Pub Date : 2022-08-31DOI: 10.7844/kirr.2022.31.4.3
Chaeeun Byun, Jihyun Seo, Min kyoung Lee, Keiko Yamada, Sang-hun Lee
Owing to the increasing demand for electric vehicles (EVs), appropriate management of their waste batteries is required urgently for scrapped vehicles or for addressing battery aging. With respect to technological developments, data-driven diagnosis of waste EV batteries and management technologies have drawn increasing attention. Moreover, robot-based automatic dismantling technologies, which are seemingly interesting, require industrial verifications and linkages with future battery-related database systems. Among these, it is critical to develop and disseminate various advanced battery diagnosis and assessment techniques to improve the efficiency and safety/environment of the recirculation of waste batteries. Incorporation of lithium-related chemical substances in the public pollutant release and transfer register (PRTR) database as well as in-depth risk assessment of gas emissions in waste EV battery combustion and their relevant fire safety are some of the necessary steps. Further research and development thus are needed for optimizing the lifecycle management of waste batteries from various aspects related to data-based diagnosis/classification/disassembly processes as well as reuse/recycling and final disposal. The idea here is that the data should contribute to clean design and manufacturing to reduce the environmental burden and facilitate in future production of batteries. Such optimization should also consider the future technological and market trends.
{"title":"Current Trend of EV (Electric Vehicle) Waste Battery Diagnosis and Dismantling Technologies and a Suggestion for Future R&D Strategy with Environmental Friendliness","authors":"Chaeeun Byun, Jihyun Seo, Min kyoung Lee, Keiko Yamada, Sang-hun Lee","doi":"10.7844/kirr.2022.31.4.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7844/kirr.2022.31.4.3","url":null,"abstract":"Owing to the increasing demand for electric vehicles (EVs), appropriate management of their waste batteries is required urgently for scrapped vehicles or for addressing battery aging. With respect to technological developments, data-driven diagnosis of waste EV batteries and management technologies have drawn increasing attention. Moreover, robot-based automatic dismantling technologies, which are seemingly interesting, require industrial verifications and linkages with future battery-related database systems. Among these, it is critical to develop and disseminate various advanced battery diagnosis and assessment techniques to improve the efficiency and safety/environment of the recirculation of waste batteries. Incorporation of lithium-related chemical substances in the public pollutant release and transfer register (PRTR) database as well as in-depth risk assessment of gas emissions in waste EV battery combustion and their relevant fire safety are some of the necessary steps. Further research and development thus are needed for optimizing the lifecycle management of waste batteries from various aspects related to data-based diagnosis/classification/disassembly processes as well as reuse/recycling and final disposal. The idea here is that the data should contribute to clean design and manufacturing to reduce the environmental burden and facilitate in future production of batteries. Such optimization should also consider the future technological and market trends.","PeriodicalId":20967,"journal":{"name":"Resources Recycling","volume":"42 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73555768","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-31DOI: 10.7844/kirr.2022.31.4.12
Dong Soo Lee, HuiChang Chae, Tae Jun Park
Korea depends on the import of raw materials such as iron ore and coal for the steel industry. These raw materials have a major impact on the cost, productivity, and quality competitiveness in the global steel industry. To secure the competitiveness of steel companies, it is necessary to reduce the country’s dependence on raw materials. This can be achieved using byproducts with a high Fe content, which are primarily generated by the steel industry. These byproducts are available in the form of a very fine powder, which can disperse as dust when used directly in plant processes. Dust dispersion has a negative impact on the environment and can lead to the loss of raw materials. To enable the use of a wide range of Fe-containing byproducts, it is necessary to pretreat them in the form of larger aggregates such as pellets and briquettes. There are several methods to achieve such aggregates. There are two ways to produce briquettes: using a hot briquette, which supplies additional heat to produce briquettes, or using a cold briquette, which does not use heat. A method for producing cold briquettes using Fe-containing byproducts was investigated in this study. The yield ratio and briquette strength were examined under various manufacturing conditions.
{"title":"Optimization of Briquette Manufacturing Conditions Using Steel Sludge","authors":"Dong Soo Lee, HuiChang Chae, Tae Jun Park","doi":"10.7844/kirr.2022.31.4.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7844/kirr.2022.31.4.12","url":null,"abstract":"Korea depends on the import of raw materials such as iron ore and coal for the steel industry. These raw materials have a major impact on the cost, productivity, and quality competitiveness in the global steel industry. To secure the competitiveness of steel companies, it is necessary to reduce the country’s dependence on raw materials. This can be achieved using byproducts with a high Fe content, which are primarily generated by the steel industry. These byproducts are available in the form of a very fine powder, which can disperse as dust when used directly in plant processes. Dust dispersion has a negative impact on the environment and can lead to the loss of raw materials. To enable the use of a wide range of Fe-containing byproducts, it is necessary to pretreat them in the form of larger aggregates such as pellets and briquettes. There are several methods to achieve such aggregates. There are two ways to produce briquettes: using a hot briquette, which supplies additional heat to produce briquettes, or using a cold briquette, which does not use heat. A method for producing cold briquettes using Fe-containing byproducts was investigated in this study. The yield ratio and briquette strength were examined under various manufacturing conditions.","PeriodicalId":20967,"journal":{"name":"Resources Recycling","volume":"43 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82197429","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-31DOI: 10.7844/kirr.2022.31.4.34
Boram Kim, D. Jang, Dae-Weon Kim, B. Chae, Sang-Woo Lee
In this study, effects of ultrasonic energy on the cementation reaction and copper recovery rate were investigated for different types of iron samples, such as plate, chip, and powder, for recovering copper from waste etchant, which contained ~3.5% copper. The cementation reaction using the ultrasonic energy was more effective than the simple stirring reaction, with the former exhibiting a high copper recovery rate than the latter for the same time interval. When cementation was performed for 25 min with ultrasonic treatment, rather than simple stirring, the copper recovery rate of the plate, chip, and powder improved from 7.0% to 12.0%, 14.0% to 46.1%, and 41.9% to 77.2%, respectively. Therefore, the use of ultrasonic energy could detach the copper recovered by the cementation reaction from the surface of the iron samples, thereby increasing the copper recovery rate. Owing to the use of ultrasonic energy, the copper recovery rate increased by 2–6 times, and the recovered copper exhibited a decreased particle size compared to that obtained via simple stirring.
{"title":"Effect on Copper Recovery by Ultrasonic Energy during Cementation Reaction from Copper-contained Waste Etching Solution","authors":"Boram Kim, D. Jang, Dae-Weon Kim, B. Chae, Sang-Woo Lee","doi":"10.7844/kirr.2022.31.4.34","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7844/kirr.2022.31.4.34","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, effects of ultrasonic energy on the cementation reaction and copper recovery rate were investigated for different types of iron samples, such as plate, chip, and powder, for recovering copper from waste etchant, which contained ~3.5% copper. The cementation reaction using the ultrasonic energy was more effective than the simple stirring reaction, with the former exhibiting a high copper recovery rate than the latter for the same time interval. When cementation was performed for 25 min with ultrasonic treatment, rather than simple stirring, the copper recovery rate of the plate, chip, and powder improved from 7.0% to 12.0%, 14.0% to 46.1%, and 41.9% to 77.2%, respectively. Therefore, the use of ultrasonic energy could detach the copper recovered by the cementation reaction from the surface of the iron samples, thereby increasing the copper recovery rate. Owing to the use of ultrasonic energy, the copper recovery rate increased by 2–6 times, and the recovered copper exhibited a decreased particle size compared to that obtained via simple stirring.","PeriodicalId":20967,"journal":{"name":"Resources Recycling","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77821084","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-31DOI: 10.7844/kirr.2022.31.4.26
So-Yeon Lee, Dae-Hyeon Lee, So-Yeong Lee, H. Sohn
Owing to the demand for lithium-ion batteries, the recovery of valuable metals from waste lithium-ion batteries is required in future. A pyrometallurgical treatment is appropriate for recycling a large number of waste lithium-ion batteries, but Li loss to slag and dust present a significant challenge. This research investigated carbonation roasting and water leaching behaviors in Li-ion batteries by graphite addition to recover Li from the NCM-based cathode materials of waste Li-ion batteries. When 10 wt% of graphite was added, CO and CO 2 gases were emitted with a rapid weight reduction at apporoximately 850 K, when heated in Ar and CO 2 atmosphere. After the rapid weight reduction, NCM was decomposed and reduced to metal oxides and pure metals. In the carbonation roasting of black powder (NCM+graphite), O 2 is generated via the decomposition of NCM, and an oxides, such as Li 2 O and NiO were were also generated. Subsequently, Li 2 O reacts with CO 2 to generate Li 2 CO 3 , and a part of NiO was reduced by graphite to produce metal Ni. In addition, up to 94.5 % Li 2 CO 3 with ~99.95 % purity was recovered via water leaching after carbonation roasting.
{"title":"Lithium Recovery from NCM Lithium-ion Battery by Carbonation Roasting with Graphite Followed by Water Leaching","authors":"So-Yeon Lee, Dae-Hyeon Lee, So-Yeong Lee, H. Sohn","doi":"10.7844/kirr.2022.31.4.26","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7844/kirr.2022.31.4.26","url":null,"abstract":"Owing to the demand for lithium-ion batteries, the recovery of valuable metals from waste lithium-ion batteries is required in future. A pyrometallurgical treatment is appropriate for recycling a large number of waste lithium-ion batteries, but Li loss to slag and dust present a significant challenge. This research investigated carbonation roasting and water leaching behaviors in Li-ion batteries by graphite addition to recover Li from the NCM-based cathode materials of waste Li-ion batteries. When 10 wt% of graphite was added, CO and CO 2 gases were emitted with a rapid weight reduction at apporoximately 850 K, when heated in Ar and CO 2 atmosphere. After the rapid weight reduction, NCM was decomposed and reduced to metal oxides and pure metals. In the carbonation roasting of black powder (NCM+graphite), O 2 is generated via the decomposition of NCM, and an oxides, such as Li 2 O and NiO were were also generated. Subsequently, Li 2 O reacts with CO 2 to generate Li 2 CO 3 , and a part of NiO was reduced by graphite to produce metal Ni. In addition, up to 94.5 % Li 2 CO 3 with ~99.95 % purity was recovered via water leaching after carbonation roasting.","PeriodicalId":20967,"journal":{"name":"Resources Recycling","volume":"22 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81929933","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-31DOI: 10.7844/kirr.2022.31.4.49
Min-Seok Go, J. Wang
In this study, the heavy metal ions (of Pb, Cd, Cr, and Hg) in wastewater were removed using a spent Li 2 O-Al 2 O 3 -SiO 2 -based crystallized glass previously used as an induction top plate material. Changes in the removal efficiency of heavy metals according to different reaction parameters, such as the amount of zeolite used as a heavy-metal adsorbent, adsorption time, initial concentration of the heavy metals, and pH of the initial solution, were investigated. As the amount of zeolite added increased, the heavy-metal removal efficiency also increased. Adsorption time had a considerable influence on adsorption characteristics, and the removal efficiency of all heavy metals increased with increasing adsorption time. In the case of Cd, the removal efficiency was greatly improved depending on the adsorption time. The initial concentration of the heavy-metal solution did not affect the removal efficiency; however, the initial pH of the heavy-metal solution affected the removal efficiency. More specifically, the removal efficiency of Cd increased while that of Pb and Cr decreased with increasing pH. The adsorption characteristics of Hg were not significantly affected by pH.
在这项研究中，废水中的重金属离子(铅、镉、铬和汞)是用废旧的Li 2o - al 2o3 - sio2基结晶玻璃去除的，该玻璃之前被用作感应顶板材料。考察了沸石作为重金属吸附剂的用量、吸附时间、重金属初始浓度和初始溶液pH等不同反应参数对重金属去除率的影响。随着沸石添加量的增加，重金属的去除效率也随之提高。吸附时间对吸附特性有较大影响，随着吸附时间的延长，各重金属的去除率均有所提高。在Cd的情况下，随吸附时间的延长，去除率大大提高。重金属溶液的初始浓度对去除率没有影响;而初始pH值对重金属的去除率有较大影响。随着pH的增加，对Cd的去除效率提高，而对Pb和Cr的去除效率降低，对Hg的吸附特性不受pH的显著影响。
{"title":"A Basic Study for Removal of Heavy Metal Elements from Wastewater using Spent Lithium-Aluminum-Silicate(LAS) Glass Ceramics","authors":"Min-Seok Go, J. Wang","doi":"10.7844/kirr.2022.31.4.49","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7844/kirr.2022.31.4.49","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, the heavy metal ions (of Pb, Cd, Cr, and Hg) in wastewater were removed using a spent Li 2 O-Al 2 O 3 -SiO 2 -based crystallized glass previously used as an induction top plate material. Changes in the removal efficiency of heavy metals according to different reaction parameters, such as the amount of zeolite used as a heavy-metal adsorbent, adsorption time, initial concentration of the heavy metals, and pH of the initial solution, were investigated. As the amount of zeolite added increased, the heavy-metal removal efficiency also increased. Adsorption time had a considerable influence on adsorption characteristics, and the removal efficiency of all heavy metals increased with increasing adsorption time. In the case of Cd, the removal efficiency was greatly improved depending on the adsorption time. The initial concentration of the heavy-metal solution did not affect the removal efficiency; however, the initial pH of the heavy-metal solution affected the removal efficiency. More specifically, the removal efficiency of Cd increased while that of Pb and Cr decreased with increasing pH. The adsorption characteristics of Hg were not significantly affected by pH.","PeriodicalId":20967,"journal":{"name":"Resources Recycling","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87249243","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-31DOI: 10.7844/kirr.2022.31.4.19
Hanjung Kwon, J. Shin
In this study, tungsten carbide (WC) powder was prepared using a novel recycling process for hard metal sludge that does not use ammonium paratungstate. Instead of ammonia, acid was used to remove the sodium and crystallized tungstate, resulting in the formation of tungstic acid (H 2 WO 4 ). The WC powder was successfully synthesized by the carbothermal reduction of tungstic during the sintering of the WC-Co composite; thus, a WC-Co composite with large WC grains was fabricated using the WC powder prepared from H 2 WO 4 . The large WC grains affected the mechanical properties of the WC-Co composite. Further, due to the large grain size, the WC-Co composite fabricated from H 2 WO 4 exhibited a higher toughness than that of the WC-Co composite prepared from commercial WC powder.
{"title":"Preparation and Characterization of Tungsten Carbide Using Products of Hard Metal Sludge Recycling Process","authors":"Hanjung Kwon, J. Shin","doi":"10.7844/kirr.2022.31.4.19","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7844/kirr.2022.31.4.19","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, tungsten carbide (WC) powder was prepared using a novel recycling process for hard metal sludge that does not use ammonium paratungstate. Instead of ammonia, acid was used to remove the sodium and crystallized tungstate, resulting in the formation of tungstic acid (H 2 WO 4 ). The WC powder was successfully synthesized by the carbothermal reduction of tungstic during the sintering of the WC-Co composite; thus, a WC-Co composite with large WC grains was fabricated using the WC powder prepared from H 2 WO 4 . The large WC grains affected the mechanical properties of the WC-Co composite. Further, due to the large grain size, the WC-Co composite fabricated from H 2 WO 4 exhibited a higher toughness than that of the WC-Co composite prepared from commercial WC powder.","PeriodicalId":20967,"journal":{"name":"Resources Recycling","volume":"41 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88754582","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-31DOI: 10.7844/kirr.2022.31.4.56
K. Shilpa, K. Manis, K. Pankaj, Parween Rukshana, P. Rekha, K. Pramod, Jae-chun Lee
Copper is one of the non-ferrous metals used in the electrical/electronic manufacturing industries due to its superior properties particularly the high conductivity and less resistivity. The effluent generated from the surface finishing process of these industries contains higher copper content which gets discharged in to water bodies directly or indirectly. This causes severe environmental pollution and also results in loss of an important valuable metal. To overcome this issue, continuous R & D activities are going on across the globe in adsorption area with the purpose of finding an efficient, low cost and ecofriendly adsorbent. In view of the above, present investigation was made to compare the performance of a plant root (Datura root powder) as a bio-adsorbent to that of the synthetic one (Tulsion T-42) for copper adsorption from such effluent. Experiments were carried out in batch studies to optimize parameters such as adsorbent dose, contact time, pH, feed concentration, etc. adsorbent for copper recovery after the necessary scale-up studies.
{"title":"Application of Environmental Friendly Bio-adsorbent based on a Plant Root for Copper Recovery Compared to the Synthetic Resin","authors":"K. Shilpa, K. Manis, K. Pankaj, Parween Rukshana, P. Rekha, K. Pramod, Jae-chun Lee","doi":"10.7844/kirr.2022.31.4.56","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7844/kirr.2022.31.4.56","url":null,"abstract":"Copper is one of the non-ferrous metals used in the electrical/electronic manufacturing industries due to its superior properties particularly the high conductivity and less resistivity. The effluent generated from the surface finishing process of these industries contains higher copper content which gets discharged in to water bodies directly or indirectly. This causes severe environmental pollution and also results in loss of an important valuable metal. To overcome this issue, continuous R & D activities are going on across the globe in adsorption area with the purpose of finding an efficient, low cost and ecofriendly adsorbent. In view of the above, present investigation was made to compare the performance of a plant root (Datura root powder) as a bio-adsorbent to that of the synthetic one (Tulsion T-42) for copper adsorption from such effluent. Experiments were carried out in batch studies to optimize parameters such as adsorbent dose, contact time, pH, feed concentration, etc. adsorbent for copper recovery after the necessary scale-up studies.","PeriodicalId":20967,"journal":{"name":"Resources Recycling","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84636842","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-30DOI: 10.7844/kirr.2022.31.3.73
Thi Thu Huong Nguyen, Jiangxian Wen, Man-Seung Lee
Reduction smelting of spent lithium-ion batteries at high temperature produces metallic alloys. Following solvent extraction of the leaching solutions of these metallic alloys with either sulfuric or hydrochloric acid, the raffinate is found to contain Ni(II), Co(II), Mn(II), and Si(IV). In this study, two cationic exchange resins (Diphonix and P204) were employed to investigate the loading behavior of these ions from synthetic sulfate and chloride solutions. Experimental results showed that Ni(II), Co(II), and Mn(II) could be selectively loaded onto the Diphonix resin from a sulfate solution of pH 3.0. With a chloride solution of pH 6.0, Mn(II) was selectively loaded onto the P204 resin, leaving Ni(II) and Si(IV) in the effluent. Elution experiments with H 2 SO 4 and/or HCl resulted in the complete recovery of metal ions from the loaded resin.
{"title":"Separation of Ni(II), Co(II), Mn(II), and Si(IV) from Synthetic Sulfate and Chloride Solutions by Ion Exchange","authors":"Thi Thu Huong Nguyen, Jiangxian Wen, Man-Seung Lee","doi":"10.7844/kirr.2022.31.3.73","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7844/kirr.2022.31.3.73","url":null,"abstract":"Reduction smelting of spent lithium-ion batteries at high temperature produces metallic alloys. Following solvent extraction of the leaching solutions of these metallic alloys with either sulfuric or hydrochloric acid, the raffinate is found to contain Ni(II), Co(II), Mn(II), and Si(IV). In this study, two cationic exchange resins (Diphonix and P204) were employed to investigate the loading behavior of these ions from synthetic sulfate and chloride solutions. Experimental results showed that Ni(II), Co(II), and Mn(II) could be selectively loaded onto the Diphonix resin from a sulfate solution of pH 3.0. With a chloride solution of pH 6.0, Mn(II) was selectively loaded onto the P204 resin, leaving Ni(II) and Si(IV) in the effluent. Elution experiments with H 2 SO 4 and/or HCl resulted in the complete recovery of metal ions from the loaded resin.","PeriodicalId":20967,"journal":{"name":"Resources Recycling","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82723608","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-30DOI: 10.7844/kirr.2022.31.3.3
H. Sohn
Lithium is the lightest metal and the first metal in the periodic table. Lithium is used in a variety of applications, including the production of organolithium compounds, as an alloying addition to aluminum and magnesium, and as the anode in rechargeable lithium ion batteries especially for electronic devices and electric vehicles. Therefore, lithium is indispensable metal in our daily lives. The use of lithium continues to rise and has increased from about 14,000 tonnes per year worldwide in the 2000 to about 82,200 tonnes in the 2000. However, lithium is a representative rare metal and ranks 32nd among the abundant elements in the earth’s crust. This study reviews the current status of the lithium extraction processes as well as the trend in production amount and use. Lithium is extracted by a various methods depending on the type of resources. These extraction methods are essential for the development of new recycling processes that can extract lithium from secondary lithium resources.
{"title":"Extractive Metallurgy of Lithium","authors":"H. Sohn","doi":"10.7844/kirr.2022.31.3.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7844/kirr.2022.31.3.3","url":null,"abstract":"Lithium is the lightest metal and the first metal in the periodic table. Lithium is used in a variety of applications, including the production of organolithium compounds, as an alloying addition to aluminum and magnesium, and as the anode in rechargeable lithium ion batteries especially for electronic devices and electric vehicles. Therefore, lithium is indispensable metal in our daily lives. The use of lithium continues to rise and has increased from about 14,000 tonnes per year worldwide in the 2000 to about 82,200 tonnes in the 2000. However, lithium is a representative rare metal and ranks 32nd among the abundant elements in the earth’s crust. This study reviews the current status of the lithium extraction processes as well as the trend in production amount and use. Lithium is extracted by a various methods depending on the type of resources. These extraction methods are essential for the development of new recycling processes that can extract lithium from secondary lithium resources.","PeriodicalId":20967,"journal":{"name":"Resources Recycling","volume":"113 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79085597","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-30DOI: 10.7844/kirr.2022.31.3.40
Euntae Jung, Jeongyun Kim
This study analyzed the amount of carbon dioxide reduction and economic benefits of detailed processes of CO 2 6,000 tons plant facilities with mineral carbonation technology using carbon dioxide and coal materials emitted from domestic circulating fluidized bed combustion power plants. Coal ash reacted with carbon dioxide through carbon mineralization facilities is produced as a complex carbonate and used as a construction material, accompanied by a greenhouse gas reduction. In addition, it is possible to generate profits from the sales of complex carbonates and carbon credits produced in the process. The actual carbon dioxide reduction per ton of complex carbonate production was calculated as 45.8 kgCO 2 eq, and the annual carbon dioxide reduction was calculated as 805.3 tonCO 2 , and the benefit-cost ratio (B/C Ratio) is 1.04, the internal rate return (IRR) is 10.65 % and the net present value (NPV) is KRW 24,713,465 won, which is considered economical. Carbon mineralization technology is one of the best solutions to reduce carbon dioxide considering future carbon dioxide reduction and economic potential.
{"title":"Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction and Economic Benefit Evaluation of Carbon Mineralization Technology using CFBC Ash","authors":"Euntae Jung, Jeongyun Kim","doi":"10.7844/kirr.2022.31.3.40","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7844/kirr.2022.31.3.40","url":null,"abstract":"This study analyzed the amount of carbon dioxide reduction and economic benefits of detailed processes of CO 2 6,000 tons plant facilities with mineral carbonation technology using carbon dioxide and coal materials emitted from domestic circulating fluidized bed combustion power plants. Coal ash reacted with carbon dioxide through carbon mineralization facilities is produced as a complex carbonate and used as a construction material, accompanied by a greenhouse gas reduction. In addition, it is possible to generate profits from the sales of complex carbonates and carbon credits produced in the process. The actual carbon dioxide reduction per ton of complex carbonate production was calculated as 45.8 kgCO 2 eq, and the annual carbon dioxide reduction was calculated as 805.3 tonCO 2 , and the benefit-cost ratio (B/C Ratio) is 1.04, the internal rate return (IRR) is 10.65 % and the net present value (NPV) is KRW 24,713,465 won, which is considered economical. Carbon mineralization technology is one of the best solutions to reduce carbon dioxide considering future carbon dioxide reduction and economic potential.","PeriodicalId":20967,"journal":{"name":"Resources Recycling","volume":"68 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78930719","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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