Pub Date : 2023-08-30DOI: 10.1177/17543371231194669
L. S. Chatham, Trevor S. Young, Richard M Wojcik, Lyssa A Bell, A. Torbati, R. Carpenter, Peter E. Jenkins, S. Poddar, C. M. Yakacki
There is a need to understand the relationship between head kinematics, impact severity metrics, and overall helmet performance as sports-related concussions continue to be prevalent. This study evaluates these relationships, emphasizing newly developed severity metrics that consider both translational and rotational contributions. Impact tests were performed following the NFL testing protocol on four prominent football helmets. The resulting data was used to determine Head Acceleration Response Metric (HARM), Diffuse Axonal Multi-Axis General Evaluation (DAMAGE), and Head Injury Criterion (HIC). HARM scores, a combination of HIC and DAMAGE, were ultimately used to solve for a Helmet Performance Score. When analyzing all impacts, DAMAGE showed a stronger correlation to HARM than HIC ( R2 = 0.76 vs R2 = 0.57); however, the strongest correlation existed between peak resultant angular velocity (PRAV) and HARM ( R2 = 0.87). When examining impacts at only the side, side upper (SU), and oblique front (OF) locations grouped together, HIC demonstrated the strongest correlation to HARM in the study ( R2 = 0.96). PRAV was the best predictor for HARM over peak resultant linear acceleration (PRLA) and peak resultant angular acceleration for four of the six impact locations (C, D, FMCO, and FMS) when analyzing the sites individually. The remaining locations (SU and OF) best predicted HARM using PRLA. These results are presented and discussed to aid in the research, design, and development of football helmets.
{"title":"Investigating the influence of head kinematics on head injury metrics and factors to consider for football helmet design","authors":"L. S. Chatham, Trevor S. Young, Richard M Wojcik, Lyssa A Bell, A. Torbati, R. Carpenter, Peter E. Jenkins, S. Poddar, C. M. Yakacki","doi":"10.1177/17543371231194669","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/17543371231194669","url":null,"abstract":"There is a need to understand the relationship between head kinematics, impact severity metrics, and overall helmet performance as sports-related concussions continue to be prevalent. This study evaluates these relationships, emphasizing newly developed severity metrics that consider both translational and rotational contributions. Impact tests were performed following the NFL testing protocol on four prominent football helmets. The resulting data was used to determine Head Acceleration Response Metric (HARM), Diffuse Axonal Multi-Axis General Evaluation (DAMAGE), and Head Injury Criterion (HIC). HARM scores, a combination of HIC and DAMAGE, were ultimately used to solve for a Helmet Performance Score. When analyzing all impacts, DAMAGE showed a stronger correlation to HARM than HIC ( R2 = 0.76 vs R2 = 0.57); however, the strongest correlation existed between peak resultant angular velocity (PRAV) and HARM ( R2 = 0.87). When examining impacts at only the side, side upper (SU), and oblique front (OF) locations grouped together, HIC demonstrated the strongest correlation to HARM in the study ( R2 = 0.96). PRAV was the best predictor for HARM over peak resultant linear acceleration (PRLA) and peak resultant angular acceleration for four of the six impact locations (C, D, FMCO, and FMS) when analyzing the sites individually. The remaining locations (SU and OF) best predicted HARM using PRLA. These results are presented and discussed to aid in the research, design, and development of football helmets.","PeriodicalId":20674,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part P: Journal of Sports Engineering and Technology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2023-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47657079","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-16DOI: 10.1177/17543371231194004
Rafael Oliveira, H. Ceylan, Renato Fernandes, R. Morgans, H. Nobari, Matilde Nalha, J. Brito
The aims of this study were to compare external match load between home and away matches as well as the result of the match (win, draw, and loss). The secondary aim was to quantify external training load that preceded the next match taking into account both match location and result. Ten elite women soccer players participated in the study (age 24.6 ± 2.3 years). Seven home and seven away matches in which four wins, three draws, and seven losses occurred. The following global positioning system (GPS) metrics were analyzed: duration, total distance, high-speed running distance (HSR, ≥15 km h−1), number of accelerations (ACC) and decelerations (DEC), average speed, and player load. There were no significant differences between match results and match locations. Regarding comparisons of training data preceding different match results, only duration and player load did not differ while HSR, number of ACC and DEC showed to be higher when the next match was a loss ( p < 0.05, moderate to very large effect). Regarding comparisons of training data preceding different match locations, only duration, total distance, and player load did not differ while HSR, average speed, number of ACC and DEC in all zones were higher when the next match was at home ( p < 0.05, moderate to very large effect). In conclusion, this study showed that match result and location did not have a significant effect on GPS metrics exhibited during match-day. However, training data influenced the contextual factors of the next match which should be considered when planning training sessions.
本研究的目的是比较主客场比赛的外部比赛负荷以及比赛结果(胜、平、负)。第二个目标是在考虑比赛地点和结果的情况下，量化下一场比赛前的外部训练负荷。10名优秀女足运动员(年龄24.6±2.3岁)参与研究。7场主客场比赛，4胜3平7负。分析了以下全球定位系统(GPS)指标:持续时间、总距离、高速奔跑距离(HSR，≥15 km h−1)、加速次数(ACC)和减速次数(DEC)、平均速度和玩家负荷。比赛结果和比赛地点之间没有显著差异。在不同比赛结果前的训练数据比较中，只有持续时间和球员负荷没有差异，而下一场比赛输了时，HSR、ACC和DEC的数量更高(p < 0.05，中等到非常大的影响)。在不同比赛地点前的训练数据比较中，只有持续时间、总距离和球员负荷没有差异，而下一场比赛在主场时，各区域的HSR、平均速度、ACC数和DEC数都更高(p < 0.05，中等到非常大的影响)。总之，本研究表明，比赛结果和比赛地点对比赛日的GPS指标没有显著影响。然而，训练数据会影响下一场比赛的背景因素，在计划训练课程时应考虑这些因素。
{"title":"Do contextual factors influence running and accelerometry GPS based variables in professional women soccer players? A case study about the effect of match location and result","authors":"Rafael Oliveira, H. Ceylan, Renato Fernandes, R. Morgans, H. Nobari, Matilde Nalha, J. Brito","doi":"10.1177/17543371231194004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/17543371231194004","url":null,"abstract":"The aims of this study were to compare external match load between home and away matches as well as the result of the match (win, draw, and loss). The secondary aim was to quantify external training load that preceded the next match taking into account both match location and result. Ten elite women soccer players participated in the study (age 24.6 ± 2.3 years). Seven home and seven away matches in which four wins, three draws, and seven losses occurred. The following global positioning system (GPS) metrics were analyzed: duration, total distance, high-speed running distance (HSR, ≥15 km h−1), number of accelerations (ACC) and decelerations (DEC), average speed, and player load. There were no significant differences between match results and match locations. Regarding comparisons of training data preceding different match results, only duration and player load did not differ while HSR, number of ACC and DEC showed to be higher when the next match was a loss ( p < 0.05, moderate to very large effect). Regarding comparisons of training data preceding different match locations, only duration, total distance, and player load did not differ while HSR, average speed, number of ACC and DEC in all zones were higher when the next match was at home ( p < 0.05, moderate to very large effect). In conclusion, this study showed that match result and location did not have a significant effect on GPS metrics exhibited during match-day. However, training data influenced the contextual factors of the next match which should be considered when planning training sessions.","PeriodicalId":20674,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part P: Journal of Sports Engineering and Technology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2023-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48635728","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Removable modular turf with a sand-based rootzone is a solution for high-end stadiums which can organize various events on the turf. However, the low stability of sand leads to serious sand leakage during the transportation of modular turf, which reduces the evenness and safety of the turf. Previous studies have shown that adding coir fibers (CF) and polyacrylamide (PAM) will improve soil stability. In this study, we evaluated the combined effects of CF and different amounts of PAM on soil properties, turfgrass growth, shear strength, and sand leakage during simulated transport vibrations in a sand-based modular turf planted with tall fescue ( Festuca elata Keng ex E. Alexeev). Each treatment comprised a mixture of 0.4% (weight material/weight soil) CF and six concentrations of PAM (0%, 0.025%, 0.050%, 0.075%, 0.100%, 0.125%, w/w) in the sand-based rootzone, with no addition of CF or PAM as the control. The results show that, in the sand-based rootzone, CF could improve tall fescue growth, shear strength, and resistance to sand leakage owing to transport vibration due to the physical properties of the coir fiber. However, the combined effect of CF and 0.100% PAM was better for tall fescue growth, shear strength, and resistance to sand leakage. However, owing to the lubricating effect of PAM, adding a low (≤0.025%) or a high rate (≥0.125%) amount of PAM would reduce the effect of CF and PAM. Therefore, the combined effect of CF + 0.100% PAM in this study had the best effect on the turf module and can be used as an application scheme for the removable modular turf.
可拆卸的模块化草皮带有沙基根区，是高端体育场的解决方案，可以在草皮上组织各种活动。然而，在模块化草皮的运输过程中，沙子的稳定性低，导致沙子严重渗漏，降低了草皮的均匀性和安全性。先前的研究表明，添加椰纤维（CF）和聚丙烯酰胺（PAM）可以提高土壤稳定性。在本研究中，我们评估了CF和不同量PAM对种植高羊茅（Festuca elata Keng ex E.Alexeev）的沙基模块化草坪在模拟运输振动过程中的土壤性质、草坪草生长、抗剪强度和漏沙的综合影响。每种处理包括0.4%（材料重量/土壤重量）CF和六种浓度的PAM（0%、0.025%、0.050%、0.075%、0.100%、0.125%，w/w）在沙基根区的混合物，不添加CF或PAM作为对照。结果表明，在沙基根区，CF可以改善高羊茅的生长、抗剪强度和抗由于椰纤维的物理性质引起的传输振动而导致的漏砂性。然而，CF和0.100%PAM的联合作用对高羊茅的生长、抗剪强度和抗漏砂性能更好。然而，由于PAM的润滑作用，添加低（≤0.025%）或高比例（≥0.125%）的PAM会降低CF和PAM的效果。因此，CF的综合效应 + 0.100%PAM对草坪模块化效果最好，可作为可移动模块化草坪的应用方案。
{"title":"Transportation sand leakage and turf performance of sand-based removable modular turf as affected by the combined action of coir fiber and polyacrylamide","authors":"Yufeng Chen, Zhang Peng, Liebao Han, Yongqiang Qian, Guilong Song, Xiaohui Yang","doi":"10.1177/17543371231193268","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/17543371231193268","url":null,"abstract":"Removable modular turf with a sand-based rootzone is a solution for high-end stadiums which can organize various events on the turf. However, the low stability of sand leads to serious sand leakage during the transportation of modular turf, which reduces the evenness and safety of the turf. Previous studies have shown that adding coir fibers (CF) and polyacrylamide (PAM) will improve soil stability. In this study, we evaluated the combined effects of CF and different amounts of PAM on soil properties, turfgrass growth, shear strength, and sand leakage during simulated transport vibrations in a sand-based modular turf planted with tall fescue ( Festuca elata Keng ex E. Alexeev). Each treatment comprised a mixture of 0.4% (weight material/weight soil) CF and six concentrations of PAM (0%, 0.025%, 0.050%, 0.075%, 0.100%, 0.125%, w/w) in the sand-based rootzone, with no addition of CF or PAM as the control. The results show that, in the sand-based rootzone, CF could improve tall fescue growth, shear strength, and resistance to sand leakage owing to transport vibration due to the physical properties of the coir fiber. However, the combined effect of CF and 0.100% PAM was better for tall fescue growth, shear strength, and resistance to sand leakage. However, owing to the lubricating effect of PAM, adding a low (≤0.025%) or a high rate (≥0.125%) amount of PAM would reduce the effect of CF and PAM. Therefore, the combined effect of CF + 0.100% PAM in this study had the best effect on the turf module and can be used as an application scheme for the removable modular turf.","PeriodicalId":20674,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part P: Journal of Sports Engineering and Technology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2023-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44069477","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-09DOI: 10.1177/17543371231191845
A. Los Arcos, Asier Gonzalez-Artetxe, Uxue Bayer-Perez, H. Folgado
This study aims to compare tactical, conditional, and emotional responses of young female soccer players with two small-sided games (SSG) conditions – with and without field obstacles. Twelve Spanish under-12 female soccer players (age: 12.5 ± 0.7 years) played two different 6-a-side SSGs (i.e. 5 vs 5 plus goalkeepers): one with field obstacles (SSGobstacles) and the other without these (SSGfree). Positional data were gathered using a GPS to measure tactical (distance between players, stretch-index [SI], spatial exploration index [SEI] and their normalized approximate entropy measures [ApEn norm], and longitudinal and lateral synchronizations) and conditional performances (total and walking, jogging, running, and high-speed running distances). Participants assessed the intensity of their emotional experience using the BECS scale of perceived enjoyment and competence. SSGobstacles reduced the SEI values ( p = 0.038, Cohen’s d = −0.40 [−0.77; −0.02]), impaired lateral synchronization ( p < 0.001, d = −0.62 [−0.89; −0.34]), and increased regularity (distance between playersApEn norm: p = 0.016, d = −0.32 [−0.58; −0.06]; SIApEn norm: p = 0.029, d = −0.42 [−0.79; −0.04]) of the tactical behavior in comparison to SSGfree. Players traveled more distance overall ( p = 0.009, d = 0.51 [0.13; 0.89]) and while running ( p = 0.028, d = 0.42 [0.04; 0.79]) during SSGobstacles in comparison to SSGfree. No significant differences between the two SSG conditions were apparent in players’ perceived enjoyment ( p = 0.060) and competence levels ( p = 0.530). Placing obstacles on the field during SSGs, compared with those free of obstructions, could decrease young female soccer players’ spatial exploration, stabilize their tactical behavior, and raise their physical effort.
本研究旨在比较年轻女子足球运动员在两种小边比赛(SSG)条件下的战术、条件和情绪反应——有和没有场地障碍。12名西班牙12岁以下女子足球运动员(年龄:12.5±0.7岁)参加了两场不同的6人制ssg比赛(即5对5加守门员):一场有场地障碍(SSGobstacles)，另一场没有(SSGfree)。使用GPS收集位置数据，测量战术(球员之间的距离、拉伸指数(SI)、空间探索指数(SEI)及其归一化近似熵度量(ApEn范数)、纵向和横向同步)和条件表现(总距离、步行、慢跑、跑步和高速跑步距离)。参与者使用BECS感知享受和能力量表评估他们的情感体验强度。SSGobstacles降低了SEI值(p = 0.038, Cohen 's d = - 0.40;- 0.02])，横向同步受损(p < 0.001, d = - 0.62 [- 0.89;- 0.34])，并且规律性增加(玩家之间的距离:p = 0.016, d = - 0.32 [- 0.58;−0.06);SIApEn norm: p = 0.029, d = - 0.42 [- 0.79;−0.04])的战术行为与无ssg相比。总的来说，玩家走了更多的距离(p = 0.009, d = 0.51;0.89])和跑步时(p = 0.028, d = 0.42 [0.04;0.79])在ssgstacles期间与SSGfree相比。两种SSG条件在玩家的感知享受(p = 0.060)和能力水平(p = 0.530)上无显著差异。与无障碍物比赛相比，在场地设置障碍物可以减少女青少年足球运动员的空间探索，稳定她们的战术行为，提高她们的体力。
{"title":"Consequences of field obstacles on tactical, conditional, and emotional dimensions in young female soccer players during small-sided games","authors":"A. Los Arcos, Asier Gonzalez-Artetxe, Uxue Bayer-Perez, H. Folgado","doi":"10.1177/17543371231191845","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/17543371231191845","url":null,"abstract":"This study aims to compare tactical, conditional, and emotional responses of young female soccer players with two small-sided games (SSG) conditions – with and without field obstacles. Twelve Spanish under-12 female soccer players (age: 12.5 ± 0.7 years) played two different 6-a-side SSGs (i.e. 5 vs 5 plus goalkeepers): one with field obstacles (SSGobstacles) and the other without these (SSGfree). Positional data were gathered using a GPS to measure tactical (distance between players, stretch-index [SI], spatial exploration index [SEI] and their normalized approximate entropy measures [ApEn norm], and longitudinal and lateral synchronizations) and conditional performances (total and walking, jogging, running, and high-speed running distances). Participants assessed the intensity of their emotional experience using the BECS scale of perceived enjoyment and competence. SSGobstacles reduced the SEI values ( p = 0.038, Cohen’s d = −0.40 [−0.77; −0.02]), impaired lateral synchronization ( p < 0.001, d = −0.62 [−0.89; −0.34]), and increased regularity (distance between playersApEn norm: p = 0.016, d = −0.32 [−0.58; −0.06]; SIApEn norm: p = 0.029, d = −0.42 [−0.79; −0.04]) of the tactical behavior in comparison to SSGfree. Players traveled more distance overall ( p = 0.009, d = 0.51 [0.13; 0.89]) and while running ( p = 0.028, d = 0.42 [0.04; 0.79]) during SSGobstacles in comparison to SSGfree. No significant differences between the two SSG conditions were apparent in players’ perceived enjoyment ( p = 0.060) and competence levels ( p = 0.530). Placing obstacles on the field during SSGs, compared with those free of obstructions, could decrease young female soccer players’ spatial exploration, stabilize their tactical behavior, and raise their physical effort.","PeriodicalId":20674,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part P: Journal of Sports Engineering and Technology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2023-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43481752","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-05DOI: 10.1177/17543371231188558
Yuju Wei, Yan-Qun Wang, You Nie, Ding Weng, Lei Chen, Yuan Ma, Zuobo Pang, Jiadao Wang
The aerodynamic drag of speed skaters was analyzed numerically at different posture angles of head, back and arm as well as team formation. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) method was used to investigate the optimized posture of the skater and the drag law of the team formation. Detached Eddy Simulation (DES) was used as the numerical technique. CFD results showed that the drag area of the skater increased with the increasing angle of the head, back, and arms due to the increased high-pressure areas on the windward side and the increased low-pressure areas on the leeward side of the skater. CFD results also showed that all three skaters had lower drag area in the team pursuit competition compared with an isolated skater. The drag area of the latter two skaters was significantly smaller than that of the first skater, and the drag area of the foremost skater increased sharply when the axial spacing was more than 0.6 m. The drag area for all three skaters increased as the lateral offset increased. Moreover, the research in this paper presented an important reference for the drag reducing optimization of speed suits and helmets, and the method could be expanded to other sports.
{"title":"Aerodynamic drag study of speed skaters using CFD simulations","authors":"Yuju Wei, Yan-Qun Wang, You Nie, Ding Weng, Lei Chen, Yuan Ma, Zuobo Pang, Jiadao Wang","doi":"10.1177/17543371231188558","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/17543371231188558","url":null,"abstract":"The aerodynamic drag of speed skaters was analyzed numerically at different posture angles of head, back and arm as well as team formation. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) method was used to investigate the optimized posture of the skater and the drag law of the team formation. Detached Eddy Simulation (DES) was used as the numerical technique. CFD results showed that the drag area of the skater increased with the increasing angle of the head, back, and arms due to the increased high-pressure areas on the windward side and the increased low-pressure areas on the leeward side of the skater. CFD results also showed that all three skaters had lower drag area in the team pursuit competition compared with an isolated skater. The drag area of the latter two skaters was significantly smaller than that of the first skater, and the drag area of the foremost skater increased sharply when the axial spacing was more than 0.6 m. The drag area for all three skaters increased as the lateral offset increased. Moreover, the research in this paper presented an important reference for the drag reducing optimization of speed suits and helmets, and the method could be expanded to other sports.","PeriodicalId":20674,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part P: Journal of Sports Engineering and Technology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2023-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49647949","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-01DOI: 10.1177/17543371231189920
J. C. G. da Silva, K. F. Silva, Carlos Eduardo Coelho Freire Batista, G. T. Patrício, G. Batista
This study systematically reviewed the available scientific evidence pertaining to the different types of prototypes available, discussed their current use, and present and future applications in sports science. The electronic databases National Library of Medicine (PubMed), Web of Science™ and Scopus were searched from January 2016 to September 2021. Of the 750 articles identified, 714 articles were excluded based on title and abstract and/or for duplicates. Moreover, of the 36 articles selected, 11 articles (30.5%) were related to the development of prototypes for carrying out tactical-technical or physical performance analyzes of athletes in different sports, 22 articles (61.1%) were related to the creation of “equipment or clothing” prototypes used in sports activities and three articles (8.3%) were related to the creation of prototypes that aim to improve the technical performance of athletes. It was concluded that the development of prototypes in sport had a significant impact on the monitoring of athletes in the field of sport sciences. The prototypes provide coaches and technical professionals with the monitoring of physiological, tactical-technical, and physical parameters in real time during training and sports competitions. These parameters can be used for recognition of movement patterns and prevention of potential injuries, such as concussion and fatigue.
本研究系统地回顾了现有的与不同类型的原型相关的科学证据，讨论了它们目前的用途，以及现在和未来在体育科学中的应用。检索了2016年1月至2021年9月的电子数据库National Library of Medicine (PubMed)、Web of Science™和Scopus。在确定的750篇文章中，根据标题和摘要和/或重复，排除了714篇文章。此外，在入选的36篇文章中，有11篇(30.5%)与开发用于分析运动员在不同运动项目中的战术技术或身体表现的原型有关，22篇(61.1%)与创造用于体育活动的“装备或服装”原型有关，3篇(8.3%)与创造旨在提高运动员技术表现的原型有关。研究结果表明，运动中原型的发展对运动员在运动科学领域的监测有显著的影响。这些原型为教练和技术专业人员提供了在训练和体育比赛期间实时监测生理、战术技术和物理参数的功能。这些参数可用于识别运动模式和预防潜在的伤害，如脑震荡和疲劳。
{"title":"Development of prototypes in sport: A systematic review","authors":"J. C. G. da Silva, K. F. Silva, Carlos Eduardo Coelho Freire Batista, G. T. Patrício, G. Batista","doi":"10.1177/17543371231189920","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/17543371231189920","url":null,"abstract":"This study systematically reviewed the available scientific evidence pertaining to the different types of prototypes available, discussed their current use, and present and future applications in sports science. The electronic databases National Library of Medicine (PubMed), Web of Science™ and Scopus were searched from January 2016 to September 2021. Of the 750 articles identified, 714 articles were excluded based on title and abstract and/or for duplicates. Moreover, of the 36 articles selected, 11 articles (30.5%) were related to the development of prototypes for carrying out tactical-technical or physical performance analyzes of athletes in different sports, 22 articles (61.1%) were related to the creation of “equipment or clothing” prototypes used in sports activities and three articles (8.3%) were related to the creation of prototypes that aim to improve the technical performance of athletes. It was concluded that the development of prototypes in sport had a significant impact on the monitoring of athletes in the field of sport sciences. The prototypes provide coaches and technical professionals with the monitoring of physiological, tactical-technical, and physical parameters in real time during training and sports competitions. These parameters can be used for recognition of movement patterns and prevention of potential injuries, such as concussion and fatigue.","PeriodicalId":20674,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part P: Journal of Sports Engineering and Technology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2023-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48328767","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-21DOI: 10.1177/17543371231188400
André Rebelo, D. Teixeira, J. Valente-dos-Santos, R. Lima
The present study aimed to investigate the validity of a small inertial sensor (Vert IMU) for measuring vertical displacement and jump count in young female artistic roller skating athletes. Two separate investigations were completed. In the first, 12 subjects were asked to perform 24 jumps each, and jump heights were simultaneously assessed by the Optojump photocells (criterion instrument) and by the Vert IMU and compared to evaluate concurrent validity of this latter system. The second investigation evaluated the capacity of the Vert to correctly identify jumps during training sessions. The correlation between the Vert device and the Optojump was strong for all jump types ( r = 0.84–0.95), except for the double Salchow which had a moderate correlation ( r = 0.55). All 288 jumps in Investigation One had a significant ( p < 0.001) mean bias of 9.96 cm with limits of agreement ranging from 1.58 to 18.34 cm. The results of Investigation Two indicate the Vert has excellent precision for all jump types analysed (0.968). In the elite group, recall was excellent for all jumps (0.900–1.000) besides the single Loop (0.364) and the single Thoren (0.444). However, in the sub-elite group, recall was excellent only in three jumps. The Vert device can offer a benefit in the sporting environment due to its capacity to provide near real time jumping data with limited resources. Some limitations regarding non-elite athletes may warrant some attention due to their lower vertical displacement ability and less-developed technical gestures in artistic jumping.
{"title":"Validity of a wearable device for measuring vertical displacement and jump count in young artistic roller skating athletes","authors":"André Rebelo, D. Teixeira, J. Valente-dos-Santos, R. Lima","doi":"10.1177/17543371231188400","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/17543371231188400","url":null,"abstract":"The present study aimed to investigate the validity of a small inertial sensor (Vert IMU) for measuring vertical displacement and jump count in young female artistic roller skating athletes. Two separate investigations were completed. In the first, 12 subjects were asked to perform 24 jumps each, and jump heights were simultaneously assessed by the Optojump photocells (criterion instrument) and by the Vert IMU and compared to evaluate concurrent validity of this latter system. The second investigation evaluated the capacity of the Vert to correctly identify jumps during training sessions. The correlation between the Vert device and the Optojump was strong for all jump types ( r = 0.84–0.95), except for the double Salchow which had a moderate correlation ( r = 0.55). All 288 jumps in Investigation One had a significant ( p < 0.001) mean bias of 9.96 cm with limits of agreement ranging from 1.58 to 18.34 cm. The results of Investigation Two indicate the Vert has excellent precision for all jump types analysed (0.968). In the elite group, recall was excellent for all jumps (0.900–1.000) besides the single Loop (0.364) and the single Thoren (0.444). However, in the sub-elite group, recall was excellent only in three jumps. The Vert device can offer a benefit in the sporting environment due to its capacity to provide near real time jumping data with limited resources. Some limitations regarding non-elite athletes may warrant some attention due to their lower vertical displacement ability and less-developed technical gestures in artistic jumping.","PeriodicalId":20674,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part P: Journal of Sports Engineering and Technology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2023-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46359386","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-13DOI: 10.1177/17543371231186861
B. Watson, M. Bustamante, Aleksander Rycman, Matheus A Correia, D. Cronin
Quantifying the response of infill used to construct contemporary artificial turf is critical to the development of computational models and providing insights to reduce sports injury associated with artificial turf. In the current study, confined compression and direct shear tests were performed on typical infill materials (sand, SBR and two mixtures (33%: 67%) by-weight). The experimental tests exhibited a progression from high strength and stiffness (sand) to low strength and stiffness (SBR) with the mixtures having intermediate values. Increasing particle size, particularly sand, tended to increase the resistance of the infill to deformation. The experimental results were implemented into a soil constitutive material model and the experimental tests were simulated using a smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) method to verify the implementation in a commercial explicit finite element solver. The SPH method successfully captured the initial loading up to yield, material flow and post-yield behavior, enabling large-scale particle flow that will be necessary to simulate artificial turf. The simulation results predicted the test force-displacement response well for SBR and mixture infills. The proposed methodology demonstrated the ability to measure properties of contemporary artificial turf infills in both compression and shear for pure sand, pure SBR and mixtures of the two, and use these properties to accurately represent the infill in a computational environment. The resulting model can be extended to large-scale turf models, to investigate athlete performance and injury risk when interacting with artificial turf.
{"title":"Experimental characterization of artificial turf infill mixtures and implementation in smoothed particle hydrodynamics numerical model","authors":"B. Watson, M. Bustamante, Aleksander Rycman, Matheus A Correia, D. Cronin","doi":"10.1177/17543371231186861","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/17543371231186861","url":null,"abstract":"Quantifying the response of infill used to construct contemporary artificial turf is critical to the development of computational models and providing insights to reduce sports injury associated with artificial turf. In the current study, confined compression and direct shear tests were performed on typical infill materials (sand, SBR and two mixtures (33%: 67%) by-weight). The experimental tests exhibited a progression from high strength and stiffness (sand) to low strength and stiffness (SBR) with the mixtures having intermediate values. Increasing particle size, particularly sand, tended to increase the resistance of the infill to deformation. The experimental results were implemented into a soil constitutive material model and the experimental tests were simulated using a smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) method to verify the implementation in a commercial explicit finite element solver. The SPH method successfully captured the initial loading up to yield, material flow and post-yield behavior, enabling large-scale particle flow that will be necessary to simulate artificial turf. The simulation results predicted the test force-displacement response well for SBR and mixture infills. The proposed methodology demonstrated the ability to measure properties of contemporary artificial turf infills in both compression and shear for pure sand, pure SBR and mixtures of the two, and use these properties to accurately represent the infill in a computational environment. The resulting model can be extended to large-scale turf models, to investigate athlete performance and injury risk when interacting with artificial turf.","PeriodicalId":20674,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part P: Journal of Sports Engineering and Technology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2023-07-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46752496","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-05DOI: 10.1177/17543371231185913
Alba González-Peño, Luis Simón-Chico, Leonor Prieto, Evelia Franco
In recent years, it has become evident that technologies are part of daily life and can be useful and helpful to improve teaching and learning processes in education. Specifically, this evidence has highlighted the positive effect of technologies on improving motor skills. This study presents a technology-based learning (TBL) proposal and analyses how the implementation of such a proposal in physical education (PE) might affect students’ academic performance (theoretical knowledge and practical competence). A quasi-experimental study was carried out with experimental and control groups. A total of 84 participants (35 males and 49 females) between 13 and 15 years of age ( Mage = 13.35, SD = 0.62) took part in the experience over a period of 6 weeks ( ncontrol = 49; nexperimental = 35). The teacher assessed students’ practical competence level in both the experimental and control groups to verify homogeneity. Theoretical knowledge and badminton-specific motor skill tests were performed in both groups after the intervention. Analysis showed that, after the intervention, students in the TBL group significantly increased their levels of badminton-specific motor skills ( Mcontol = 7.01 vs Mexperimental = 7.73) compared with students in the control group. No significant changes were observed for theoretical knowledge. The findings of this study highlight that the integration of technologies in PE might be a valid and effective methodological approach for PE students to achieve adaptive learning outcomes and improve their academic performance.
{"title":"A technology-based experience to improve badminton skills: A challenge-based learning application","authors":"Alba González-Peño, Luis Simón-Chico, Leonor Prieto, Evelia Franco","doi":"10.1177/17543371231185913","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/17543371231185913","url":null,"abstract":"In recent years, it has become evident that technologies are part of daily life and can be useful and helpful to improve teaching and learning processes in education. Specifically, this evidence has highlighted the positive effect of technologies on improving motor skills. This study presents a technology-based learning (TBL) proposal and analyses how the implementation of such a proposal in physical education (PE) might affect students’ academic performance (theoretical knowledge and practical competence). A quasi-experimental study was carried out with experimental and control groups. A total of 84 participants (35 males and 49 females) between 13 and 15 years of age ( Mage = 13.35, SD = 0.62) took part in the experience over a period of 6 weeks ( ncontrol = 49; nexperimental = 35). The teacher assessed students’ practical competence level in both the experimental and control groups to verify homogeneity. Theoretical knowledge and badminton-specific motor skill tests were performed in both groups after the intervention. Analysis showed that, after the intervention, students in the TBL group significantly increased their levels of badminton-specific motor skills ( Mcontol = 7.01 vs Mexperimental = 7.73) compared with students in the control group. No significant changes were observed for theoretical knowledge. The findings of this study highlight that the integration of technologies in PE might be a valid and effective methodological approach for PE students to achieve adaptive learning outcomes and improve their academic performance.","PeriodicalId":20674,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part P: Journal of Sports Engineering and Technology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2023-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47970826","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-29DOI: 10.1177/17543371231184011
R. Cross
Experimental results are presented to show how the speed and spin of a billiard ball vary as the impact point of the cue is varied above and below the center of the ball. The results are compared with a simple impact model to estimate how the normal and tangential impact forces vary with impact location.
{"title":"Impact of a cue with a billiard ball","authors":"R. Cross","doi":"10.1177/17543371231184011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/17543371231184011","url":null,"abstract":"Experimental results are presented to show how the speed and spin of a billiard ball vary as the impact point of the cue is varied above and below the center of the ball. The results are compared with a simple impact model to estimate how the normal and tangential impact forces vary with impact location.","PeriodicalId":20674,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part P: Journal of Sports Engineering and Technology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2023-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41739394","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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