Qasim Hadi Kareem Al-Gertany, Rana Ahmed Shihab, Hussien Hadi Kareem
|With the rapid growth of wireless communication systems, there is a rising demand for multi-input multi-output (MIMO) antenna systems capable of adapting to various frequency bands and operating conditions. This paper presents an integrated design for MIMO antennas based on a varactor diode as a promising component for achieving frequency agility in the proposed system. A dual-polarized system is achieved by employing a combination of two antennas. One antenna is situated on the exterior surface of the side-edge frame, while the other is positioned on the substrate surface. The spatial con(cid:12)guration enables the creation of orthogonal polarization orientations, speci(cid:12)cally vertical and horizontal polarizations. In each element, varactor diodes are positioned to provide reactive loading. By incorporating varactor diodes with a variable bias voltage (0.5{10 V) into the antenna design, the resonant frequency can be dynamically adjusted, allowing the antenna to operate across a wide range of frequencies (4.3 to 6.5 GHz) with more than 18 dB of mutual coupling in the working band. The presented recon(cid:12)gurable antennas are printed on compact dimensions of 15 (cid:2) 25 (cid:2) 0 : 8 mm 3 using a Rogers RT5880 material with a relative dielectric constant 2.2. Because of its (cid:13)exible frequency range, extensive tuning range, small size, and planar structure, it is well-suited for various current and future wireless communication applications, including cognitive radio, software-de(cid:12)ned radio, and next-generation wireless networks.
{"title":"Compact Dual-polarized Reconfigurable MIMO Antenna Based on a Varactor Diode for 5G Mobile Terminal Applications","authors":"Qasim Hadi Kareem Al-Gertany, Rana Ahmed Shihab, Hussien Hadi Kareem","doi":"10.2528/pierc23072204","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2528/pierc23072204","url":null,"abstract":"|With the rapid growth of wireless communication systems, there is a rising demand for multi-input multi-output (MIMO) antenna systems capable of adapting to various frequency bands and operating conditions. This paper presents an integrated design for MIMO antennas based on a varactor diode as a promising component for achieving frequency agility in the proposed system. A dual-polarized system is achieved by employing a combination of two antennas. One antenna is situated on the exterior surface of the side-edge frame, while the other is positioned on the substrate surface. The spatial con(cid:12)guration enables the creation of orthogonal polarization orientations, speci(cid:12)cally vertical and horizontal polarizations. In each element, varactor diodes are positioned to provide reactive loading. By incorporating varactor diodes with a variable bias voltage (0.5{10 V) into the antenna design, the resonant frequency can be dynamically adjusted, allowing the antenna to operate across a wide range of frequencies (4.3 to 6.5 GHz) with more than 18 dB of mutual coupling in the working band. The presented recon(cid:12)gurable antennas are printed on compact dimensions of 15 (cid:2) 25 (cid:2) 0 : 8 mm 3 using a Rogers RT5880 material with a relative dielectric constant 2.2. Because of its (cid:13)exible frequency range, extensive tuning range, small size, and planar structure, it is well-suited for various current and future wireless communication applications, including cognitive radio, software-de(cid:12)ned radio, and next-generation wireless networks.","PeriodicalId":20699,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Electromagnetics Research C","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135311019","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ameet M. Mehta, Shankar B. Deosarkar, Anil Bapusa Nandgaonkar
{"title":"Design and Development of CPW-fed Miniaturized MSA for Improved Gain, Bandwidth and Efficiency Using PRS","authors":"Ameet M. Mehta, Shankar B. Deosarkar, Anil Bapusa Nandgaonkar","doi":"10.2528/pierc23071403","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2528/pierc23071403","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":20699,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Electromagnetics Research C","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135404344","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Research on Parameter Identification Algorithm of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor Considering Dead Time Compensation","authors":"Chengmin Wang, Aiyuan Wang","doi":"10.2528/pierc23071402","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2528/pierc23071402","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":20699,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Electromagnetics Research C","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135503815","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nur Amirah Athirah binti Zaini, Iffah Zulaikha binti Azman, Ling Jin Kiong, Jose Rajan, Muhammad Hafiz Mazwir, Mohamad Ashry Jusoh
|The rapid advancement of communication technology has led to an increase in electromagnetic interference (EMI), or electromagnetic (EM) pollution. This is a cause for concern, as EMI can disrupt communication services, damage electronic equipment, and pose health risks. Regulatory bodies are working to develop standards for the safe use of wireless devices, but the problem of EMI is likely to continue to grow as the number of Internet of Thing (IoT) devices continues to increase. To address this issue, this study investigated the effectiveness of carbon-coated cobalt ferrite nanoparticles as a potential material for electromagnetic shielding. The synthesis of cobalt ferrite (CoFe 2 O 4 ) nanoparticles was successfully achieved using the co-precipitation method. Subsequently, a carbon coating was applied to the nanoparticles through a hydrothermal process using a 200 mL autoclave made of te(cid:13)on-lined stainless steel. This process was carried out at a temperature of 180 ◦ C for a duration of 12 hours, with a heating rate of 8 ◦ C per minute. This study examined both uncoated and carbon-coated CoFe 2 O 4 nanoparticles at various ratios of glucose to CoFe 2 O 4 (1 : 1 ; 2 : 1, and 3 : 1) using techniques such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), (cid:12)eld emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), and higher resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) analysis. The XRD analysis revealed distinct and well-de(cid:12)ned peaks corresponding to CoFe 2 O 4 , indicating the successful synthesis of the nanoparticles. The crystallite size of the uncoated CoFe 2 O 4 nanoparticles was measured to be 11.47 nm, while for the carbon-coated CoFe 2 O 4 , the average crystallite size was determined to be 14.15 nm through XRD analysis
{"title":"Structural and Electromagnetic Shielding Effectiveness of Carbon-coated Cobalt Ferrite Nanoparticles Prepared via Hydrothermal Method","authors":"Nur Amirah Athirah binti Zaini, Iffah Zulaikha binti Azman, Ling Jin Kiong, Jose Rajan, Muhammad Hafiz Mazwir, Mohamad Ashry Jusoh","doi":"10.2528/pierc23022301","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2528/pierc23022301","url":null,"abstract":"|The rapid advancement of communication technology has led to an increase in electromagnetic interference (EMI), or electromagnetic (EM) pollution. This is a cause for concern, as EMI can disrupt communication services, damage electronic equipment, and pose health risks. Regulatory bodies are working to develop standards for the safe use of wireless devices, but the problem of EMI is likely to continue to grow as the number of Internet of Thing (IoT) devices continues to increase. To address this issue, this study investigated the effectiveness of carbon-coated cobalt ferrite nanoparticles as a potential material for electromagnetic shielding. The synthesis of cobalt ferrite (CoFe 2 O 4 ) nanoparticles was successfully achieved using the co-precipitation method. Subsequently, a carbon coating was applied to the nanoparticles through a hydrothermal process using a 200 mL autoclave made of te(cid:13)on-lined stainless steel. This process was carried out at a temperature of 180 ◦ C for a duration of 12 hours, with a heating rate of 8 ◦ C per minute. This study examined both uncoated and carbon-coated CoFe 2 O 4 nanoparticles at various ratios of glucose to CoFe 2 O 4 (1 : 1 ; 2 : 1, and 3 : 1) using techniques such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), (cid:12)eld emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), and higher resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) analysis. The XRD analysis revealed distinct and well-de(cid:12)ned peaks corresponding to CoFe 2 O 4 , indicating the successful synthesis of the nanoparticles. The crystallite size of the uncoated CoFe 2 O 4 nanoparticles was measured to be 11.47 nm, while for the carbon-coated CoFe 2 O 4 , the average crystallite size was determined to be 14.15 nm through XRD analysis","PeriodicalId":20699,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Electromagnetics Research C","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135549465","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Metasurface Based Circularly Polarized Antenna for Wi-Fi Applications","authors":"Kumari Budarapu Swapna, Metuku Shyam Sunder, Dasari Ramakrishna","doi":"10.2528/pierc23091001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2528/pierc23091001","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":20699,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Electromagnetics Research C","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135612264","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
|This article introduces a planar monopole antenna specially designed for NB-IoT module devices. The preferred choice for Internet of Things (IoT) technology is the Narrow-Band Internet of Things (NB-IoT) due to its extensive coverage and low power consumption. NB-IoT is speci(cid:12)cally designed for IoT applications. A circular patch antenna with dimensions of 30 mm (cid:2) 60 mm is fabricated, which is speci(cid:12)cally tailored for the NB-IoT module. The antenna dimensions are meticulously chosen to ensure compatibility with the device module, considering the NB-IoT B1 (2100) and B3 (1800) frequency bands. Among various patch shapes, the circular design is preferred for its advantages over hexagon and square patches. The desired antenna con(cid:12)guration combines a square-slotted patch with a monopole ground plane, and it offers several advantages in terms of design simplicity, compact size, and characteristics such as broad bandwidth, acceptable gain, and high radiation efficiency. The design process employs HFSS Software and utilizes an FR4 substrate of 1.6 mm thickness. Operating at resonance frequencies of 2.1 GHz and 1.8 GHz, the antenna covers a broad frequency spectrum of 1100 MHz (1.5 to 2.6 GHz) with a fractional bandwidth of 53.65%. The suggested antenna achieves a peak gain of 3.3 dB and maximum radiation efficiency of 96% within its operating band. It exhibits an omnidirectional radiation pattern, meeting the speci(cid:12)c requirements of NB-IoT technologies. Experimental measurements of the fabricated antenna validate the results achieved from the simulated data.
{"title":"A Printed Monopole Antenna for Next Generation Internet of Things: Narrow Band Internet of Things (NB-IoT)","authors":"Sneha Bhardwaj, Praveen Kumar Malik, Tanvir Islam, Anita Gehlot, Sudipta Das, Sivaji Asha","doi":"10.2528/pierc23090202","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2528/pierc23090202","url":null,"abstract":"|This article introduces a planar monopole antenna specially designed for NB-IoT module devices. The preferred choice for Internet of Things (IoT) technology is the Narrow-Band Internet of Things (NB-IoT) due to its extensive coverage and low power consumption. NB-IoT is speci(cid:12)cally designed for IoT applications. A circular patch antenna with dimensions of 30 mm (cid:2) 60 mm is fabricated, which is speci(cid:12)cally tailored for the NB-IoT module. The antenna dimensions are meticulously chosen to ensure compatibility with the device module, considering the NB-IoT B1 (2100) and B3 (1800) frequency bands. Among various patch shapes, the circular design is preferred for its advantages over hexagon and square patches. The desired antenna con(cid:12)guration combines a square-slotted patch with a monopole ground plane, and it offers several advantages in terms of design simplicity, compact size, and characteristics such as broad bandwidth, acceptable gain, and high radiation efficiency. The design process employs HFSS Software and utilizes an FR4 substrate of 1.6 mm thickness. Operating at resonance frequencies of 2.1 GHz and 1.8 GHz, the antenna covers a broad frequency spectrum of 1100 MHz (1.5 to 2.6 GHz) with a fractional bandwidth of 53.65%. The suggested antenna achieves a peak gain of 3.3 dB and maximum radiation efficiency of 96% within its operating band. It exhibits an omnidirectional radiation pattern, meeting the speci(cid:12)c requirements of NB-IoT technologies. Experimental measurements of the fabricated antenna validate the results achieved from the simulated data.","PeriodicalId":20699,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Electromagnetics Research C","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136047605","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The present paper develops an application of the bandpass (BP) negative group delay (NGD) circuit for the design of an independent frequency phase shifter (PS). The design principle of the innovative PS is constituted by an inductor-capacitor-inductor (LCL) T-shape passive cell in cascade with RLC-network series-based BP NGD circuits. The S-matrix analytical model of the LCL-NGD PS is established in function of the circuit elements. Then, the design equations of the PS elements in the function of the expected PS value and center frequency are formulated. The NGD PS topology is validated with a comparison between the calculated and simulated results of phase, transmission coefficient, and reflection coefficients. As expected, a very good correlation between the analytical model and the simulation is confirmed by the obtained results. It is found that the LCL-NGD PS presents an outstandingly flat phase shift of -120°±5° with 1.2 GHz center frequency. The LCL-NGD PS operates with about 18% relative bandwidth. The PS reflection coefficient presents a magnitude flatness around -3±1.5 dB. Moreover, the reflection coefficient is kept better than -15 dB. The sensitivity of the LCL-NGD PS performances over the NGD circuit element ±5% relative variation is studied. It is found how the PS value and center frequencychange with the R, L, and C components of the NGD circuit.
{"title":"INNOVATIVE MICROWAVE DESIGN OF FREQUENCY-INDEPENDENT PASSIVE PHASE SHIFTER WITH LCL-NETWORK AND BANDPASS NGD CIRCUIT","authors":"Jamel Nebhen and Blaise Ravelo","doi":"10.2528/PIERC21010201","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2528/PIERC21010201","url":null,"abstract":"The present paper develops an application of the bandpass (BP) negative group delay (NGD) circuit for the design of an independent frequency phase shifter (PS). The design principle of the innovative PS is constituted by an inductor-capacitor-inductor (LCL) T-shape passive cell in cascade with RLC-network series-based BP NGD circuits. The S-matrix analytical model of the LCL-NGD PS is established in function of the circuit elements. Then, the design equations of the PS elements in the function of the expected PS value and center frequency are formulated. The NGD PS topology is validated with a comparison between the calculated and simulated results of phase, transmission coefficient, and reflection coefficients. As expected, a very good correlation between the analytical model and the simulation is confirmed by the obtained results. It is found that the LCL-NGD PS presents an outstandingly flat phase shift of -120°±5° with 1.2 GHz center frequency. The LCL-NGD PS operates with about 18% relative bandwidth. The PS reflection coefficient presents a magnitude flatness around -3±1.5 dB. Moreover, the reflection coefficient is kept better than -15 dB. The sensitivity of the LCL-NGD PS performances over the NGD circuit element ±5% relative variation is studied. It is found how the PS value and center frequencychange with the R, L, and C components of the NGD circuit.","PeriodicalId":20699,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Electromagnetics Research C","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49640101","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Exact 2D analytic expressions for E and B fields and their potentials created by a linear beam of relativistic charged particles between infinite perfectly conductive plates and ferromagnetic poles are derived. The solutions are obtained by summing an infinite sequence of fields from linear charge-images and current-images in complex space. Knowledge of the normal component of the E field on the conductor surface makes it possible to calculate the induced electric charge surface density. In addition, we derive within an improved linear approximation new analytical expressions for fields near the beam in the case of an arbitrary beam offset from the median plane. The mathematical features of exact solutions and limitations for the applicability of linear approximations are specified.The primary goals of the future high-luminosity p-p and heavy-ion LHC programme are the search for yet unobserved effects of physics beyond the SM, searches for rare or low-sensitivity processes in the Higgs sector, and probing in more detail the mechanism of EW symmetry breaking. This programme relies on the stable operation of the accelerator. However, as the beam luminosity increases, a number of destabilizing phenomena occur, in particular field emission, enhancing the electron cloud effect. For the case of a proton beam, we apply the exact 2D solution for estimating the intensity of electron field emission activated by the electric field of the beam in collimators of the future high-luminosity LHC. Calculation shows that the field emission intensity is very sensitive to a collimator surface roughness. In addition, with a relatively small and accidental beam displacement from the median path, about 20% of the collimator half-gap, the emission intensity increases by a factor of 1.E+7. This will partially neutralize the beam space charge, violating acceleration dynamics and enhancing instability effects.
{"title":"FIELDS OF AN ULTRA-RELATIVISTIC BEAM OF CHARGED PARTICLES BETWEEN PARALLEL PLATES. EXACT TWO-DIMENSIONAL SOLUTIONS BY THE METHOD OF IMAGES AND APPLICATIONS TO THE HL-LHC","authors":"B. Levchenko","doi":"10.2528/PIERC20032903","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2528/PIERC20032903","url":null,"abstract":"Exact 2D analytic expressions for E and B fields and their potentials created by a linear beam of relativistic charged particles between infinite perfectly conductive plates and ferromagnetic poles are derived. The solutions are obtained by summing an infinite sequence of fields from linear charge-images and current-images in complex space. Knowledge of the normal component of the E field on the conductor surface makes it possible to calculate the induced electric charge surface density. In addition, we derive within an improved linear approximation new analytical expressions for fields near the beam in the case of an arbitrary beam offset from the median plane. The mathematical features of exact solutions and limitations for the applicability of linear approximations are specified.The primary goals of the future high-luminosity p-p and heavy-ion LHC programme are the search for yet unobserved effects of physics beyond the SM, searches for rare or low-sensitivity processes in the Higgs sector, and probing in more detail the mechanism of EW symmetry breaking. This programme relies on the stable operation of the accelerator. However, as the beam luminosity increases, a number of destabilizing phenomena occur, in particular field emission, enhancing the electron cloud effect. For the case of a proton beam, we apply the exact 2D solution for estimating the intensity of electron field emission activated by the electric field of the beam in collimators of the future high-luminosity LHC. Calculation shows that the field emission intensity is very sensitive to a collimator surface roughness. In addition, with a relatively small and accidental beam displacement from the median path, about 20% of the collimator half-gap, the emission intensity increases by a factor of 1.E+7. This will partially neutralize the beam space charge, violating acceleration dynamics and enhancing instability effects.","PeriodicalId":20699,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Electromagnetics Research C","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2528/PIERC20032903","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45542492","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Gauss integral theorems for electric and magnetic fields, Faradays law of electromagnetic induction, magnetic field circulation theorem, theorems on the flux and circulation of vector potential, which are valid in curved spacetime, are presented in a covariant form. Covariant formulas for magnetic and electric fluxes, for electromotive force and circulation of the vector potential are provided. In particular, the electromotive force is expressed by a line integral over a closed curve, while in the integral, in addition to the vortex electric field strength, a determinant of the metric tensor also appears. Similarly, the magnetic flux is expressed by a surface integral from the product of magnetic field induction by the determinant of the metric tensor. A new physical quantity is introduced - the integral scalar potential, the rate of change of which over time determines the flux of vector potential through a closed surface. It is shown that the commonly used four-dimensional Kelvin-Stokes theorem does not allow one to deduce fully the integral laws of the electromagnetic field and in the covariant notation requires the addition of determinant of the metric tensor, besides the validity of the Kelvin-Stokes theorem is limited to the cases when determinant of metric tensor and the contour area are independent from time. This disadvantage is not present in the approach that uses the divergence theorem and equation for the dual electromagnetic field tensor. A new effect is predicted, according to which the circulation of magnetic field can appear even in the absence of electric current and with a constant electric field through the contour, if the area of this contour would change. By analogy with electromagnetic induction, for the magnetic field circulation to appear it is important that electric field flux that passes through the area of the contour would change over time.
{"title":"ON THE COVARIANT REPRESENTATION OF INTEGRAL EQUATIONS OF THE ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD","authors":"Sergey G. Fedosin","doi":"10.2528/PIERC19062902","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2528/PIERC19062902","url":null,"abstract":"Gauss integral theorems for electric and magnetic fields, Faradays law of electromagnetic induction, magnetic field circulation theorem, theorems on the flux and circulation of vector potential, which are valid in curved spacetime, are presented in a covariant form. Covariant formulas for magnetic and electric fluxes, for electromotive force and circulation of the vector potential are provided. In particular, the electromotive force is expressed by a line integral over a closed curve, while in the integral, in addition to the vortex electric field strength, a determinant of the metric tensor also appears. Similarly, the magnetic flux is expressed by a surface integral from the product of magnetic field induction by the determinant of the metric tensor. A new physical quantity is introduced - the integral scalar potential, the rate of change of which over time determines the flux of vector potential through a closed surface. It is shown that the commonly used four-dimensional Kelvin-Stokes theorem does not allow one to deduce fully the integral laws of the electromagnetic field and in the covariant notation requires the addition of determinant of the metric tensor, besides the validity of the Kelvin-Stokes theorem is limited to the cases when determinant of metric tensor and the contour area are independent from time. This disadvantage is not present in the approach that uses the divergence theorem and equation for the dual electromagnetic field tensor. A new effect is predicted, according to which the circulation of magnetic field can appear even in the absence of electric current and with a constant electric field through the contour, if the area of this contour would change. By analogy with electromagnetic induction, for the magnetic field circulation to appear it is important that electric field flux that passes through the area of the contour would change over time.","PeriodicalId":20699,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Electromagnetics Research C","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42036413","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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