From 1995 to 2015 the aggregate US college completion rate increased almost 50 percent, but completion trends differed markedly by family background. We consider whether changing college preparedness contributed to growth in aggregate completion and differences by family background. We first document parallel empirical trends in precollege investments, college preparedness, and completion. We use these moments to discipline a quantitative model of intergenerational human capital investment with heterogeneous families. Within the model, investment trends generate half of the empirical increase in college completion. The model implies that subsidizing precollege investments increases college completion and lifetime earnings more than college tuition subsidies. (JEL I23, I26, J12, J24, J31)
{"title":"Family Heterogeneity, Human Capital Investment, and College Attainment","authors":"A. Blandin, Christopher Herrington","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3692407","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3692407","url":null,"abstract":"From 1995 to 2015 the aggregate US college completion rate increased almost 50 percent, but completion trends differed markedly by family background. We consider whether changing college preparedness contributed to growth in aggregate completion and differences by family background. We first document parallel empirical trends in precollege investments, college preparedness, and completion. We use these moments to discipline a quantitative model of intergenerational human capital investment with heterogeneous families. Within the model, investment trends generate half of the empirical increase in college completion. The model implies that subsidizing precollege investments increases college completion and lifetime earnings more than college tuition subsidies. (JEL I23, I26, J12, J24, J31)","PeriodicalId":210669,"journal":{"name":"Labor: Human Capital eJournal","volume":"66 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131647153","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-09-01DOI: 10.5709/ce.1897-9254.412
Harith Yas Khudhair, A. Mardani, A. Alfarttoosi
The main concern of the research were the challenges faced by the staff working in the Islamic banking Industry. The study was conducted on Islam based banks between the 5th and 22nd of March 2020 to identify the challenges faced by the staff. Again, the results obtained aided in ascertaining the correlation between the staff challenges and its unique model of operation from conventional banks. Research objectives included generating results that assisted in developing staff skills. Additionally, investigating the nature and increase in sales and implementing methods of attracting customers to the banks were the last objectives of the study. In the methodological part, the quantitative data collection focused on questionnaires, whereas qualitative concentrated on interviews with the aid of descriptive statistics and observation. The sample used was composed of 200 participants. A total number of 8 Islamic banks were engaged in retrieving the necessary information from staff. The findings acquired through the SEM approach confirm that misdemeanor and personal problems have shown their negatively insignificant impact on the productivity of the employees. Whereas, financial rewards contributed to the positive and significant impact on the productivity factor. Banking sector management, specifically in Islamic banks, would greatly benefit from acquainting themselves with the current study’s findings to increase the productivity of their employees. However, significant attention is required to control the adverse influence from the miscellaneous factors, and personal problem which are causing lower employee productivity.
{"title":"The Major Issues Facing Staff in Islamic Banking Industry and its Impact on Productivity","authors":"Harith Yas Khudhair, A. Mardani, A. Alfarttoosi","doi":"10.5709/ce.1897-9254.412","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5709/ce.1897-9254.412","url":null,"abstract":"The main concern of the research were the challenges faced by the staff working in the Islamic banking Industry. The study was conducted on Islam based banks between the 5th and 22nd of March 2020 to identify the challenges faced by the staff. Again, the results obtained aided in ascertaining the correlation between the staff challenges and its unique model of operation from conventional banks. Research objectives included generating results that assisted in developing staff skills. Additionally, investigating the nature and increase in sales and implementing methods of attracting customers to the banks were the last objectives of the study. In the methodological part, the quantitative data collection focused on questionnaires, whereas qualitative concentrated on interviews with the aid of descriptive statistics and observation. The sample used was composed of 200 participants. A total number of 8 Islamic banks were engaged in retrieving the necessary information from staff. The findings acquired through the SEM approach confirm that misdemeanor and personal problems have shown their negatively insignificant impact on the productivity of the employees. Whereas, financial rewards contributed to the positive and significant impact on the productivity factor. Banking sector management, specifically in Islamic banks, would greatly benefit from acquainting themselves with the current study’s findings to increase the productivity of their employees. However, significant attention is required to control the adverse influence from the miscellaneous factors, and personal problem which are causing lower employee productivity.","PeriodicalId":210669,"journal":{"name":"Labor: Human Capital eJournal","volume":"233 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124316859","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Extending Ehrlich et al.’s (2008, 2011) labor-theoretic, rational-expectations model of asset management (AM), we investigate the interplay between AM and portfolio choices of older-age households in a sample of 11 European countries plus Israel over 5 waves of the SHARE longitudinal data in the period 2004-2015. Our analysis shows that education, health, and other components of human capital, generally determine the reduced-form demand for, or portfolio shares of, risky assets, the derived-demand for asset management time, and the household’s portfolio returns. Moreover, we find that education and underlying health conditions affect these portfolio outcomes largely through proxies of time household heads devote to asset management. Our key findings hold up against a battery of robustness and internal validation tests based on reduced-form and structural IV regressions, alternative regression specifications, and alternative groups of investors. We also find that the effects of education on the demand for AM time, risky financial assets, and portfolio returns, become larger as the opportunity costs of AM fall with age, which supports the mechanism of the asset management hypothesis.
{"title":"Can Human Capital and Asset Management Improve the Financial Performance of Older Age Groups? Evidence from Europe","authors":"I. Ehrlich, J. Shin","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3711155","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3711155","url":null,"abstract":"Extending Ehrlich et al.’s (2008, 2011) labor-theoretic, rational-expectations model of asset management (AM), we investigate the interplay between AM and portfolio choices of older-age households in a sample of 11 European countries plus Israel over 5 waves of the SHARE longitudinal data in the period 2004-2015. Our analysis shows that education, health, and other components of human capital, generally determine the reduced-form demand for, or portfolio shares of, risky assets, the derived-demand for asset management time, and the household’s portfolio returns. Moreover, we find that education and underlying health conditions affect these portfolio outcomes largely through proxies of time household heads devote to asset management. Our key findings hold up against a battery of robustness and internal validation tests based on reduced-form and structural IV regressions, alternative regression specifications, and alternative groups of investors. We also find that the effects of education on the demand for AM time, risky financial assets, and portfolio returns, become larger as the opportunity costs of AM fall with age, which supports the mechanism of the asset management hypothesis.","PeriodicalId":210669,"journal":{"name":"Labor: Human Capital eJournal","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128033437","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We examine the cross-section of skill among non-professional analysts (NPAs) on Seeking Alpha, a prominent crowd-sourced investment research platform. We estimate that 60% of NPAs are skilled, and we document substantial dispersion in skill. Even after accounting for bid-ask spreads and allowing for a three-day investment delay, following NPAs in the top quintile of past skill earns annualized abnormal returns of 10%. In contrast, an unconditional strategy that follows all NPAs earns insignificant returns. An examination of retail and institutional order imbalances following NPA recommendations suggests that neither group recognizes the size-able differences in ability across NPAs.
{"title":"The Cross-Section of Non-Professional Analyst Skill","authors":"M. Farrell, Russell Jame, Tian Qiu","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3682490","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3682490","url":null,"abstract":"We examine the cross-section of skill among non-professional analysts (NPAs) on Seeking Alpha, a prominent crowd-sourced investment research platform. We estimate that 60% of NPAs are skilled, and we document substantial dispersion in skill. Even after accounting for bid-ask spreads and allowing for a three-day investment delay, following NPAs in the top quintile of past skill earns annualized abnormal returns of 10%. In contrast, an unconditional strategy that follows all NPAs earns insignificant returns. An examination of retail and institutional order imbalances following NPA recommendations suggests that neither group recognizes the size-able differences in ability across NPAs.","PeriodicalId":210669,"journal":{"name":"Labor: Human Capital eJournal","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130224899","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The prevalence of male incarceration in the United States has important unintended consequences for women. Two early studies find positive external effects of male incarceration on female labor market outcomes in general. However, we know very little about the labor market outcomes of women directly affected by male incarceration. This study evaluates how female labor market outcomes change when a male partner is currently incarcerated. It finds substantial and robust evidence that a male partner’s current incarceration lowers female weekly earnings at extensive and intensive margins, while raising female unemployment odds at the extensive margin. These negative consequences on female labor market outcomes warrant further policy attention.
{"title":"Male Incarceration and Female Labor Market Outcomes","authors":"Terry-Ann L Craigie","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3709551","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3709551","url":null,"abstract":"The prevalence of male incarceration in the United States has important unintended consequences for women. Two early studies find positive external effects of male incarceration on female labor market outcomes in general. However, we know very little about the labor market outcomes of women directly affected by male incarceration. This study evaluates how female labor market outcomes change when a male partner is currently incarcerated. It finds substantial and robust evidence that a male partner’s current incarceration lowers female weekly earnings at extensive and intensive margins, while raising female unemployment odds at the extensive margin. These negative consequences on female labor market outcomes warrant further policy attention.","PeriodicalId":210669,"journal":{"name":"Labor: Human Capital eJournal","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134226841","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Policymakers fear artificial intelligence (AI) will disrupt labor markets, especially for high-skilled workers. We investigate this concern using novel, task-specific data for security analysts. Exploiting variation in AI's power across stocks, we show analysts with portfolios that are more exposed to AI are more likely to reallocate efforts to soft skills, shift coverage towards low AI stocks, and even leave the profession. Analyst departures disproportionately occur among highly accurate analysts, leaving for non-research jobs. Reallocating efforts toward tasks that rely on social skills improve consensus forecasts. However, increased exposure to AI reduces the novelty in analysts' research which reduces compensation.
{"title":"Artificial Intelligence and High-Skilled Work: Evidence from Analysts","authors":"Jillian Grennan, Roni Michaely","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3681574","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3681574","url":null,"abstract":"Policymakers fear artificial intelligence (AI) will disrupt labor markets, especially for high-skilled workers. We investigate this concern using novel, task-specific data for security analysts. Exploiting variation in AI's power across stocks, we show analysts with portfolios that are more exposed to AI are more likely to reallocate efforts to soft skills, shift coverage towards low AI stocks, and even leave the profession. Analyst departures disproportionately occur among highly accurate analysts, leaving for non-research jobs. Reallocating efforts toward tasks that rely on social skills improve consensus forecasts. However, increased exposure to AI reduces the novelty in analysts' research which reduces compensation.","PeriodicalId":210669,"journal":{"name":"Labor: Human Capital eJournal","volume":"47 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134059817","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We identify the dynamic effects of social distancing policy on reducing the transmission of the COVID-19 spread. We build a model that measures the relative frequency and geographic distribution of the virus growth rate and provides hypothetical infection distribution in the states that enacted the social distancing policy, where we control all time-varying, observed and unobserved, state-level heterogeneities. We apply our model to a panel of weekly COVID-19 infection cases and deaths of all states in the United States from February 20 to April 20, 2020, and find that during our sample period, social distancing intervention is effective in reducing the weekly growth rate in cases by 9.8% and in deaths by 7.0%. We show that the effects are time-varying that range from the weakest at the beginning of policy intervention to the strongest by the end of our sample period. We further demonstrate that the effects are cross-sectional heterogeneous as the states with higher income, higher education, more White people, more democratic voters, and higher CNN viewership have a more considerable reduction in the infection growth rate.
{"title":"How Effective Is Social Distancing?","authors":"Zhengyang Bao, Difang Huang","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3680321","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3680321","url":null,"abstract":"We identify the dynamic effects of social distancing policy on reducing the transmission of the COVID-19 spread. We build a model that measures the relative frequency and geographic distribution of the virus growth rate and provides hypothetical infection distribution in the states that enacted the social distancing policy, where we control all time-varying, observed and unobserved, state-level heterogeneities. We apply our model to a panel of weekly COVID-19 infection cases and deaths of all states in the United States from February 20 to April 20, 2020, and find that during our sample period, social distancing intervention is effective in reducing the weekly growth rate in cases by 9.8% and in deaths by 7.0%. We show that the effects are time-varying that range from the weakest at the beginning of policy intervention to the strongest by the end of our sample period. We further demonstrate that the effects are cross-sectional heterogeneous as the states with higher income, higher education, more White people, more democratic voters, and higher CNN viewership have a more considerable reduction in the infection growth rate.","PeriodicalId":210669,"journal":{"name":"Labor: Human Capital eJournal","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125338261","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
There is an ongoing debate on whether VCs bet on ideas or founders. Prior studies find that successful startups often have kept businesses stable but replaced founders; however, practitioners see founders as more critical. This paper aims to rationalize the two views. I analyze new hand-collected data and find that VCs redeploy founders across portfolio companies, highlighting VCs' emphasis on human capital. I propose that VCs utilize private information to reallocate talent, and I show: (1) former VC partners continue influencing founders' mobility; (2) the redeployment positively predicts VC performance; (3) the redeployment is stronger where information is more asymmetric.
{"title":"Redeploying the Jockeys: Do VCs Create Internal Labor Markets For Entrepreneurs?","authors":"Zhongchen Hu","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3679198","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3679198","url":null,"abstract":"There is an ongoing debate on whether VCs bet on ideas or founders. Prior studies find that successful startups often have kept businesses stable but replaced founders; however, practitioners see founders as more critical. This paper aims to rationalize the two views. I analyze new hand-collected data and find that VCs redeploy founders across portfolio companies, highlighting VCs' emphasis on human capital. I propose that VCs utilize private information to reallocate talent, and I show: (1) former VC partners continue influencing founders' mobility; (2) the redeployment positively predicts VC performance; (3) the redeployment is stronger where information is more asymmetric.","PeriodicalId":210669,"journal":{"name":"Labor: Human Capital eJournal","volume":"60 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130676513","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper provides an analysis of the rural-urban divide in intergenerational educational mobility in Indonesia with two distinguishing features. First, the estimating equations are derived from theory incorporating rural-urban differences in returns to education and school quality, and possible complementarity between parent’s education and financial investment. Second, the data are suitable for tackling the biases from sample truncation due to coresidency and omitted cognitive ability heterogeneity. The evidence rejects the workhorse linear intergenerational educational persistence equation in favor of a convex relation in rural and urban Indonesia. The rural-urban relative mobility curves cross, with the children of low educated fathers enjoying higher relative mobility in rural areas, while the pattern flips in favor of the urban children when the father has more than nine years of schooling. However, the rural children face lower absolute mobility across the whole distribution of father's schooling. Estimates from the investment equation suggest that, in urban areas, children~^!!^s peers are complementary to financial investment by parents, while the adult role models are substitutes. In contrast, separability holds in villages. Peers and role models are not responsible for the convexity in both rural and urban areas, suggesting more efficient investment by educated parents as a likely mechanism, as proposed by Becker et al. (2015, 2018). The theoretical relation between the intercepts of the mobility and investment equations helps in understand whether school quality is complementary to or a substitute for parental financial investment. This paper finds evidence of substitutability, implying that public investment to improve the quality of rural schools is desirable on both equity and efficiency grounds.
{"title":"The Rural-Urban Divide and Intergenerational Educational Mobility in a Developing Country: Theory and Evidence from Indonesia","authors":"Naveed Ahsan, M. Emran, Forhad Shilpi","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3676626","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3676626","url":null,"abstract":"This paper provides an analysis of the rural-urban divide in intergenerational educational mobility in Indonesia with two distinguishing features. First, the estimating equations are derived from theory incorporating rural-urban differences in returns to education and school quality, and possible complementarity between parent’s education and financial investment. Second, the data are suitable for tackling the biases from sample truncation due to coresidency and omitted cognitive ability heterogeneity. The evidence rejects the workhorse linear intergenerational educational persistence equation in favor of a convex relation in rural and urban Indonesia. The rural-urban relative mobility curves cross, with the children of low educated fathers enjoying higher relative mobility in rural areas, while the pattern flips in favor of the urban children when the father has more than nine years of schooling. However, the rural children face lower absolute mobility across the whole distribution of father's schooling. Estimates from the investment equation suggest that, in urban areas, children~^!!^s peers are complementary to financial investment by parents, while the adult role models are substitutes. In contrast, separability holds in villages. Peers and role models are not responsible for the convexity in both rural and urban areas, suggesting more efficient investment by educated parents as a likely mechanism, as proposed by Becker et al. (2015, 2018). The theoretical relation between the intercepts of the mobility and investment equations helps in understand whether school quality is complementary to or a substitute for parental financial investment. This paper finds evidence of substitutability, implying that public investment to improve the quality of rural schools is desirable on both equity and efficiency grounds.","PeriodicalId":210669,"journal":{"name":"Labor: Human Capital eJournal","volume":"113 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126634637","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-08-08DOI: 10.20431/2349-0349.0808004
S. Abdel-Gadir
This article examines the impact of training on employees’ performance: A Case study of selected private sector companies in Oman. Data was collected through an administered questionnaire with a sample of 46 respondents selected randomly from five companies: Sohar Aluminum, Stomo Company, Suhail Bahwan Group (Holding) LLC, Ooredoo Company, and Oman Formaldehyde Chemical Company.
The findings show the success of the training program on improving the employee‘s abilities, skills, productivity, efficiency. The results also showed that respondents agree with the relevance of the training program to the nature of their work.
The study also showed the employees’ views on company attitudes towards training programs. The respondents confirmed that their companies believe that training is the best way to convey new skills to employees. Additionally, their companies have a clear policy for training shown by implementing a proper mechanism for adjustment, review, and evaluation of all training programs. To sum up, the study recommended that the firm should provide an adequate working environment to ensure that workers have high levels of commitment.
{"title":"Impact of Training on Employees’ Performance: A Case Study of Selected Private Sectors Companies in Oman","authors":"S. Abdel-Gadir","doi":"10.20431/2349-0349.0808004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20431/2349-0349.0808004","url":null,"abstract":"This article examines the impact of training on employees’ performance: A Case study of selected private sector companies in Oman. Data was collected through an administered questionnaire with a sample of 46 respondents selected randomly from five companies: Sohar Aluminum, Stomo Company, Suhail Bahwan Group (Holding) LLC, Ooredoo Company, and Oman Formaldehyde Chemical Company.<br><br>The findings show the success of the training program on improving the employee‘s abilities, skills, productivity, efficiency. The results also showed that respondents agree with the relevance of the training program to the nature of their work.<br><br>The study also showed the employees’ views on company attitudes towards training programs. The respondents confirmed that their companies believe that training is the best way to convey new skills to employees. Additionally, their companies have a clear policy for training shown by implementing a proper mechanism for adjustment, review, and evaluation of all training programs. To sum up, the study recommended that the firm should provide an adequate working environment to ensure that workers have high levels of commitment.","PeriodicalId":210669,"journal":{"name":"Labor: Human Capital eJournal","volume":"213 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131944177","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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