Pub Date : 1998-11-01DOI: 10.1088/0963-9659/7/6/018
M. C. Simon, K. V. Gottschalk
In this paper we propose a definition for the optical path in birefringent crystals. We apply this definition to light refraction in a crystal-crystal interface by means of Fermat's principle. The result obtained is confirmed by applying Snell's law generalized for crystals and the relation obtained from Maxwell's equations between the direction normal to the wavefront and the ray.
{"title":"OPTICAL PATH IN BIREFRINGENT MEDIA AND FERMAT'S PRINCIPLE","authors":"M. C. Simon, K. V. Gottschalk","doi":"10.1088/0963-9659/7/6/018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/0963-9659/7/6/018","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper we propose a definition for the optical path in birefringent crystals. We apply this definition to light refraction in a crystal-crystal interface by means of Fermat's principle. The result obtained is confirmed by applying Snell's law generalized for crystals and the relation obtained from Maxwell's equations between the direction normal to the wavefront and the ray.","PeriodicalId":20787,"journal":{"name":"Pure and Applied Optics: Journal of The European Optical Society Part A","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76737019","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1998-11-01DOI: 10.1088/0963-9659/7/6/024
C. Werner, S. Rahm, S. Lehner, M. Buchhold, V. Banakh, I. Smalikho
The wind field over sea can be determined with an ERS-satellite by synthetic aperture radar (SAR) with an accuracy of about and using the ESA CMOD4 algorithm. Wind profiles were measured by the airborne Doppler lidar ADOLAR. A first comparison in a few levels (surface up to 1200 m above sea) was performed. During an experiment near the island of Rugen a synophic SAR/ADOLAR dataset was acquired. An analysis of the dataset comparing to ground truth and the DWD analysis was performed.
{"title":"Intercomparison of Laser Doppler Wind Measurements with Other Methods and a Forecast Model","authors":"C. Werner, S. Rahm, S. Lehner, M. Buchhold, V. Banakh, I. Smalikho","doi":"10.1088/0963-9659/7/6/024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/0963-9659/7/6/024","url":null,"abstract":"The wind field over sea can be determined with an ERS-satellite by synthetic aperture radar (SAR) with an accuracy of about and using the ESA CMOD4 algorithm. Wind profiles were measured by the airborne Doppler lidar ADOLAR. A first comparison in a few levels (surface up to 1200 m above sea) was performed. During an experiment near the island of Rugen a synophic SAR/ADOLAR dataset was acquired. An analysis of the dataset comparing to ground truth and the DWD analysis was performed.","PeriodicalId":20787,"journal":{"name":"Pure and Applied Optics: Journal of The European Optical Society Part A","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80422052","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1998-11-01DOI: 10.1088/0963-9659/7/6/012
V. Greco, G. Molesini
High-sensitivity interferometric measurements on test plates are reported, showing peculiar variability maps of optical path difference. Micro-temperature deformations of the test plates are considered, accounting for the maps observed; orders of magnitude for the temperature disuniformities are evaluated. Thermal instabilities are pointed out as an effective limit to the feasibility and assessment of flatness etalons.
{"title":"Micro-temperature effects on absolute flatness test plates","authors":"V. Greco, G. Molesini","doi":"10.1088/0963-9659/7/6/012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/0963-9659/7/6/012","url":null,"abstract":"High-sensitivity interferometric measurements on test plates are reported, showing peculiar variability maps of optical path difference. Micro-temperature deformations of the test plates are considered, accounting for the maps observed; orders of magnitude for the temperature disuniformities are evaluated. Thermal instabilities are pointed out as an effective limit to the feasibility and assessment of flatness etalons.","PeriodicalId":20787,"journal":{"name":"Pure and Applied Optics: Journal of The European Optical Society Part A","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82123598","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1998-11-01DOI: 10.1088/0963-9659/7/6/016
S. Popov
The influence of pump repetition rate on the conversion efficiency and photostability of a polymeric gain material doped with the dye Rh6G is studied. The effect of heating of the host polymeric matrix due to the high pump repetition rate in the stimulation of chemical reactions, leading to dye photodestruction, is discussed. Such heating appears to influence the polymeric gain material photostability considerably. The increase of the diffusion rate of the dye due to weak heat dissipation in the gain material and heating of the gain medium, consequently resulting in the migration of dye molecules from a pumped volume, is reported and discussed for the first time. The role of additives with low molecular weights in the polymeric matrix in increasing the photostability of the polymeric gain material is discussed.
{"title":"Influence of pump repetition rate on dye photostability in a solid-state dye laser with a polymeric gain medium","authors":"S. Popov","doi":"10.1088/0963-9659/7/6/016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/0963-9659/7/6/016","url":null,"abstract":"The influence of pump repetition rate on the conversion efficiency and photostability of a polymeric gain material doped with the dye Rh6G is studied. The effect of heating of the host polymeric matrix due to the high pump repetition rate in the stimulation of chemical reactions, leading to dye photodestruction, is discussed. Such heating appears to influence the polymeric gain material photostability considerably. The increase of the diffusion rate of the dye due to weak heat dissipation in the gain material and heating of the gain medium, consequently resulting in the migration of dye molecules from a pumped volume, is reported and discussed for the first time. The role of additives with low molecular weights in the polymeric matrix in increasing the photostability of the polymeric gain material is discussed.","PeriodicalId":20787,"journal":{"name":"Pure and Applied Optics: Journal of The European Optical Society Part A","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83202976","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1998-11-01DOI: 10.1088/0963-9659/7/6/015
M. Malachowski, I. Kityk, B. Sahraoui, A. Mefleh
The variation of the acousto-optic figure of merit M in (GaAlN) single crystalline solid solutions with x, temperature and pressure are investigated. It is revealed that an increase of x up to 2.5% leads to an increase of the coefficient M and for higher x we observed a decrease of M. An increase of M with a decrease of temperature below 35 K was also found. The acousto-optical coefficient M reaches its maximal value at 4.2 K. Negligible influence of hydrostatic pressure on the acousto-optical properties of was found. In our opinion this reflects the high stability of the mentioned crystalline solid solutions.
{"title":"Acousto-optical investigations of crystalline solid solutions","authors":"M. Malachowski, I. Kityk, B. Sahraoui, A. Mefleh","doi":"10.1088/0963-9659/7/6/015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/0963-9659/7/6/015","url":null,"abstract":"The variation of the acousto-optic figure of merit M in (GaAlN) single crystalline solid solutions with x, temperature and pressure are investigated. It is revealed that an increase of x up to 2.5% leads to an increase of the coefficient M and for higher x we observed a decrease of M. An increase of M with a decrease of temperature below 35 K was also found. The acousto-optical coefficient M reaches its maximal value at 4.2 K. Negligible influence of hydrostatic pressure on the acousto-optical properties of was found. In our opinion this reflects the high stability of the mentioned crystalline solid solutions.","PeriodicalId":20787,"journal":{"name":"Pure and Applied Optics: Journal of The European Optical Society Part A","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74705624","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1998-11-01DOI: 10.1088/0963-9659/7/6/019
G. M. Storrow, H. Gleeson, A. Murray
Phase imaging is employed to visualize the optical properties of an electrically controlled birefringent liquid crystal device with particular emphasis being paid to the electrode edges. The apparatus used is a modified Michelson interferometer and the data are manipulated on a personal computer using commercially available software. The phase variation of the element is in principle discontinuous at the electrode edge. However, a phase gradient is observed that is measured to extend beyond the electrode edges by for a directly driven square electrode pattern in a thick device which contains the nematic material E49 approximately 0.75 V above threshold. The phase gradient is discussed in terms of fringing of the electric fields and diffraction at the phase boundary in the element.
{"title":"An analysis of the optical properties of a single-element liquid crystal device","authors":"G. M. Storrow, H. Gleeson, A. Murray","doi":"10.1088/0963-9659/7/6/019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/0963-9659/7/6/019","url":null,"abstract":"Phase imaging is employed to visualize the optical properties of an electrically controlled birefringent liquid crystal device with particular emphasis being paid to the electrode edges. The apparatus used is a modified Michelson interferometer and the data are manipulated on a personal computer using commercially available software. The phase variation of the element is in principle discontinuous at the electrode edge. However, a phase gradient is observed that is measured to extend beyond the electrode edges by for a directly driven square electrode pattern in a thick device which contains the nematic material E49 approximately 0.75 V above threshold. The phase gradient is discussed in terms of fringing of the electric fields and diffraction at the phase boundary in the element.","PeriodicalId":20787,"journal":{"name":"Pure and Applied Optics: Journal of The European Optical Society Part A","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76691619","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1998-11-01DOI: 10.1088/0963-9659/7/6/022
A. Uthayakumar, K. Porsezian, K. Nakkeeran
The inhomogeneous coupled nonlinear Schrodinger (ICNLS) equations which describe the propagation of two fields in a nonuniform fibre medium are considered. The integrable forms of the ICNLS equation are identified from the Painleve singularity structure analysis. The variable transformations which connect the integrable forms of the ICNLS equation and the coupled nonlinear Schrodinger equations (CNLS) are presented. With the help of the linear eigenvalue problem and Backlund transformation, a single-soliton solution is generated explicitly.
{"title":"Soliton aspects of the inhomogeneous coupled nonlinear Schrödinger equation in optical fibre","authors":"A. Uthayakumar, K. Porsezian, K. Nakkeeran","doi":"10.1088/0963-9659/7/6/022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/0963-9659/7/6/022","url":null,"abstract":"The inhomogeneous coupled nonlinear Schrodinger (ICNLS) equations which describe the propagation of two fields in a nonuniform fibre medium are considered. The integrable forms of the ICNLS equation are identified from the Painleve singularity structure analysis. The variable transformations which connect the integrable forms of the ICNLS equation and the coupled nonlinear Schrodinger equations (CNLS) are presented. With the help of the linear eigenvalue problem and Backlund transformation, a single-soliton solution is generated explicitly.","PeriodicalId":20787,"journal":{"name":"Pure and Applied Optics: Journal of The European Optical Society Part A","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73753967","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1998-11-01DOI: 10.1088/0963-9659/7/6/011
M. Floc'h, G. L. Brun, C. Kieleck, J. Cariou, J. Lotrian
The possibility of correctly detecting immersed targets with a lidar through the air-water interface is discussed in this paper. The water surface roughness, in relation with wind direction, greatly disturbs light dispersion. Nevertheless, a detection of immersed targets is always possible. This paper reports on an attempt to improve the quality of detection. It was carried out by a polarimetric coding of optical signals based upon the Stokes-Mueller polarimetric formalism, and by choosing a special orientation for the transceiver.
{"title":"Polarimetric considerations to optimize lidar detection of immersed targets","authors":"M. Floc'h, G. L. Brun, C. Kieleck, J. Cariou, J. Lotrian","doi":"10.1088/0963-9659/7/6/011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/0963-9659/7/6/011","url":null,"abstract":"The possibility of correctly detecting immersed targets with a lidar through the air-water interface is discussed in this paper. The water surface roughness, in relation with wind direction, greatly disturbs light dispersion. Nevertheless, a detection of immersed targets is always possible. This paper reports on an attempt to improve the quality of detection. It was carried out by a polarimetric coding of optical signals based upon the Stokes-Mueller polarimetric formalism, and by choosing a special orientation for the transceiver.","PeriodicalId":20787,"journal":{"name":"Pure and Applied Optics: Journal of The European Optical Society Part A","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80436220","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1998-11-01DOI: 10.1088/0963-9659/7/6/023
H. Brug, R. G. Klaver
A discussion on the effective wavelength in two-wavelength interferometry is given. A definition, different from the commonly adopted one, is presented and its validity is discussed. By adopting this new effective wavelength the range over which lengths can be measured using interferometric techniques can be vastly increased, without introducing phase unwrapping ambiguities within this increased range. A graph is presented from which a method is derived, enabling an efficient use of this new effective wavelength.
{"title":"On the effective wavelength in two-wavelength interferometry","authors":"H. Brug, R. G. Klaver","doi":"10.1088/0963-9659/7/6/023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/0963-9659/7/6/023","url":null,"abstract":"A discussion on the effective wavelength in two-wavelength interferometry is given. A definition, different from the commonly adopted one, is presented and its validity is discussed. By adopting this new effective wavelength the range over which lengths can be measured using interferometric techniques can be vastly increased, without introducing phase unwrapping ambiguities within this increased range. A graph is presented from which a method is derived, enabling an efficient use of this new effective wavelength.","PeriodicalId":20787,"journal":{"name":"Pure and Applied Optics: Journal of The European Optical Society Part A","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74632783","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1998-11-01DOI: 10.1088/0963-9659/7/6/010
N. Elton, L. F. Gate, Js Preston
Optical transmission spectra of thin layers of standard commercial acrylic and styrene-butadiene latex suspensions show the existence of sharp transmittance minima over a narrow range of high latex volume fractions . The observed stop bands are attributed to diffraction effects arising from the evolution of moderately long-range order in the latex. Experiments show that the film-forming latexes self-assemble readily and rapidly into robust ordered arrays. The latex suspensions have fairly low photonic strength and dynamical diffraction accounts well for the observed variation of stop-band wavelength with latex diameter indicating that the latexes have ordered in either an FCC or BCC lattice. Dynamical diffraction theory is developed for non-absorbing crystals of arbitrary thickness to provide a description of stop-band depths and widths. A scattering factor for the latex spheres can be estimated using Rayleigh-Gans theory, but the quantitative description of stop-band profiles given by the combination of dynamical diffraction and Rayleigh-Gans yields relatively poor agreement with experiment. Possible reasons for this lack of agreement include diffuse scattering and absorption by the latex suspension and overestimation of the scattering factor for the latex spheres by the Rayleigh-Gans approximation.
{"title":"OPTICAL TRANSMISSION IN SUSPENSIONS OF FILM-FORMING LATEX AT HIGH VOLUME FRACTION","authors":"N. Elton, L. F. Gate, Js Preston","doi":"10.1088/0963-9659/7/6/010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/0963-9659/7/6/010","url":null,"abstract":"Optical transmission spectra of thin layers of standard commercial acrylic and styrene-butadiene latex suspensions show the existence of sharp transmittance minima over a narrow range of high latex volume fractions . The observed stop bands are attributed to diffraction effects arising from the evolution of moderately long-range order in the latex. Experiments show that the film-forming latexes self-assemble readily and rapidly into robust ordered arrays. The latex suspensions have fairly low photonic strength and dynamical diffraction accounts well for the observed variation of stop-band wavelength with latex diameter indicating that the latexes have ordered in either an FCC or BCC lattice. Dynamical diffraction theory is developed for non-absorbing crystals of arbitrary thickness to provide a description of stop-band depths and widths. A scattering factor for the latex spheres can be estimated using Rayleigh-Gans theory, but the quantitative description of stop-band profiles given by the combination of dynamical diffraction and Rayleigh-Gans yields relatively poor agreement with experiment. Possible reasons for this lack of agreement include diffuse scattering and absorption by the latex suspension and overestimation of the scattering factor for the latex spheres by the Rayleigh-Gans approximation.","PeriodicalId":20787,"journal":{"name":"Pure and Applied Optics: Journal of The European Optical Society Part A","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86703438","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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