{"title":"Development and evaluation of a low-cost evaporative cooling system for agricultural product storage","authors":"N. Kapilan, Vijay Kumar Patil","doi":"10.17221/41/2021-rae","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17221/41/2021-rae","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":20906,"journal":{"name":"Research in Agricultural Engineering","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49182755","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Dielectric properties of materials for 3D printingat high frequencies","authors":"Tomáš Pícha, S. Papezova","doi":"10.17221/10/2022-rae","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17221/10/2022-rae","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":20906,"journal":{"name":"Research in Agricultural Engineering","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42876254","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Sudaryanto, D. Hidayat, D. Sagita, A. Indriati, Ari Rahayuningtyas
The determination of the engineering properties of the cashew nut is essential as the basis for the design and development of appropriate and optimum post-harvest handling and processing machinery. The present study examined the physical, mechanical and colour properties of cashew nuts (n = 100) at a moisture content of 7.63% (wet basis) derived from Central Java, Indonesia. The main characteristics included the length, width, thickness, mass, volume, and density. The derivative properties consisted of the geometric diameter, arithmetic diameter, surface area, frontal surface area, transverse area, shape index, sphericity, bulk density, and porosity. The mechanical properties included the static friction, static and dynamic angle of repose, and compressive load (in four orientations). It was identified that the cashew nut from Central Java was dominant with a small-medium size with an average mass of 5.42 ± 0.99 g. This cashew nut was thicker, but shorter in length than the cashew nuts from India, Nigeria, and Ivory Coast. The results of the stepwise regression analysis determined that the volume had the most substantial relationship with the mass (R2 = 0.949), the bulk density had the highest correlation with the mass (R2 = 0.968), and the porosity showed a high correlation with the true density and mass (R2 = 0.997). The highest friction, static angle of repose, and-dynamic angle of repose occurred on the surface plywood, and the lowest was on the stainless-steel surface. In the context of designing appropriate cashew nut cracking equipment, it was recommended to provide the impact parallel to the longitudinal axis orientation due to the minimum compressive load (reduce the power requirement). Furthermore, the cashew nut colour properties of the L*, a*, b* coordinates were 35.988, 0.427, 1.718, respectively.
{"title":"Engineering properties of the cashew nut in context of designing post-harvest handling and processing machinery","authors":"A. Sudaryanto, D. Hidayat, D. Sagita, A. Indriati, Ari Rahayuningtyas","doi":"10.17221/83/2021-rae","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17221/83/2021-rae","url":null,"abstract":"The determination of the engineering properties of the cashew nut is essential as the basis for the design and development of appropriate and optimum post-harvest handling and processing machinery. The present study examined the physical, mechanical and colour properties of cashew nuts (n = 100) at a moisture content of 7.63% (wet basis) derived from Central Java, Indonesia. The main characteristics included the length, width, thickness, mass, volume, and density. The derivative properties consisted of the geometric diameter, arithmetic diameter, surface area, frontal surface area, transverse area, shape index, sphericity, bulk density, and porosity. The mechanical properties included the static friction, static and dynamic angle of repose, and compressive load (in four orientations). It was identified that the cashew nut from Central Java was dominant with a small-medium size with an average mass of 5.42 ± 0.99 g. This cashew nut was thicker, but shorter in length than the cashew nuts from India, Nigeria, and Ivory Coast. The results of the stepwise regression analysis determined that the volume had the most substantial relationship with the mass (R2 = 0.949), the bulk density had the highest correlation with the mass (R2 = 0.968), and the porosity showed a high correlation with the true density and mass (R2 = 0.997). The highest friction, static angle of repose, and-dynamic angle of repose occurred on the surface plywood, and the lowest was on the stainless-steel surface. In the context of designing appropriate cashew nut cracking equipment, it was recommended to provide the impact parallel to the longitudinal axis orientation due to the minimum compressive load (reduce the power requirement). Furthermore, the cashew nut colour properties of the L*, a*, b* coordinates were 35.988, 0.427, 1.718, respectively.","PeriodicalId":20906,"journal":{"name":"Research in Agricultural Engineering","volume":"122 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41265233","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Dedi Wahyudi, E. Noor, D. Setyaningsih, Taufik Djatna, I. Irmansyah
The rhodinol content is an essential component in determining the citronella oil qualities. This study aimed to develop a model calibrated to predict the rhodinol content in citronella oil using near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy. This research is the initial stage in developing a spectral smart sensor system that predicts the rhodinol content of citronella oil in the distillation and fractionating process. Citronella oil samples were scanned by NIRFlex liquid N-500 with a wavelength of 1 000–2 500 nm having an absorbance value (log 1/T). The accuracy of the prediction was achieved using the partial least square (PLS) model. Based on the NIR spectrum at a peak of around 1 620 nm, the rhodinol content in the citronella oil was estimated. The finest model to predict the rhodinol content was y = 0.9874x + 15.6439 with a standard error of the calibration set (SEC) = 2.78%, a standard error of the prediction set (SEP) = 2.88%, a ratio of the performance to the deviation (RPD) = 9.23, a coefficient of variation (CV) = 16.81%, and the correlation coefficient (r) = 0.99. The NIR and PLS models are possible to use for the initial stage in developing a spectral smart sensor system to determine the rhodinol content of citronella oils.
{"title":"Prediction of the rhodinol content in Java citronella oil using NIR spectroscopy in the initial stage developing a spectral smart sensor system – Case report","authors":"Dedi Wahyudi, E. Noor, D. Setyaningsih, Taufik Djatna, I. Irmansyah","doi":"10.17221/87/2021-rae","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17221/87/2021-rae","url":null,"abstract":"The rhodinol content is an essential component in determining the citronella oil qualities. This study aimed to develop a model calibrated to predict the rhodinol content in citronella oil using near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy. This research is the initial stage in developing a spectral smart sensor system that predicts the rhodinol content of citronella oil in the distillation and fractionating process. Citronella oil samples were scanned by NIRFlex liquid N-500 with a wavelength of 1 000–2 500 nm having an absorbance value (log 1/T). The accuracy of the prediction was achieved using the partial least square (PLS) model. Based on the NIR spectrum at a peak of around 1 620 nm, the rhodinol content in the citronella oil was estimated. The finest model to predict the rhodinol content was y = 0.9874x + 15.6439 with a standard error of the calibration set (SEC) = 2.78%, a standard error of the prediction set (SEP) = 2.88%, a ratio of the performance to the deviation (RPD) = 9.23, a coefficient of variation (CV) = 16.81%, and the correlation coefficient (r) = 0.99. The NIR and PLS models are possible to use for the initial stage in developing a spectral smart sensor system to determine the rhodinol content of citronella oils.","PeriodicalId":20906,"journal":{"name":"Research in Agricultural Engineering","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43817550","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
N. Nwakuba, O. Chukwuezie, M. Chikwue, C. Ononogbo, C. Dirioha, M. Simo-Tagne
The fracture resistance of food grains is an essential piece of information required for the optimum design and development of agricultural post-harvest machinery. In this study, the strength properties of two varieties of Bambara kernels (TVSU-1395 and TVSU-1353) were examined in terms of the mean rupture force, absorbed energy, and deformation as affected by the moisture content and kernel size. To achieve this, a quasi-compressive force was applied on the two varieties of Bambara kernels of varying moisture contents (5.43%, 7.24%, 9.01%, 11.54%, and 13.62% wb) and kernel sizes (small, medium, and large) in between the loading compartments of a universal Testometric device at a 20 mm/min loading rate. The experiments take ten treatments with 20 replications subjected factorially to a completely randomised design (CRD) into consideration. The results revealed that the force needed to initiate the kernel fracture increased with an increase in the kernel size and moisture content from 101.44 to 235.06 N and 74.69 to 190.49 N for TVSU-1395 and TVSU-1353, respectively; whereas the energy at the kernel fracture point increased in a range of 0.074 to 0.401 J and 0.062 to 0.141 J for TVSU-1395 and TVSU-1353, respectively. The kernel deformation increased with the moisture content and size from 0.654 to 3.746 mm. These infer that the large kernel size of the TVSU-1395 variety at a 5.4% moisture content had greater compressive strength than the TVSU-1353 variety. The kernel moisture and size exhibited a strong correlation (0.958 ≤ R2 ≤ 0.997) with the strength parameters. The results of this study will help the food industry in designing energy-efficient post-harvest equipment for Bambara kernel processing. Further studies may consider the strength attributes of Bambara kernels at varying rates of loading, kernel orientations, and varieties to optimise the best process conditions for the post-harvest handling of different Bambara cultivars and develop labour-saving decorticating machines.
{"title":"Strength properties of the Bambara kernel (Vigna subterranean) as influenced by the moisture content and kernel size","authors":"N. Nwakuba, O. Chukwuezie, M. Chikwue, C. Ononogbo, C. Dirioha, M. Simo-Tagne","doi":"10.17221/94/2021-rae","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17221/94/2021-rae","url":null,"abstract":"The fracture resistance of food grains is an essential piece of information required for the optimum design and development of agricultural post-harvest machinery. In this study, the strength properties of two varieties of Bambara kernels (TVSU-1395 and TVSU-1353) were examined in terms of the mean rupture force, absorbed energy, and deformation as affected by the moisture content and kernel size. To achieve this, a quasi-compressive force was applied on the two varieties of Bambara kernels of varying moisture contents (5.43%, 7.24%, 9.01%, 11.54%, and 13.62% wb) and kernel sizes (small, medium, and large) in between the loading compartments of a universal Testometric device at a 20 mm/min loading rate. The experiments take ten treatments with 20 replications subjected factorially to a completely randomised design (CRD) into consideration. The results revealed that the force needed to initiate the kernel fracture increased with an increase in the kernel size and moisture content from 101.44 to 235.06 N and 74.69 to 190.49 N for TVSU-1395 and TVSU-1353, respectively; whereas the energy at the kernel fracture point increased in a range of 0.074 to 0.401 J and 0.062 to 0.141 J for TVSU-1395 and TVSU-1353, respectively. The kernel deformation increased with the moisture content and size from 0.654 to 3.746 mm. These infer that the large kernel size of the TVSU-1395 variety at a 5.4% moisture content had greater compressive strength than the TVSU-1353 variety. The kernel moisture and size exhibited a strong correlation (0.958 ≤ R2 ≤ 0.997) with the strength parameters. The results of this study will help the food industry in designing energy-efficient post-harvest equipment for Bambara kernel processing. Further studies may consider the strength attributes of Bambara kernels at varying rates of loading, kernel orientations, and varieties to optimise the best process conditions for the post-harvest handling of different Bambara cultivars and develop labour-saving decorticating machines.","PeriodicalId":20906,"journal":{"name":"Research in Agricultural Engineering","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45223672","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
V. Novák, J. Volf, D. Novák, V. Vrbík, V. Ryženko, J. Stebila
The article presents the ongoing research, which aims to select suitable electrodes and mixtures of conductive inks, which will be used as a converter between the pressure and electrical quantities in the design of planar pressure transducers. In the described research, we continue our previous work and the work of other authors who have previously dealt with the properties of conductive inks and electrodes. Due to the only partial results in the given field, we decided to perform an extensive and original measurement of a total of 172 combinations of different electrode sizes, various conductive ink mixtures and ink layer thicknesses. Thanks to this, it will be possible, in the future, to select a suitable combination of electrodes and inks when designing pressure sensors for industrial and agricultural applications without the need to perform time-consuming preparatory measurements. The aim of the measurements is also to determine the usable working range of the pressures and the corresponding sensitivity for certain combinations of electrodes and inks, and to also exclude those variants which are unsuitable for the given purposes. This paper presents the introductory part of the measurements, which aims to verify the methodology of the measurements on a test plate at robotised workspace that is connected to a PC in real time via the program LabView. The described introductory measurements proved our methodology to be suitable to the given purpose; however, there minor problems emerged with the actual working pressure range of the transducer and the consequential necessary adjustments of the control program.
{"title":"Evaluation of electrical resistance of electrodes with conductive ink for agriculture applications using computer technology","authors":"V. Novák, J. Volf, D. Novák, V. Vrbík, V. Ryženko, J. Stebila","doi":"10.17221/60/2021-rae","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17221/60/2021-rae","url":null,"abstract":"The article presents the ongoing research, which aims to select suitable electrodes and mixtures of conductive inks, which will be used as a converter between the pressure and electrical quantities in the design of planar pressure transducers. In the described research, we continue our previous work and the work of other authors who have previously dealt with the properties of conductive inks and electrodes. Due to the only partial results in the given field, we decided to perform an extensive and original measurement of a total of 172 combinations of different electrode sizes, various conductive ink mixtures and ink layer thicknesses. Thanks to this, it will be possible, in the future, to select a suitable combination of electrodes and inks when designing pressure sensors for industrial and agricultural applications without the need to perform time-consuming preparatory measurements. The aim of the measurements is also to determine the usable working range of the pressures and the corresponding sensitivity for certain combinations of electrodes and inks, and to also exclude those variants which are unsuitable for the given purposes. This paper presents the introductory part of the measurements, which aims to verify the methodology of the measurements on a test plate at robotised workspace that is connected to a PC in real time via the program LabView. The described introductory measurements proved our methodology to be suitable to the given purpose; however, there minor problems emerged with the actual working pressure range of the transducer and the consequential necessary adjustments of the control program.","PeriodicalId":20906,"journal":{"name":"Research in Agricultural Engineering","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47079110","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R. Busari, J. Olaoye, Emmanuel Seguin Adebayo, A. Fadeyibi
A combined roaster and oil expeller was developed with locally available and accessible materials and the efficiency of the machine was evaluated. The obtained result shows that the efficiency of the machine is a function of the roasting temperature, the roasting duration, the moisture contents of the processed seeds and the machine feeding rate. The expeller is movable, simple in design for local fabrication, is easy to operate, requires few repairs and little maintenance and is cost effective. It is powered using a gear reduction electric motor of 5.5 Hp, the expeller has an average oil yield of 25.77% and an extraction efficiency of 70.26% and is designed to work for 8 hours per day of operation. The shaft diameter was designed to be 30 mm, while the roaster heater capacity was 2.8 kW. The designed machine is good for castor oil expression for both small- and medium-scale processing among rural and urban communities.
{"title":"Development and evaluation of a combined roaster expeller for castor seeds for biodiesel production","authors":"R. Busari, J. Olaoye, Emmanuel Seguin Adebayo, A. Fadeyibi","doi":"10.17221/83/2020-rae","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17221/83/2020-rae","url":null,"abstract":"A combined roaster and oil expeller was developed with locally available and accessible materials and the efficiency of the machine was evaluated. The obtained result shows that the efficiency of the machine is a function of the roasting temperature, the roasting duration, the moisture contents of the processed seeds and the machine feeding rate. The expeller is movable, simple in design for local fabrication, is easy to operate, requires few repairs and little maintenance and is cost effective. It is powered using a gear reduction electric motor of 5.5 Hp, the expeller has an average oil yield of 25.77% and an extraction efficiency of 70.26% and is designed to work for 8 hours per day of operation. The shaft diameter was designed to be 30 mm, while the roaster heater capacity was 2.8 kW. The designed machine is good for castor oil expression for both small- and medium-scale processing among rural and urban communities.","PeriodicalId":20906,"journal":{"name":"Research in Agricultural Engineering","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47878883","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
As a source of renewable energy, agricultural by-products after pre-processing and cleaning in post-harvest lines can be used as a feedstock for the production of pellets or briquettes. This can be achieved by determining the physicochemical properties of the by-products. Groundnut pods, maize cobs and the husks of rice, millet and sorghum were considered, and their properties were determined, which were then compared with the standard properties of pellets and briquettes to ascertain their viability as a feedstock for the pellet or briquette production. The by-products were transported from Nigeria to the Czech Republic and the research was carried out at the Department of Technological Equipment of Buildings, the Faculty of Engineering, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague. The moisture content, ash content, calorific value, nitrogen content and sulfur content were the properties considered of the by-products. Groundnut pods and maize cobs with a calorific value of 17.48 MJ·kg–1 and 16.25 MJ·kg–1, an ash content of 3.46% weight and 1.79% weight, a nitrogen content of 1.24% weight and 0.44% weight and a moisture content of 7.92 weight and 7.56% weight, respectively, were discovered to fulfill all the requirements for graded non-woody pellets A. With the exception of rice husks and millet husks, which were discovered to have high ash contents and low calorific values, all the by-products fulfilled the standard requirements for one or more grade of pellet/briquette. They can, therefore, be used as a good feedstock for pellet or briquette production.
{"title":"Viability of some African agricultural by-products as a feedstock for solid biofuel production","authors":"Musa Bappah, J. Bradna, J. Malaťák, P. Vaculík","doi":"10.17221/74/2021-rae","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17221/74/2021-rae","url":null,"abstract":"As a source of renewable energy, agricultural by-products after pre-processing and cleaning in post-harvest lines can be used as a feedstock for the production of pellets or briquettes. This can be achieved by determining the physicochemical properties of the by-products. Groundnut pods, maize cobs and the husks of rice, millet and sorghum were considered, and their properties were determined, which were then compared with the standard properties of pellets and briquettes to ascertain their viability as a feedstock for the pellet or briquette production. The by-products were transported from Nigeria to the Czech Republic and the research was carried out at the Department of Technological Equipment of Buildings, the Faculty of Engineering, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague. The moisture content, ash content, calorific value, nitrogen content and sulfur content were the properties considered of the by-products. Groundnut pods and maize cobs with a calorific value of 17.48 MJ·kg–1 and 16.25 MJ·kg–1, an ash content of 3.46% weight and 1.79% weight, a nitrogen content of 1.24% weight and 0.44% weight and a moisture content of 7.92 weight and 7.56% weight, respectively, were discovered to fulfill all the requirements for graded non-woody pellets A. With the exception of rice husks and millet husks, which were discovered to have high ash contents and low calorific values, all the by-products fulfilled the standard requirements for one or more grade of pellet/briquette. They can, therefore, be used as a good feedstock for pellet or briquette production.","PeriodicalId":20906,"journal":{"name":"Research in Agricultural Engineering","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42709987","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
V. Zubko, Svitlana Plavynska, Volodymyr Plavynskyi, Oleksandra Plavynska, A. Saienko, H. Roubík
The soybean (Glycine max) is used as one of the main protein sources in various animal fodders. However, the presence of anti-nutrients significantly reduces the nutritional value of the bean. To solve this problem, the present work is devoted to the inactivation of the anti-nutrients in soybeans by the use of micronisation as a means of thermal treatment. The purpose of the work is to improve the process of soybean micronisation by determining the impact of the process parameters on the soybean's quality and energy performance, namely – the urease activity and specific energy consumption. A multifactor experiment was carried out using an experimental device for the heat treatment of the beans. The influence of the temperature and time of the heat treatment on the level of inactivation of anti-nutrients and the specific energy consumption for beans with different sizes were established. The modes of heat treatment which allow the inactivation of the anti-nutrients in the soybeans to admissible standard values were also defined. The obtained and studied functional dependencies of the quality and energy indices on the technological factors of the soybean micronisation allow one to improve this process and technical means for its implementation in reducing the anti-nutrient content.
{"title":"Inactivation of anti-nutrients in soybeans via micronisation","authors":"V. Zubko, Svitlana Plavynska, Volodymyr Plavynskyi, Oleksandra Plavynska, A. Saienko, H. Roubík","doi":"10.17221/2/2021-rae","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17221/2/2021-rae","url":null,"abstract":"The soybean (Glycine max) is used as one of the main protein sources in various animal fodders. However, the presence of anti-nutrients significantly reduces the nutritional value of the bean. To solve this problem, the present work is devoted to the inactivation of the anti-nutrients in soybeans by the use of micronisation as a means of thermal treatment. The purpose of the work is to improve the process of soybean micronisation by determining the impact of the process parameters on the soybean's quality and energy performance, namely – the urease activity and specific energy consumption. A multifactor experiment was carried out using an experimental device for the heat treatment of the beans. The influence of the temperature and time of the heat treatment on the level of inactivation of anti-nutrients and the specific energy consumption for beans with different sizes were established. The modes of heat treatment which allow the inactivation of the anti-nutrients in the soybeans to admissible standard values were also defined. The obtained and studied functional dependencies of the quality and energy indices on the technological factors of the soybean micronisation allow one to improve this process and technical means for its implementation in reducing the anti-nutrient content.","PeriodicalId":20906,"journal":{"name":"Research in Agricultural Engineering","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45895345","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Social pressure is forcing manufacturers to make huge investments in development in order to reduce the harmful emissions of passenger cars. However, there are also cheaper solutions that promise to reduce pollutants with minimal investment. One way is to enrich the fuel/air mixture with HHO gas (oxyhydrogen with a 2 : 1 ratio of hydrogen and oxygen). HHO gas is produced by the electrolysis of water using the vehicle's electrical system. This study investigated the impact of an HHO generator on the operating parameters of an internal combustion engine. The testing took place on two levels. The first was a laboratory test with an spark ignition (SI) engine connected to a dynamometer where complete load characteristics were measured and the function of the engine in various steady-state modes was monitored. The second was a laboratory test of a compression ignition (CI) engine vehicle in a chassis dynamometer where the engine behaviour was observed during simulated driving. During the measurements, it was clearly demonstrated that there is a serious change in the fuel/air mixture. The HHO gas mixture caused engine control instability. The control unit was not able to sufficiently regulate the engine parameters. During the test on chassis dynamometer, the steady-state regimes did not last long enough for this instability to occur.
{"title":"Impacts of HHO gas utilisation on the operating parameters in internal combustion engines","authors":"P. Jindra, M. Kotek","doi":"10.17221/63/2020-rae","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17221/63/2020-rae","url":null,"abstract":"Social pressure is forcing manufacturers to make huge investments in development in order to reduce the harmful emissions of passenger cars. However, there are also cheaper solutions that promise to reduce pollutants with minimal investment. One way is to enrich the fuel/air mixture with HHO gas (oxyhydrogen with a 2 : 1 ratio of hydrogen and oxygen). HHO gas is produced by the electrolysis of water using the vehicle's electrical system. This study investigated the impact of an HHO generator on the operating parameters of an internal combustion engine. The testing took place on two levels. The first was a laboratory test with an spark ignition (SI) engine connected to a dynamometer where complete load characteristics were measured and the function of the engine in various steady-state modes was monitored. The second was a laboratory test of a compression ignition (CI) engine vehicle in a chassis dynamometer where the engine behaviour was observed during simulated driving. During the measurements, it was clearly demonstrated that there is a serious change in the fuel/air mixture. The HHO gas mixture caused engine control instability. The control unit was not able to sufficiently regulate the engine parameters. During the test on chassis dynamometer, the steady-state regimes did not last long enough for this instability to occur.","PeriodicalId":20906,"journal":{"name":"Research in Agricultural Engineering","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47215797","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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