyzed taking into consideration the standardization derived from the system used.
{"title":"Comparative analysis of recording system for collecting kinematic data in beach volleyball","authors":"José Pino-Ortega, Pedro Reche-Soto, Antonio García-de-Alcaraz","doi":"10.1177/17543371241229526","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/17543371241229526","url":null,"abstract":"The monitoring and assessment of athletes’ behavior by Electronic Performance and Tracking Systems (EPTS) is a growing reality. However, the reliability and precision of the recording systems remains unclear. The aim of this study was to compare the differences between Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) and Local Position Systems (LPS) based on Ultra-Wide Band (UWB) in terms of kinematic measurements. Twelve beach volleyball matches were recorded in a tournament, leading to a total of 469 rallies performed. Kinematic variables such as distance (total, explosive, and speed area), accelerations, decelerations, and speed (mean and maximum) were measured with GNSS and UWB systems. Mean-difference tests ( T-test or Mann-Whitney U test) were applied to calculate the dissimilarity between systems ( p < 0.05), as well as the effect size at 95% confidence intervals. Statistically significant differences were found in distance, explosive distance, running at 0–6 and 6–12 km/h, and total number of accelerations and decelerations favoring the GNSS system, with large and very large differences in the last two variables. Contrarily, a statistically significant difference was observed in maximum accelerations favoring the UWB system, with a moderate difference. These findings reveal strong divergence between both systems in the measurement of key kinematic variables, so data should be analyzed taking into consideration the standardization derived from the system used.","PeriodicalId":20674,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part P: Journal of Sports Engineering and Technology","volume":"53 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139951610","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-30DOI: 10.1177/17543371241227817
Carlos Balsalobre-Fernández
The aim of the present proof-of-concept case study was to explore the potential of a novel technology using artificial intelligence techniques to measure countermovement jump height (CMJ-h) in real time. Four hundred jumps were recorded from a single male participant over a period of 24 consecutive weeks, while CMJ-h was simultaneously registered with a force plate and a newly developed version of the My Jump Lab iOS app that used computer vision to measure CMJ-h in real time with the iPhone camera. A very high correlation ( r = 0.971, 95% CI = 0.963–0.975) and large agreement (ICC = 0.969, 95% CI = 0.963–0.975) were observed between measurements. Statistically significant, large differences were observed between instruments (mean absolute difference = 0.06 ± 0.01 m, d = 4.4, p < 0.001). However, when using the regression equation between devices to correct the app’s raw data ( R2 = 0.94, y = 1.0004x – 0.0641), non-significant, trivial differences were observed (mean absolute difference = 0.01 ± 0.008 m, d = 0.1, p = 1.000). Collectively, the findings of this study highlight the potential of this novel artificial intelligence app for the measurement of CMJ-h in real time. However, considering the nature of this investigation, more research is needed to confirm the results observed in a wider population.
{"title":"Real time estimation of vertical jump height with a markerless motion capture smartphone app: A proof-of-concept case study","authors":"Carlos Balsalobre-Fernández","doi":"10.1177/17543371241227817","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/17543371241227817","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of the present proof-of-concept case study was to explore the potential of a novel technology using artificial intelligence techniques to measure countermovement jump height (CMJ-h) in real time. Four hundred jumps were recorded from a single male participant over a period of 24 consecutive weeks, while CMJ-h was simultaneously registered with a force plate and a newly developed version of the My Jump Lab iOS app that used computer vision to measure CMJ-h in real time with the iPhone camera. A very high correlation ( r = 0.971, 95% CI = 0.963–0.975) and large agreement (ICC = 0.969, 95% CI = 0.963–0.975) were observed between measurements. Statistically significant, large differences were observed between instruments (mean absolute difference = 0.06 ± 0.01 m, d = 4.4, p < 0.001). However, when using the regression equation between devices to correct the app’s raw data ( R<jats:sup>2</jats:sup> = 0.94, y = 1.0004x – 0.0641), non-significant, trivial differences were observed (mean absolute difference = 0.01 ± 0.008 m, d = 0.1, p = 1.000). Collectively, the findings of this study highlight the potential of this novel artificial intelligence app for the measurement of CMJ-h in real time. However, considering the nature of this investigation, more research is needed to confirm the results observed in a wider population.","PeriodicalId":20674,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part P: Journal of Sports Engineering and Technology","volume":"22 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139951443","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-27DOI: 10.1177/17543371231225285
Hadi Nobari, Amir Barjaste, Alexandre Duarte Martins, Rafael Oliveira
The aims of this study were to compare weekly variations of training monotony (TM) and training strain (TS) among periods of the season, playing status and playing positions in professional soccer athletes. Nineteen male professional soccer players were monitored daily over a 43-week period for their total distance, sprint distance (>23 km h−1), acceleration (Acc, >4 m s−2), and decelerations numbers (Dec, >−4 m s−2). Players were divided in groups of 10 starters and 9 non-starters; and by three central defenders (CD), four wide defenders (WD), four central midfielders (CM), four wide midfielders (WM), and four strikers (ST). Season data was divided in pre-, early-, mid-, and end-season. There were significant differences for TM through sprint distance between playing positions in mid- and full-season. In mid-season, sprint distance was meaningfully greater for CD than WD ( p = 0.006; g = 1.74 [0.06, 3.95]), CM ( p = 0.002; g = 2.04 [0.28, 4.46]), WM ( p = 0.005; g = 1.78 [0.09, 4.02]), and ST ( p = 0.002; g = 2.05 [0.28, 4.46]). Regarding full-season, TM of sprint distance was significantly greater for CD than WD ( p = 0.031; g = 1.59 [−0.04, 3.73]), CM ( p = 0.011; g = 1.83 [0.13, 4.11]), and ST ( p = 0.023; g = 1.52 [−0.10, 3.59]). The study revealed that TM and TS of sprint distance in mid-season was meaningfully greater for CD than for WD, CM, WM, and ST. No differences between starters and non-starters were found.
{"title":"Comparisons of external load variables among periods, playing status, and positions in professional soccer team: A case study","authors":"Hadi Nobari, Amir Barjaste, Alexandre Duarte Martins, Rafael Oliveira","doi":"10.1177/17543371231225285","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/17543371231225285","url":null,"abstract":"The aims of this study were to compare weekly variations of training monotony (TM) and training strain (TS) among periods of the season, playing status and playing positions in professional soccer athletes. Nineteen male professional soccer players were monitored daily over a 43-week period for their total distance, sprint distance (>23 km h<jats:sup>−1</jats:sup>), acceleration (Acc, >4 m s<jats:sup>−2</jats:sup>), and decelerations numbers (Dec, >−4 m s<jats:sup>−2</jats:sup>). Players were divided in groups of 10 starters and 9 non-starters; and by three central defenders (CD), four wide defenders (WD), four central midfielders (CM), four wide midfielders (WM), and four strikers (ST). Season data was divided in pre-, early-, mid-, and end-season. There were significant differences for TM through sprint distance between playing positions in mid- and full-season. In mid-season, sprint distance was meaningfully greater for CD than WD ( p = 0.006; g = 1.74 [0.06, 3.95]), CM ( p = 0.002; g = 2.04 [0.28, 4.46]), WM ( p = 0.005; g = 1.78 [0.09, 4.02]), and ST ( p = 0.002; g = 2.05 [0.28, 4.46]). Regarding full-season, TM of sprint distance was significantly greater for CD than WD ( p = 0.031; g = 1.59 [−0.04, 3.73]), CM ( p = 0.011; g = 1.83 [0.13, 4.11]), and ST ( p = 0.023; g = 1.52 [−0.10, 3.59]). The study revealed that TM and TS of sprint distance in mid-season was meaningfully greater for CD than for WD, CM, WM, and ST. No differences between starters and non-starters were found.","PeriodicalId":20674,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part P: Journal of Sports Engineering and Technology","volume":"78 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139952096","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-27DOI: 10.1177/17543371231219381
Samuel López-Carril, María Huertas González-Serrano, Fernando García-Pascual
We live in an increasingly interconnected world thanks to the advance of digitalization. Digital tools such as mobile devices or social media platforms have transformed the way in which people and organizations relate to each other. Higher education and sports are two of the areas of society where we have seen more changes caused by the rise of digitalization. In education, digital tools have revolutionized the way in which classes are taught, moving classrooms toward hybrid or online models. In the case of sport, digital tools such as social media are essential for sport managers when interacting with the sport ecosystem. Despite the advances that digital technology is bringing about in society, studies exploring the potential of social media and digital tools in sport management classrooms are scarce. This work explores the possibilities that a little-studied social media platform, such as Pinterest, offers when introduced in the classroom through mobile-based learning and active learning methodologies. In addition, and in a pioneering way in the case of Pinterest, it explores the possible differences depending on the gender of the students. A total of 72 students of the “Sports Equipment and Facilities” course at a Spanish university participated in this study. After finishing the educational intervention with Pinterest, students completed a questionnaire to share their perceptions. Subsequently, t-tests for independent samples were performed through the statistical package SPSS 27.0. The results obtained highlight that all students, regardless of gender, had a positive perception of Pinterest in the teaching-learning process. In addition, women scored higher on all items, with significant differences in four areas. In view of these results, it is concluded that the use of Pinterest through mobile learning is positive in the university context. Furthermore, there is a gender variable influence in the students’ perceptions regarding Pinterest.
{"title":"Introducing mobile learning in sport management education: Exploring gender differences in Pinterest usage","authors":"Samuel López-Carril, María Huertas González-Serrano, Fernando García-Pascual","doi":"10.1177/17543371231219381","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/17543371231219381","url":null,"abstract":"We live in an increasingly interconnected world thanks to the advance of digitalization. Digital tools such as mobile devices or social media platforms have transformed the way in which people and organizations relate to each other. Higher education and sports are two of the areas of society where we have seen more changes caused by the rise of digitalization. In education, digital tools have revolutionized the way in which classes are taught, moving classrooms toward hybrid or online models. In the case of sport, digital tools such as social media are essential for sport managers when interacting with the sport ecosystem. Despite the advances that digital technology is bringing about in society, studies exploring the potential of social media and digital tools in sport management classrooms are scarce. This work explores the possibilities that a little-studied social media platform, such as Pinterest, offers when introduced in the classroom through mobile-based learning and active learning methodologies. In addition, and in a pioneering way in the case of Pinterest, it explores the possible differences depending on the gender of the students. A total of 72 students of the “Sports Equipment and Facilities” course at a Spanish university participated in this study. After finishing the educational intervention with Pinterest, students completed a questionnaire to share their perceptions. Subsequently, t-tests for independent samples were performed through the statistical package SPSS 27.0. The results obtained highlight that all students, regardless of gender, had a positive perception of Pinterest in the teaching-learning process. In addition, women scored higher on all items, with significant differences in four areas. In view of these results, it is concluded that the use of Pinterest through mobile learning is positive in the university context. Furthermore, there is a gender variable influence in the students’ perceptions regarding Pinterest.","PeriodicalId":20674,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part P: Journal of Sports Engineering and Technology","volume":"24 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139952101","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-10DOI: 10.1177/17543371231225288
James L Park
Results from major international target archery competitions from 1995 to 2023 have been used to show the score trends and the probability of winning either a podium position or the event versus the archer’s position in a ranking round. The probabilities versus ranking position fall approximately exponentially. Subjectively, archers need to rank at least in the top 16 to have a reasonable probability of winning a medal. Ideally, a team selection process should select those archers with the highest probabilities of winning at least a podium position at the international competition. That can be achieved by using the arrow value scores over the entire selection process, providing bonuses for exceeding given scores in ranking rounds or matches and by not including elimination matches in the selection process.
{"title":"Team selection strategies for major international target archery competitions","authors":"James L Park","doi":"10.1177/17543371231225288","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/17543371231225288","url":null,"abstract":"Results from major international target archery competitions from 1995 to 2023 have been used to show the score trends and the probability of winning either a podium position or the event versus the archer’s position in a ranking round. The probabilities versus ranking position fall approximately exponentially. Subjectively, archers need to rank at least in the top 16 to have a reasonable probability of winning a medal. Ideally, a team selection process should select those archers with the highest probabilities of winning at least a podium position at the international competition. That can be achieved by using the arrow value scores over the entire selection process, providing bonuses for exceeding given scores in ranking rounds or matches and by not including elimination matches in the selection process.","PeriodicalId":20674,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part P: Journal of Sports Engineering and Technology","volume":"2 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139439495","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-02DOI: 10.1177/17543371231219379
Pär Marklund, Anders Pettersson
In Europe it is approximated that around six million people are active in sport shooting. Currently, most bullets are manufactured out of lead which in many cases is combined with a copper jacket. There are several reasons for using lead; lead is relatively cheap, soft, and has a high density, and is therefore often the ideal material for bullets. Currently, the EU is seeking a restriction or ban on the use of lead in firearm bullets, with the main motivation that hunting with lead bullets might result in lead poisoning of both animals and people. The proposed lead ban will also have a major impact on sport shooting, as it is likely to be subjected to the same regulations. One caliber that has been shown to be very difficult to produce as a lead-free alternative is 22lr (long rifle), which today is the most common caliber for sport shooting in many disciplines. Today, there are not many scientific investigations available which show the performance of lead versus lead-free ammunition in caliber 22lr, even though it would make sense to investigate the possibilities of designing lead-free ammunition before a possible lead ban is further discussed. In this work the performance of two common lead-free 22lr-cartridges is evaluated and shown in comparison with existing lead-based ammunition, with a primary focus on sport shooting. Performance has been evaluated under both summer and winter conditions to cover different sports shooting disciplines. The results of this study clearly show the difficulty of finding lead-free 22lr cartridges with acceptable performance on the market today. In fact, the performance of the tested lead-free ammunition is so poor that the EU’s proposed lead ban could completely ruin shooting as a sport due to a lack of functioning ammunition.
{"title":"Lead-free 22lr ammunition for sport shooting: A simple implementation or a huge challenge?","authors":"Pär Marklund, Anders Pettersson","doi":"10.1177/17543371231219379","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/17543371231219379","url":null,"abstract":"In Europe it is approximated that around six million people are active in sport shooting. Currently, most bullets are manufactured out of lead which in many cases is combined with a copper jacket. There are several reasons for using lead; lead is relatively cheap, soft, and has a high density, and is therefore often the ideal material for bullets. Currently, the EU is seeking a restriction or ban on the use of lead in firearm bullets, with the main motivation that hunting with lead bullets might result in lead poisoning of both animals and people. The proposed lead ban will also have a major impact on sport shooting, as it is likely to be subjected to the same regulations. One caliber that has been shown to be very difficult to produce as a lead-free alternative is 22lr (long rifle), which today is the most common caliber for sport shooting in many disciplines. Today, there are not many scientific investigations available which show the performance of lead versus lead-free ammunition in caliber 22lr, even though it would make sense to investigate the possibilities of designing lead-free ammunition before a possible lead ban is further discussed. In this work the performance of two common lead-free 22lr-cartridges is evaluated and shown in comparison with existing lead-based ammunition, with a primary focus on sport shooting. Performance has been evaluated under both summer and winter conditions to cover different sports shooting disciplines. The results of this study clearly show the difficulty of finding lead-free 22lr cartridges with acceptable performance on the market today. In fact, the performance of the tested lead-free ammunition is so poor that the EU’s proposed lead ban could completely ruin shooting as a sport due to a lack of functioning ammunition.","PeriodicalId":20674,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part P: Journal of Sports Engineering and Technology","volume":"139 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139453018","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-30DOI: 10.1177/17543371231217021
Curtis George Hooper
We construct a mathematical model to describe the application of lane conditioner (oil) onto an initially dry bowling lane via lane machines that use Kegel Sanction® Technology. The model consists of two coupled first order ordinary differential equations which describe the volume of oil on each of the brushes present in the oiling mechanism. Unknown parameters are fitted to best give certain features of the Highway to Hell oil pattern. The model, with the fitted parameters, is validated by using it to plot the Boardwalk oil pattern where certain key features are described well according to physical measurements of the actual oil pattern. The model is also shown to capture the need for the lane machine to dress two lanes before the output of oil becomes consistent.
{"title":"Mathematical modelling of the application of lane conditioner to a Tenpin bowling lane","authors":"Curtis George Hooper","doi":"10.1177/17543371231217021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/17543371231217021","url":null,"abstract":"We construct a mathematical model to describe the application of lane conditioner (oil) onto an initially dry bowling lane via lane machines that use Kegel Sanction® Technology. The model consists of two coupled first order ordinary differential equations which describe the volume of oil on each of the brushes present in the oiling mechanism. Unknown parameters are fitted to best give certain features of the Highway to Hell oil pattern. The model, with the fitted parameters, is validated by using it to plot the Boardwalk oil pattern where certain key features are described well according to physical measurements of the actual oil pattern. The model is also shown to capture the need for the lane machine to dress two lanes before the output of oil becomes consistent.","PeriodicalId":20674,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part P: Journal of Sports Engineering and Technology","volume":" 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2023-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139140382","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-30DOI: 10.1177/17543371231221013
D. Álvarez, Antonio M. López, J. C. Álvarez, Leticia González
Over the last few years, the use of automatic performance measurement systems has become relatively common among professional kayak paddlers. Although these systems are not able to perform a complete evaluation of the athlete, they can extract relevant parameters about the training result. Thus, different devices have been developed to measure relevant information such as paddling rhythm. The high price of these devices limits their use for amateur athletes. To overcome this limitation, the validity of the measurements provided by different smartphones, obtained from the integrated inertial sensors, has been analyzed. This study has compared the performance of different phones versus professional Movella DOT inertial measurement devices. The article presents a comparison of the results obtained and proves that smartphones produce results equivalent to those of conventional sensors.
{"title":"Validity of smartphones for assessing kayak paddler training","authors":"D. Álvarez, Antonio M. López, J. C. Álvarez, Leticia González","doi":"10.1177/17543371231221013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/17543371231221013","url":null,"abstract":"Over the last few years, the use of automatic performance measurement systems has become relatively common among professional kayak paddlers. Although these systems are not able to perform a complete evaluation of the athlete, they can extract relevant parameters about the training result. Thus, different devices have been developed to measure relevant information such as paddling rhythm. The high price of these devices limits their use for amateur athletes. To overcome this limitation, the validity of the measurements provided by different smartphones, obtained from the integrated inertial sensors, has been analyzed. This study has compared the performance of different phones versus professional Movella DOT inertial measurement devices. The article presents a comparison of the results obtained and proves that smartphones produce results equivalent to those of conventional sensors.","PeriodicalId":20674,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part P: Journal of Sports Engineering and Technology","volume":" 45","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2023-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139141559","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-30DOI: 10.1177/17543371231219738
E. Colino, JL Felipe, M. Douglas, E. Harrison, C. Webb, J. del Corral, L. Gallardo, J. Garcia-Unanue
Rugby is a close-contact sport in which players occasionally fall headfirst to the ground during scrums and tackles. Because head impacts represent an obvious threat to players’ integrity and safety, World Rugby, Rugby’s International Governing Body, developed a test method named Test Method 01 to evaluate the capacity of the playing surface to mitigate head impacts by determining the critical fall height (CFH). The aim of this study is to analyse World Rugby’s current Test Method 01 head injury criteria (HIC), which consider a field as unsafe if the CFH is below 1.3 m. To make this analysis, a pilot study was performed on seven artificial turf rugby fields. At each field, a three-drop procedure was performed to estimate the initial CFH (CFH0). Subsequently, the procedure was repeated on each surface at 50-mm intervals, from 0.6 m below to 0.6 m above CFH0. All possible combinations of four height–HIC data pairs with two height values below and above 1000 HIC were obtained. A comparison was performed between the linear adjustment, currently prescribed in Test Method 01 to calculate the CFH0, and the quadratic adjustment. In particular, the percentage of outliers obtained when applying both the linear and quadratic adjustment and the robustness of the regressions were investigated. The results show that the current Test Method 01 can be improved by applying two main modifications: first, replacing the linear adjustment with a quadratic adjustment, and second, adapting the current test restrictions by maintaining the maximum difference between the highest and the lowest drop heights in 1.00 m, increasing the minimum difference between consecutive drop heights from 0.15 to 0.20 m and removing the current prohibition on obtaining HIC values close to 1000.
{"title":"Review of World Rugby’s Test Method 01 head injury criteria: Procedure analysis and optimisation","authors":"E. Colino, JL Felipe, M. Douglas, E. Harrison, C. Webb, J. del Corral, L. Gallardo, J. Garcia-Unanue","doi":"10.1177/17543371231219738","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/17543371231219738","url":null,"abstract":"Rugby is a close-contact sport in which players occasionally fall headfirst to the ground during scrums and tackles. Because head impacts represent an obvious threat to players’ integrity and safety, World Rugby, Rugby’s International Governing Body, developed a test method named Test Method 01 to evaluate the capacity of the playing surface to mitigate head impacts by determining the critical fall height (CFH). The aim of this study is to analyse World Rugby’s current Test Method 01 head injury criteria (HIC), which consider a field as unsafe if the CFH is below 1.3 m. To make this analysis, a pilot study was performed on seven artificial turf rugby fields. At each field, a three-drop procedure was performed to estimate the initial CFH (CFH0). Subsequently, the procedure was repeated on each surface at 50-mm intervals, from 0.6 m below to 0.6 m above CFH0. All possible combinations of four height–HIC data pairs with two height values below and above 1000 HIC were obtained. A comparison was performed between the linear adjustment, currently prescribed in Test Method 01 to calculate the CFH0, and the quadratic adjustment. In particular, the percentage of outliers obtained when applying both the linear and quadratic adjustment and the robustness of the regressions were investigated. The results show that the current Test Method 01 can be improved by applying two main modifications: first, replacing the linear adjustment with a quadratic adjustment, and second, adapting the current test restrictions by maintaining the maximum difference between the highest and the lowest drop heights in 1.00 m, increasing the minimum difference between consecutive drop heights from 0.15 to 0.20 m and removing the current prohibition on obtaining HIC values close to 1000.","PeriodicalId":20674,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part P: Journal of Sports Engineering and Technology","volume":" 19","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2023-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139140157","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Few studies have examined the impact of technological officiating aids on football. The purpose of this study is to design a comprehensive model examining the use of video assistant referee (VAR) technology in football. Based on interviews with eminent sports experts, this study explores the use of VAR technology in football and provides a paradigm model. Data analysis was based on the continuous comparison method during three stages of open, axial and selective coding. The findings point to the ability of a referee to make an informed decision regarding an incident during a match and trends suggest continuing adoption of new technologies in decision support systems. In the model, causal conditions (e.g. rules and regulations, innovation in football) attract attention to the axial phenomenon (i.e. application of VAR technology to football) and strategies for its use (e.g. Total Quality Management, justice, increasing referee supervision) given the interfering factors (e.g. fair play, competition) and existing contexts (e.g. control of anti-football behaviours, referee performance, information technology, IT, control of violence and aggression), which create consequences (i.e. process weakness, slowing down the game, passion killing, increasing the quality of the referee’s decision, increasing referee confidence, economical, increasing decision-making accuracy). Therefore, given the contextual conditions and the intervening factors, implementing VAR technology should improve the quality of football competitions. The research concludes that VAR has the potential to enhance the quality of football competitions but also acknowledges the need to address its negative impacts and ensure sustainable development.
很少有研究对足球裁判技术辅助手段的影响进行研究。本研究旨在设计一个综合模型，考察视频助理裁判（VAR）技术在足球运动中的应用。根据对知名体育专家的访谈，本研究探讨了 VAR 技术在足球运动中的应用，并提供了一个范式模型。数据分析以连续比较法为基础，分为开放式编码、轴向编码和选择性编码三个阶段。研究结果表明，裁判员有能力对比赛中发生的事件做出明智的决定，而且趋势表明，决策支持系统将继续采用新技术。在该模型中，因果条件（如规则和条例、足球创新）吸引了人们对轴向现象（即 VAR 技术在足球中的应用）和使用策略（如全面质量管理、公正、加强对裁判的监督）的关注，同时考虑到干扰因素（如公平竞赛、竞争）和现有环境（如对反足球行为的控制）。例如，控制反足球行为、裁判员表现、信息技术、IT、控制暴力和侵犯行为），从而产生后果（即，程序薄弱、放慢比赛节奏、激情杀戮、提高裁判员判罚质量、增强裁判员信心、经济性、提高判罚准确性）。因此，考虑到背景条件和干扰因素，实施 VAR 技术应能提高足球比赛的质量。研究结论认为，VAR 具有提高足球比赛质量的潜力，但也承认有必要解决其负面影响并确保可持续发展。
{"title":"Football and the video assistant referee: A grounded theory approach","authors":"Sajjad Pashaie, Geoff Dickson, Fatemeh Abdavi, Yaqhub Badri Azarin, Hamed Golmohammadi, Jinming Zheng, Romina Habibpour","doi":"10.1177/17543371231213739","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/17543371231213739","url":null,"abstract":"Few studies have examined the impact of technological officiating aids on football. The purpose of this study is to design a comprehensive model examining the use of video assistant referee (VAR) technology in football. Based on interviews with eminent sports experts, this study explores the use of VAR technology in football and provides a paradigm model. Data analysis was based on the continuous comparison method during three stages of open, axial and selective coding. The findings point to the ability of a referee to make an informed decision regarding an incident during a match and trends suggest continuing adoption of new technologies in decision support systems. In the model, causal conditions (e.g. rules and regulations, innovation in football) attract attention to the axial phenomenon (i.e. application of VAR technology to football) and strategies for its use (e.g. Total Quality Management, justice, increasing referee supervision) given the interfering factors (e.g. fair play, competition) and existing contexts (e.g. control of anti-football behaviours, referee performance, information technology, IT, control of violence and aggression), which create consequences (i.e. process weakness, slowing down the game, passion killing, increasing the quality of the referee’s decision, increasing referee confidence, economical, increasing decision-making accuracy). Therefore, given the contextual conditions and the intervening factors, implementing VAR technology should improve the quality of football competitions. The research concludes that VAR has the potential to enhance the quality of football competitions but also acknowledges the need to address its negative impacts and ensure sustainable development.","PeriodicalId":20674,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part P: Journal of Sports Engineering and Technology","volume":" 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2023-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139140490","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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