The contrast current density volume integral equation, discretized with piecewise constant spatial basis and test functions and Dirac-delta temporal test functions and the piecewise polynomial temporal basis functions, results in a causal implicit marching-on-in-time scheme that we refer to as the marching-on-in-time contrast current density volume integral equation (MOT-JVIE). The companion matrix stability analysis of the MOT-JVIE solver shows that for a fixed spatial and temporal step size, the stability is independent of the scatterer's dielectric contrast for quadratic spline temporal basis functions. Whereas, Lagrange and cubic spline exhibit instabilities at higher contrast. We relate this stability performance to the expansion and testing procedure in time. We further illustrate the capabilities of the MOT-JVIE based on quadratic spline temporal basis functions by: comparing the MOT-JVIE solution to time-domain results from literature and frequency-domain results from a commercial combined field integral equation solver. Finally, we present a long time sequence for a high-constrast scatterer discretized with 24,000 spatial unknowns.
{"title":"The Influence of Contrast and Temporal Expansion on the Marching-on-in-Time Contrast Current Density Volume Integral Equation","authors":"Petrus W.N. van Diepen, M. C. Beurden, R. Dilz","doi":"10.2528/PIERB23091305","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2528/PIERB23091305","url":null,"abstract":"The contrast current density volume integral equation, discretized with piecewise constant spatial basis and test functions and Dirac-delta temporal test functions and the piecewise polynomial temporal basis functions, results in a causal implicit marching-on-in-time scheme that we refer to as the marching-on-in-time contrast current density volume integral equation (MOT-JVIE). The companion matrix stability analysis of the MOT-JVIE solver shows that for a fixed spatial and temporal step size, the stability is independent of the scatterer's dielectric contrast for quadratic spline temporal basis functions. Whereas, Lagrange and cubic spline exhibit instabilities at higher contrast. We relate this stability performance to the expansion and testing procedure in time. We further illustrate the capabilities of the MOT-JVIE based on quadratic spline temporal basis functions by: comparing the MOT-JVIE solution to time-domain results from literature and frequency-domain results from a commercial combined field integral equation solver. Finally, we present a long time sequence for a high-constrast scatterer discretized with 24,000 spatial unknowns.","PeriodicalId":20829,"journal":{"name":"Progress In Electromagnetics Research B","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139340636","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hanwu Luo, Xingyu Hu, Fang Li, Ao Luo, Wenzhen Li, Ruofeng Qin, Fan Yang
{"title":"Study of the Effect of Harmonics and Stress on the Integrated Magnetic Properties of Oriented Silicon Steel Sheets","authors":"Hanwu Luo, Xingyu Hu, Fang Li, Ao Luo, Wenzhen Li, Ruofeng Qin, Fan Yang","doi":"10.2528/pierb23061904","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2528/pierb23061904","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":20829,"journal":{"name":"Progress In Electromagnetics Research B","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135649502","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Using realistic classical models of microscopic electric-charge electric dipoles and electric-current (Amperian) magnetic dipoles, it is proven that the Einstein-Laub macroscopic electromagnetic force on a macroscopic-continuum volume of these classical dipoles equals the sum of the microscopic electromagnetic forces on the discrete classical dipoles in that volume. The internal (hidden) momentum of the discrete Amperian magnetic dipoles is rigorously derived and properly included in the determination of the macroscopic force from the spatial averaging of the microscopic forces. Consequently, the Abraham/Einstein-Laub rather than the Minkowski macroscopic electromagnetic-field momentum density gives the total microscopic electromagnetic-field momentum in that volume. The kinetic momentum is found for the volume of the macroscopic continuum from Newton's relativistic equation of motion. It is shown that the difference between the kinetic and canonical momenta in a volume of the macroscopic continuum is equal to the sum of the"hidden electromagnetic momenta"within the electric-current magnetic dipoles and within hypothetical magnetic-current electric dipoles replacing the electric-charge electric dipoles in the classical macroscopic continuum. To obtain the correct unambiguous value of the force on a volume inside the continuum from the force-momentum expression, it is mandatory that the surface of that volume be hypothetically separated from the rest of the continuum by a thin free-space shell. Two definitive experiments performed in the past with time varying fields and forces are shown to conclusively confirm the Einstein-Laub/Abraham formulation over the Minkowski formulation.
{"title":"Electromagnetic Force and Momentum in Classical Macroscopic Dipolar Media","authors":"Arthur D. Yaghjian","doi":"10.2528/pierb23071801","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2528/pierb23071801","url":null,"abstract":"Using realistic classical models of microscopic electric-charge electric dipoles and electric-current (Amperian) magnetic dipoles, it is proven that the Einstein-Laub macroscopic electromagnetic force on a macroscopic-continuum volume of these classical dipoles equals the sum of the microscopic electromagnetic forces on the discrete classical dipoles in that volume. The internal (hidden) momentum of the discrete Amperian magnetic dipoles is rigorously derived and properly included in the determination of the macroscopic force from the spatial averaging of the microscopic forces. Consequently, the Abraham/Einstein-Laub rather than the Minkowski macroscopic electromagnetic-field momentum density gives the total microscopic electromagnetic-field momentum in that volume. The kinetic momentum is found for the volume of the macroscopic continuum from Newton's relativistic equation of motion. It is shown that the difference between the kinetic and canonical momenta in a volume of the macroscopic continuum is equal to the sum of the\"hidden electromagnetic momenta\"within the electric-current magnetic dipoles and within hypothetical magnetic-current electric dipoles replacing the electric-charge electric dipoles in the classical macroscopic continuum. To obtain the correct unambiguous value of the force on a volume inside the continuum from the force-momentum expression, it is mandatory that the surface of that volume be hypothetically separated from the rest of the continuum by a thin free-space shell. Two definitive experiments performed in the past with time varying fields and forces are shown to conclusively confirm the Einstein-Laub/Abraham formulation over the Minkowski formulation.","PeriodicalId":20829,"journal":{"name":"Progress In Electromagnetics Research B","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135559713","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
—A novel miniaturized high-gain Vivaldi antenna printed on a thin substrate is proposed for operation as a multi-band antenna for millimeter-wave applications. The present work proposes a novel geometrical design of the Vivaldi antenna that is printed on the opposite faces of a thin dielectric substrate. The antenna has compact size, and its dimensions are optimized to enhance the performance regarding the bandwidth of impedance matching, gain, and radiation efficiency. To maximize the gain within a desired frequency band, each arm of the Vivaldi antenna is loaded by a ring-shaped parasitic element. The results of the parametric study for antenna design optimization regarding the enhancement of the impedance matching bandwidth and the antennas gain are presented and discussed. Also, it is shown through parametric study that the size and location of the parasitic rings can be optimized to enhance the antenna gain over the desired frequency range. The multiband operation of the proposed Vivaldi antenna is explained in view of the multimode operation that is illustrated by the distributions of the surface current on the antenna arms and the electric field in tapered slot. A novel microstrip line/parallel-strip line balun structure is proposed for feeding the balanced Vivaldi antenna and to achieve wideband impedance matching. The proposed Vivaldi antenna is fabricated and subjected to performance evaluation through measurements. It is shown that the antenna impedance is matched to 50 Ω over the four frequency bands: 22.0–27.7 GHz, 32.0–37.5 GHz, 41.5–46.6 GHz, and 51.7–56.7 GHz. The corresponding bandwidths are 5.7, 5.5, 5.1, and 5.0 GHz, respectively with percent bandwidths of 23%, 16%, 11.6%, and 9.2%, respectively. In spite of its compact size, the achieved values of the maximum gain are 6 dBi, 9 dBi, 11.4 dBi, and 12 dBi over the mentioned frequency bands, respectively. Also, the corresponding values of radiation efficiency are 98%, 97%, 95%, and 93%, respectively. The proposed Vivaldi antenna is fabricated and subjected to measurement for experimental investigation of its performance. The measurement shows good agreement with the simulation results.
{"title":"Compact Multiband High-gain Millimeter-wave Planar Antenna","authors":"Asmaa Elsayed Farahat, Khalid Fawzy Ahmed Hussein","doi":"10.2528/pierb23080602","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2528/pierb23080602","url":null,"abstract":"—A novel miniaturized high-gain Vivaldi antenna printed on a thin substrate is proposed for operation as a multi-band antenna for millimeter-wave applications. The present work proposes a novel geometrical design of the Vivaldi antenna that is printed on the opposite faces of a thin dielectric substrate. The antenna has compact size, and its dimensions are optimized to enhance the performance regarding the bandwidth of impedance matching, gain, and radiation efficiency. To maximize the gain within a desired frequency band, each arm of the Vivaldi antenna is loaded by a ring-shaped parasitic element. The results of the parametric study for antenna design optimization regarding the enhancement of the impedance matching bandwidth and the antennas gain are presented and discussed. Also, it is shown through parametric study that the size and location of the parasitic rings can be optimized to enhance the antenna gain over the desired frequency range. The multiband operation of the proposed Vivaldi antenna is explained in view of the multimode operation that is illustrated by the distributions of the surface current on the antenna arms and the electric field in tapered slot. A novel microstrip line/parallel-strip line balun structure is proposed for feeding the balanced Vivaldi antenna and to achieve wideband impedance matching. The proposed Vivaldi antenna is fabricated and subjected to performance evaluation through measurements. It is shown that the antenna impedance is matched to 50 Ω over the four frequency bands: 22.0–27.7 GHz, 32.0–37.5 GHz, 41.5–46.6 GHz, and 51.7–56.7 GHz. The corresponding bandwidths are 5.7, 5.5, 5.1, and 5.0 GHz, respectively with percent bandwidths of 23%, 16%, 11.6%, and 9.2%, respectively. In spite of its compact size, the achieved values of the maximum gain are 6 dBi, 9 dBi, 11.4 dBi, and 12 dBi over the mentioned frequency bands, respectively. Also, the corresponding values of radiation efficiency are 98%, 97%, 95%, and 93%, respectively. The proposed Vivaldi antenna is fabricated and subjected to measurement for experimental investigation of its performance. The measurement shows good agreement with the simulation results.","PeriodicalId":20829,"journal":{"name":"Progress In Electromagnetics Research B","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135611601","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sylvain Borderieux, Arnaud Coatanhay, Ali Khenchaf
{"title":"Quantum Illumination Radar Using Polarization States of Photons in Atmosphere: Quantum Information Approach","authors":"Sylvain Borderieux, Arnaud Coatanhay, Ali Khenchaf","doi":"10.2528/pierb23051804","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2528/pierb23051804","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":20829,"journal":{"name":"Progress In Electromagnetics Research B","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135448075","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Sensorless Control of Interior Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor with Triangular Transform Current Self-demodulation in the Estimating d-q Axis","authors":"Dingdou Wen, Xincheng Zhu, Zhun Cheng, Yanqin Zhang, Wenting Zhang","doi":"10.2528/pierb23070401","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2528/pierb23070401","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":20829,"journal":{"name":"Progress In Electromagnetics Research B","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135448244","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
|An optimization method utilizing a multistage genetic algorithm (MS-GA) and considering parameter variations has been proposed to obtain optimal design of one-dimensional dielectric bandgap (1D D-EBG) structures with a few periods in small packaging power distribution networks. One-dimensional (cid:12)nite method (1D FEM) is used to improve computational efficiency and iteration speed. MS-GA consists of 3 stages: In stage 1, the population was initialized by Hamming distance, and the (cid:12)tness was calculated to determine the number of EBG period. In stage 2, genetic manipulation and sensitivity analysis were used to improve local search ability and obtain preliminary results. In stage 3, cubic spline interpolation and local integral were used to reconstruct the (cid:12)tness evaluation function considering parameter deviation, adjust the results, and obtain the optimal parameters. Three optimized target frequency bands with center frequencies of 2.4 GHz, 3.5 GHz, and 28 GHz were optimized, and Pearson coefficient was used to analyze the correlation between the parameters to better understand the in(cid:13)uence of parameter deviation on the optimization results. The achieved results meet the optimization object within the allowable range of parameter errors, and the parameter constraints were successfully met for all three designs, with their (cid:12)nal dimensions below 20 mm. Three-dimensional full-wave simulation software was used to simulate and analyze the stopband bands, and the simulation results were consistent with the calculation results.
{"title":"Optimizing 1D Dielectric Electromagnetic Bandgap (D-EBG) Structures Using Multistage Genetic Algorithm (MS-GA) and Considering Parameter Variations","authors":"Chouwei Guo, Yusheng Hu, Lijin He, Mengyuan Niu","doi":"10.2528/pierb23071001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2528/pierb23071001","url":null,"abstract":"|An optimization method utilizing a multistage genetic algorithm (MS-GA) and considering parameter variations has been proposed to obtain optimal design of one-dimensional dielectric bandgap (1D D-EBG) structures with a few periods in small packaging power distribution networks. One-dimensional (cid:12)nite method (1D FEM) is used to improve computational efficiency and iteration speed. MS-GA consists of 3 stages: In stage 1, the population was initialized by Hamming distance, and the (cid:12)tness was calculated to determine the number of EBG period. In stage 2, genetic manipulation and sensitivity analysis were used to improve local search ability and obtain preliminary results. In stage 3, cubic spline interpolation and local integral were used to reconstruct the (cid:12)tness evaluation function considering parameter deviation, adjust the results, and obtain the optimal parameters. Three optimized target frequency bands with center frequencies of 2.4 GHz, 3.5 GHz, and 28 GHz were optimized, and Pearson coefficient was used to analyze the correlation between the parameters to better understand the in(cid:13)uence of parameter deviation on the optimization results. The achieved results meet the optimization object within the allowable range of parameter errors, and the parameter constraints were successfully met for all three designs, with their (cid:12)nal dimensions below 20 mm. Three-dimensional full-wave simulation software was used to simulate and analyze the stopband bands, and the simulation results were consistent with the calculation results.","PeriodicalId":20829,"journal":{"name":"Progress In Electromagnetics Research B","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135496765","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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