This study uses rheological models to describe the mechanical behaviour of oil palm empty fruit bunches (EFB) under compression loading. The oil palm empty fruit bunches were obtained from North Sumatra, Indonesia. The rheological models for different fraction sizes of the mechanical behaviour under compression loading were developed based on a mathematical concept involving spring and dashpot components. The dependencies between fraction size, viscosity, and modulus elasticity were determined and mathematically described for each branch of the rheological model. The general rheological model was developed based on the defined dependencies, considering the deformation and fraction sizes. The determined rheological models and their components could be used as a fundamental building block of digital twins of oil palm empty fruit bunches, and they could be used to optimise the compressing technology and increase the efficiency of the entire pressing process.
{"title":"Utilisation of rheological models for describing the mechanical behaviour of oil palm empty fruit bunches under compression loading","authors":"Tomas Saller, David Herák","doi":"10.17221/17/2023-rae","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17221/17/2023-rae","url":null,"abstract":"This study uses rheological models to describe the mechanical behaviour of oil palm empty fruit bunches (EFB) under compression loading. The oil palm empty fruit bunches were obtained from North Sumatra, Indonesia. The rheological models for different fraction sizes of the mechanical behaviour under compression loading were developed based on a mathematical concept involving spring and dashpot components. The dependencies between fraction size, viscosity, and modulus elasticity were determined and mathematically described for each branch of the rheological model. The general rheological model was developed based on the defined dependencies, considering the deformation and fraction sizes. The determined rheological models and their components could be used as a fundamental building block of digital twins of oil palm empty fruit bunches, and they could be used to optimise the compressing technology and increase the efficiency of the entire pressing process.","PeriodicalId":20906,"journal":{"name":"Research in Agricultural Engineering","volume":"35 11","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135042636","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A number of stimuli lead to what is termed "seasonal fatigue", where the only firm interconnection is the fact that this form of fatigue only occurs during a certain period of the season. The interior of the cabin and its effect on the machine operator is notable. The microclimate of the environment in which the operator works has a direct impact on his/her condition and, consequentially, the extent of his/her fatigue. The development of microclimate in a modern agricultural machine must be identified, and based on such findings, recommendation should be given regarding procedures for improving the current situation in agricultural technology. For testing, the New Holland T6.165 tractor was therefore selected. The individual measurements show that a certain drop of oxygen occurs in the cabin during the first half hour of driving. This leads to an increase in CO2, which is in turn caused by the higher ventilation of the given individuals present in the vehicle. To eliminate said drops in O2, the use of oxygen concentrators may be recommended.
{"title":"Development of microclimate in the New Holland T6.165 tractor","authors":"Jan Hart, Veronika Hartová","doi":"10.17221/27/2023-rae","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17221/27/2023-rae","url":null,"abstract":"A number of stimuli lead to what is termed \"seasonal fatigue\", where the only firm interconnection is the fact that this form of fatigue only occurs during a certain period of the season. The interior of the cabin and its effect on the machine operator is notable. The microclimate of the environment in which the operator works has a direct impact on his/her condition and, consequentially, the extent of his/her fatigue. The development of microclimate in a modern agricultural machine must be identified, and based on such findings, recommendation should be given regarding procedures for improving the current situation in agricultural technology. For testing, the New Holland T6.165 tractor was therefore selected. The individual measurements show that a certain drop of oxygen occurs in the cabin during the first half hour of driving. This leads to an increase in CO<sub>2</sub>, which is in turn caused by the higher ventilation of the given individuals present in the vehicle. To eliminate said drops in O<sub>2</sub>, the use of oxygen concentrators may be recommended.","PeriodicalId":20906,"journal":{"name":"Research in Agricultural Engineering","volume":" 82","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135241292","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study focused on drying moringa leaves using a cabinet dryer. The impact of the 40, 50, and 60 °C drying air temperatures on the moisture content of the leaves at a constant air velocity with variation in weight (40, 80, and 120 g) was considered. Ten drying models were fitted to the drying data to describe the drying parameters of moringa leaves. The best model was chosen based on the highest coefficient of determination (R2), and the lowest sum of square error (SSE) and root mean square error (RMSE) values. The Henderson and Pabis model best described the drying characteristics of the moringa leaves having the highest R2 (0.9888) and lowest SSE (0.0401) and RMSE (0.0604). The effective moisture diffusivity increased with the temperatures ranging from 8.72 Ă 10–9 to 1.40 Ă 10–8 m2·s–1. The activation energy ranged from 90.4636, 40.4884, and 22.7466 KJ·mol–1 for 40, 80, and 120 g, respectively.
{"title":"Mathematical modeling of drying parameters of moringa oleifera leaves in a cabinet drye","authors":"Timothy Adekanye, Abiodun Okunola, Olumuyiwa Moses, Endurance Idahosa, Yisa Boye, Aminu Saleh","doi":"10.17221/72/2022-rae","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17221/72/2022-rae","url":null,"abstract":"This study focused on drying moringa leaves using a cabinet dryer. The impact of the 40, 50, and 60 °C drying air temperatures on the moisture content of the leaves at a constant air velocity with variation in weight (40, 80, and 120 g) was considered. Ten drying models were fitted to the drying data to describe the drying parameters of moringa leaves. The best model was chosen based on the highest coefficient of determination (R2), and the lowest sum of square error (SSE) and root mean square error (RMSE) values. The Henderson and Pabis model best described the drying characteristics of the moringa leaves having the highest R2 (0.9888) and lowest SSE (0.0401) and RMSE (0.0604). The effective moisture diffusivity increased with the temperatures ranging from 8.72 Ă 10–9 to 1.40 Ă 10–8 m2·s–1. The activation energy ranged from 90.4636, 40.4884, and 22.7466 KJ·mol–1 for 40, 80, and 120 g, respectively.","PeriodicalId":20906,"journal":{"name":"Research in Agricultural Engineering","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135978949","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This research aims to develop an eco-friendly technique for treating seeds before sowing and improving their physiological features. The developed technique depends on utilizing synchronized electro-magnetization and microwave radiation. An electromagnetic device was evaluated to provide multiple treatment ranges. The treatments are regulated electronically according to the seeds' physiological properties and storage duration. The device was designed to accommodate small and medium seeds for a variety of strategic crops, including wheat, barley, etc. Three different treated wheat varieties were tested and compared to the control. Also, eight different levels of synchronized electro-magnetization and microwave radiation were tested. The treated wheat seeds' vegetative properties, such as germination percentage, germination rate index, germination speed coefficient, and vigour indexes, were highly significant compared to the control. The treated wheat seeds' physiological properties were highly significant. The device productivity ranged from 0.023 to 0.059 Mg·h–1 with minimum energy consumption rates of 0.396 to 0.018 kWh·Mg–1, while the operating costs decreased to 11.53–44.13 USD·Mg–1.
{"title":"Development and evaluation of an electromagnetic device to improve the physiological properties of some crop seeds","authors":"Ahmed Shawky El-Sayed","doi":"10.17221/108/2022-rae","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17221/108/2022-rae","url":null,"abstract":"This research aims to develop an eco-friendly technique for treating seeds before sowing and improving their physiological features. The developed technique depends on utilizing synchronized electro-magnetization and microwave radiation. An electromagnetic device was evaluated to provide multiple treatment ranges. The treatments are regulated electronically according to the seeds' physiological properties and storage duration. The device was designed to accommodate small and medium seeds for a variety of strategic crops, including wheat, barley, etc. Three different treated wheat varieties were tested and compared to the control. Also, eight different levels of synchronized electro-magnetization and microwave radiation were tested. The treated wheat seeds' vegetative properties, such as germination percentage, germination rate index, germination speed coefficient, and vigour indexes, were highly significant compared to the control. The treated wheat seeds' physiological properties were highly significant. The device productivity ranged from 0.023 to 0.059 Mg·h–1 with minimum energy consumption rates of 0.396 to 0.018 kWh·Mg–1, while the operating costs decreased to 11.53–44.13 USD·Mg–1.","PeriodicalId":20906,"journal":{"name":"Research in Agricultural Engineering","volume":"51 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135978950","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Muhammad Hashaam, Muhammad Waqar Akram, Moaz Ahmad, Muhammad Zuhaib Akram, Muhammad Faheem, Muhammad Maqsood, Muhammad Aleem
: For effective tillage, design and selection of tillage tool according to soil type and condition is very important. The present study is carried out for in-depth investigation of different types of shovels of tine cultivator and behavior of soil in response to loads subjected during tillage using finite element analysis. Different types of shovels like reversible, duck foot, seed drill and cultivator shovel are simulated with different types of soil like sand, clay and loam. The origination, level and distribution of stresses and deformations in shovels experienced in different types of soils are probed. Furthermore, high stressed and crack sensitive regions are identified. The stresses of 18, 53, 64 MPa are generated in reversible shovel of tine cultivator during ploughing in sandy, clay and loamy soil respectively. In addition, results of different shovels are compared, and it is found that the duck foot type shovel experiences highest stress and deformation. The duck foot shovel experiences about 20 and 71% higher stresses in loam compared to that in clay and sand respectively. Moreover, the study of soil mechanical behavior shows that the soil block (clay soil) experiences maximum stress of 34 MPa while tilling with reversible shovel. The statistical analysis is also conducted that shows high significance of simulation results.
{"title":"3D finite element analysis of tine cultivator and soil deformation","authors":"Muhammad Hashaam, Muhammad Waqar Akram, Moaz Ahmad, Muhammad Zuhaib Akram, Muhammad Faheem, Muhammad Maqsood, Muhammad Aleem","doi":"10.17221/58/2022-rae","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17221/58/2022-rae","url":null,"abstract":": For effective tillage, design and selection of tillage tool according to soil type and condition is very important. The present study is carried out for in-depth investigation of different types of shovels of tine cultivator and behavior of soil in response to loads subjected during tillage using finite element analysis. Different types of shovels like reversible, duck foot, seed drill and cultivator shovel are simulated with different types of soil like sand, clay and loam. The origination, level and distribution of stresses and deformations in shovels experienced in different types of soils are probed. Furthermore, high stressed and crack sensitive regions are identified. The stresses of 18, 53, 64 MPa are generated in reversible shovel of tine cultivator during ploughing in sandy, clay and loamy soil respectively. In addition, results of different shovels are compared, and it is found that the duck foot type shovel experiences highest stress and deformation. The duck foot shovel experiences about 20 and 71% higher stresses in loam compared to that in clay and sand respectively. Moreover, the study of soil mechanical behavior shows that the soil block (clay soil) experiences maximum stress of 34 MPa while tilling with reversible shovel. The statistical analysis is also conducted that shows high significance of simulation results.","PeriodicalId":20906,"journal":{"name":"Research in Agricultural Engineering","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48869438","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Dinh Anh Tuan Tran, T. N. Văn, Dinh Nhat Hoai Le, T. Ho
{"title":"Study on drying of bitter gourd slices based on halogen dryer","authors":"Dinh Anh Tuan Tran, T. N. Văn, Dinh Nhat Hoai Le, T. Ho","doi":"10.17221/97/2022-rae","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17221/97/2022-rae","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":20906,"journal":{"name":"Research in Agricultural Engineering","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49216777","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
D. Darwin, Rini Ayu Marisa Harahap, Atmadian Pratama, Muhammad Thifa, Muhammad A Alwi Fayed
{"title":"Enhanced biodiesel production from waste cooking oils catalyzed by sodium hydroxide supported on heterogeneous co-catalyst of bentonite clay","authors":"D. Darwin, Rini Ayu Marisa Harahap, Atmadian Pratama, Muhammad Thifa, Muhammad A Alwi Fayed","doi":"10.17221/70/2022-rae","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17221/70/2022-rae","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":20906,"journal":{"name":"Research in Agricultural Engineering","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48740996","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Design and construction of coffee roasting machine with rounding cylinder tube using electric heat source","authors":"A. Lubis, S. Syafriandi, M. Idkham, A. Maulana","doi":"10.17221/69/2022-rae","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17221/69/2022-rae","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":20906,"journal":{"name":"Research in Agricultural Engineering","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42863437","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Evaluation and modelling of biogas production from batch anaerobic digestion of corn stover with oxalic acid","authors":"Shitophyta Lukhi Mulia, Arnita Arnita, Wulansari Hilda","doi":"10.17221/98/2022-rae","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17221/98/2022-rae","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":20906,"journal":{"name":"Research in Agricultural Engineering","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41612917","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sheeraz Arif, Rashid Hussain, N. Ansari, Waseem Rauf
{"title":"A novel hybrid feature method for weeds identification in the agriculture sector","authors":"Sheeraz Arif, Rashid Hussain, N. Ansari, Waseem Rauf","doi":"10.17221/77/2022-rae","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17221/77/2022-rae","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":20906,"journal":{"name":"Research in Agricultural Engineering","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44105776","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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