This study examines how postsecondary education grades influence the labour market earnings of workers in Canada, and the moderating effects of field of study, level of study, gender, work experience during school, and all education and formal education acquired since graduation. We analyze cross-sectional data from the Public Use Microdata File (PUMF) of the 2018 National Graduates Survey (NGS) which follows the 2015 cohort of graduates three years after graduation. Unlike previous waves of the NGS, the 2018 data contain explicit information on the final grade averages awarded to graduates of postsecondary education programs. Using a two-stage least square regression method, we find that the overall grade point average is positively related to earnings, and this result is robust to model specification. This suggests that higher grades are – with some exceptions – important as they do translate into higher labour market earnings. However, work experience and additional education or training tend to somewhat mitigate these effects, suggesting that the strength of the grade average signal to employers is weakened.
{"title":"Grades and Labour Market Earnings in Canada: New Evidence from the 2018 National Graduates Survey","authors":"Richard E. Mueller, J. Essilfie","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3667861","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3667861","url":null,"abstract":"This study examines how postsecondary education grades influence the labour market earnings of workers in Canada, and the moderating effects of field of study, level of study, gender, work experience during school, and all education and formal education acquired since graduation. We analyze cross-sectional data from the Public Use Microdata File (PUMF) of the 2018 National Graduates Survey (NGS) which follows the 2015 cohort of graduates three years after graduation. Unlike previous waves of the NGS, the 2018 data contain explicit information on the final grade averages awarded to graduates of postsecondary education programs. Using a two-stage least square regression method, we find that the overall grade point average is positively related to earnings, and this result is robust to model specification. This suggests that higher grades are – with some exceptions – important as they do translate into higher labour market earnings. However, work experience and additional education or training tend to somewhat mitigate these effects, suggesting that the strength of the grade average signal to employers is weakened.","PeriodicalId":210669,"journal":{"name":"Labor: Human Capital eJournal","volume":"4 8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133288956","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Promoting youth and female entrepreneurship is crucial to inclusive growth and the future economic and social prospects of developing countries. Evidence tends to suggest that young and female entrepreneurs are in a minority, and the extent and generating mechanisms of this outcome tend to be country‐specific. This collection of papers brings together recent empirical contributions exploring key drivers of this heterogeneity entrepreneurial propensity of youth and female in the context of a group of countries in Africa, Latin America, and the Middle East, paying special attention to the role of and issues relating to access to credit, attitudes to risk, and migratory status. A common thread in all the papers is the effective role of risk, uncertainty, and asymmetric information in the determination of entrepreneurship and in the demand for and allocation of credit when potential entrepreneurs are from specific groups, that is, women, indigenous women, women and youth in conflict and post‐conflict situations, and migrant youth. Based on these results, the papers explore various challenges in the implementation of public policies designed to promote entrepreneurship within these specific segments of the population.
{"title":"Heterogeneity in Entrepreneurship in Developing Countries: Risk, Credit, and Migration and the Entrepreneurial Propensity of Youth and Women","authors":"D. Gunewardena, A. Seck","doi":"10.1111/rode.12703","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/rode.12703","url":null,"abstract":"Promoting youth and female entrepreneurship is crucial to inclusive growth and the future economic and social prospects of developing countries. Evidence tends to suggest that young and female entrepreneurs are in a minority, and the extent and generating mechanisms of this outcome tend to be country‐specific. This collection of papers brings together recent empirical contributions exploring key drivers of this heterogeneity entrepreneurial propensity of youth and female in the context of a group of countries in Africa, Latin America, and the Middle East, paying special attention to the role of and issues relating to access to credit, attitudes to risk, and migratory status. A common thread in all the papers is the effective role of risk, uncertainty, and asymmetric information in the determination of entrepreneurship and in the demand for and allocation of credit when potential entrepreneurs are from specific groups, that is, women, indigenous women, women and youth in conflict and post‐conflict situations, and migrant youth. Based on these results, the papers explore various challenges in the implementation of public policies designed to promote entrepreneurship within these specific segments of the population.","PeriodicalId":210669,"journal":{"name":"Labor: Human Capital eJournal","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121194624","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this paper, I examine the role of family structure in child skill accumulation. I establish empirically that one- and two-parent families use different technologies to invest in their children: the choices of one-parent families are more sensitive to child care’s price. I analyze the effect of child care subsidies using a general equilibrium framework with endogenous family formation. I find that subsidies improve skill outcomes for children, especially those raised by one-parent, low-income families, thereby narrowing the gap in child outcomes across family structures. Exogenous attributes of family structure drive between 28 and 40 percent of this gap.
{"title":"Child Skill Accumulation in One- and Two-Parent Families","authors":"Emily Moschini","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3705576","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3705576","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, I examine the role of family structure in child skill accumulation. I establish empirically that one- and two-parent families use different technologies to invest in their children: the choices of one-parent families are more sensitive to child care’s price. I analyze the effect of child care subsidies using a general equilibrium framework with endogenous family formation. I find that subsidies improve skill outcomes for children, especially those raised by one-parent, low-income families, thereby narrowing the gap in child outcomes across family structures. Exogenous attributes of family structure drive between 28 and 40 percent of this gap.","PeriodicalId":210669,"journal":{"name":"Labor: Human Capital eJournal","volume":"38 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131978958","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We investigate the major choice of college graduates where we make choice dependent on expected initial wages and expected wage growth per major. We build a model that allows us to estimate these factors semiparametrically and that corrects for selection bias. We estimate the model on the combined NLSY79 and NLSY97 samples. We find markedly different results in expected real wage growth and expected initial wages across majors. Furthermore, the dierences in these expectations appear to be relevant for major choice.
{"title":"Educational Choice, Initial Wage and Wage Growth","authors":"J. Mazza, Hans van Ophem","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3624745","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3624745","url":null,"abstract":"We investigate the major choice of college graduates where we make choice dependent on expected initial wages and expected wage growth per major. We build a model that allows us to estimate these factors semiparametrically and that corrects for selection bias. We estimate the model on the combined NLSY79 and NLSY97 samples. We find markedly different results in expected real wage growth and expected initial wages across majors. Furthermore, the dierences in these expectations appear to be relevant for major choice.","PeriodicalId":210669,"journal":{"name":"Labor: Human Capital eJournal","volume":"142 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121733661","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Eva M. Berger, E. Fehr, Henning Hermes, D. Schunk, K. Winkel
Working memory capacity is thought to play an important role for a wide range of cognitive and noncognitive skills such as fluid intelligence, math, reading, the inhibition of pre-potent impulses or more general self-regulation abilities. Because these abilities substantially affect individuals’ life trajectories in terms of health, education, and earnings, the question of whether working memory (WM) training can improve them is of considerable importance. However, whether WM training leads to improvements in these far-transfer skills is contested. Here, we examine the causal impact of WM training embedded in regular school teaching by a randomized educational intervention involving a sample of 6–7 years old first graders. We find substantial immediate and lasting gains in working memory capacity. In addition, we document relatively large positive effects on geometry skills, reading skills, Raven’s fluid IQ measure, the ability to inhibit pre-potent impulses and self-regulation abilities. Moreover, these far-transfer effects emerge over time and only become fully visible after 12-13 months. Finally, we document that 3–4 years after the intervention, the children who received training have a roughly 16 percentage points higher probability of entering the academic track in secondary school.
{"title":"The Impact of Working Memory Training on Children’s Cognitive and Noncognitive Skills","authors":"Eva M. Berger, E. Fehr, Henning Hermes, D. Schunk, K. Winkel","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3622337","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3622337","url":null,"abstract":"Working memory capacity is thought to play an important role for a wide range of cognitive and noncognitive skills such as fluid intelligence, math, reading, the inhibition of pre-potent impulses or more general self-regulation abilities. Because these abilities substantially affect individuals’ life trajectories in terms of health, education, and earnings, the question of whether working memory (WM) training can improve them is of considerable importance. However, whether WM training leads to improvements in these far-transfer skills is contested. Here, we examine the causal impact of WM training embedded in regular school teaching by a randomized educational intervention involving a sample of 6–7 years old first graders. We find substantial immediate and lasting gains in working memory capacity. In addition, we document relatively large positive effects on geometry skills, reading skills, Raven’s fluid IQ measure, the ability to inhibit pre-potent impulses and self-regulation abilities. Moreover, these far-transfer effects emerge over time and only become fully visible after 12-13 months. Finally, we document that 3–4 years after the intervention, the children who received training have a roughly 16 percentage points higher probability of entering the academic track in secondary school.","PeriodicalId":210669,"journal":{"name":"Labor: Human Capital eJournal","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116218202","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The objective of this survey is to analyze the relationship between the internationalization of Brazilian post-graduation, public expenditures and evaluation, in the area of Applied Social Sciences. The survey method is quantitative, with a panel data regression analysis, correlating scholarships granted abroad by the Brazilian federal department Capes, and the evaluation carried out by the institution itself. About 23,900 sample data was obtained from 1998 to 2016. The panel data regression and correlation results show that the investment in scholarships abroad have a positive and statistically relevant impact on the improvement of grades on Post-Graduation Programs. In addition, results show that investments in scholarships abroad, through Capes scholarships, are positively correlated to internationalization of post-graduation programs in the field of Applied Social Sciences.
{"title":"Internationalization, Investment and Evaluation of Brazilian Post-Graduation: A Panel Data Regression Study","authors":"Luísa Karam de Mattos, L. Flach, P. A. D. Melo","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3609915","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3609915","url":null,"abstract":"The objective of this survey is to analyze the relationship between the internationalization of Brazilian post-graduation, public expenditures and evaluation, in the area of Applied Social Sciences. The survey method is quantitative, with a panel data regression analysis, correlating scholarships granted abroad by the Brazilian federal department Capes, and the evaluation carried out by the institution itself. About 23,900 sample data was obtained from 1998 to 2016. The panel data regression and correlation results show that the investment in scholarships abroad have a positive and statistically relevant impact on the improvement of grades on Post-Graduation Programs. In addition, results show that investments in scholarships abroad, through Capes scholarships, are positively correlated to internationalization of post-graduation programs in the field of Applied Social Sciences.","PeriodicalId":210669,"journal":{"name":"Labor: Human Capital eJournal","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126373119","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The net accumulation of human capital through the cultivation of cognitive and non-cognitive skills and knowledge, is an important source of change in professional and personal people’s life. Past work experience has a direct effect on wage levels and their growth; thus, it influences the achievable level of consumption and leisure and lifecycle wealth. This paper analyzes the relation between labor supply, consumption and human capital accumulation in a dynamic learning-by-doing setting. We model in a continuous time framework, the optimal control problem of a household that takes decisions on the level of consumption and labor supplied to maximize logarithmic utility from consumption and leisure subject to the constraints arising from inter-temporal accumulation of human and liquid wealth. We analyze an optimal learning-by-doing program in a deterministic framework, determine explicitly the optimal control policies and comment on their economic implications.
{"title":"Optimal Consumption and Labor Choices with Learning-by-Doing","authors":"Marina Di Giacinto, F. Ferrante","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3658612","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3658612","url":null,"abstract":"The net accumulation of human capital through the cultivation of cognitive and non-cognitive skills and knowledge, is an important source of change in professional and personal people’s life. Past work experience has a direct effect on wage levels and their growth; thus, it influences the achievable level of consumption and leisure and lifecycle wealth. This paper analyzes the relation between labor supply, consumption and human capital accumulation in a dynamic learning-by-doing setting. We model in a continuous time framework, the optimal control problem of a household that takes decisions on the level of consumption and labor supplied to maximize logarithmic utility from consumption and leisure subject to the constraints arising from inter-temporal accumulation of human and liquid wealth. We analyze an optimal learning-by-doing program in a deterministic framework, determine explicitly the optimal control policies and comment on their economic implications.","PeriodicalId":210669,"journal":{"name":"Labor: Human Capital eJournal","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115372052","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper investigates how wage growth varies among Australian employees with different individual characteristics and job characteristics, and how the role of these characteristics has changed over the 2001-2018 period. The results show that after increasing between 2002 and 2007, wage growth had significantly slowed down post 2008, and particularly from 2013 onwards, returning to the levels of the early 2000s. Employees' age, education, employment contract, occupation and industry explain a large share of differences in wage growth between individuals, and these characteristics are more important than aggregate business cycle effects. Conversely, the employee's gender seems less important. Interestingly, the employee's occupation is more important post-2008 than pre-2008, with managers and professionals experiencing substantially higher wage growth than others since 2014, whereas education was more important pre-2008. Finally, we find that casual employees receive a wage growth premium during the economic upturn and a penalty during the economic downturn.
{"title":"Wage Growth Distribution and Changes over Time: 2001-2018","authors":"G. Kalb, J. Meekes","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3607717","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3607717","url":null,"abstract":"This paper investigates how wage growth varies among Australian employees with different individual characteristics and job characteristics, and how the role of these characteristics has changed over the 2001-2018 period. The results show that after increasing between 2002 and 2007, wage growth had significantly slowed down post 2008, and particularly from 2013 onwards, returning to the levels of the early 2000s. Employees' age, education, employment contract, occupation and industry explain a large share of differences in wage growth between individuals, and these characteristics are more important than aggregate business cycle effects. Conversely, the employee's gender seems less important. Interestingly, the employee's occupation is more important post-2008 than pre-2008, with managers and professionals experiencing substantially higher wage growth than others since 2014, whereas education was more important pre-2008. Finally, we find that casual employees receive a wage growth premium during the economic upturn and a penalty during the economic downturn.","PeriodicalId":210669,"journal":{"name":"Labor: Human Capital eJournal","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126882344","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Income inequality in the United States has been on the rise. To understand why, we use several complementary techniques to decompose total income inequality into components attributable to five personal traits: sex, race, education, occupation, and industry of work. By examining how income differences along these traits add to net inequality, and how their contributions have changed over time, we vet competing hypothesis for the growing earnings gap. Our findings suggest that changes in human capital accumulation, in particular, the returns to education, drove much of the recently observed changes.
{"title":"Decomposing Income Inequality in the United States, 1962-2018","authors":"Zhaocheng He, Yixiao Jiang","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3598571","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3598571","url":null,"abstract":"Income inequality in the United States has been on the rise. To understand why, we use several complementary techniques to decompose total income inequality into components attributable to five personal traits: sex, race, education, occupation, and industry of work. By examining how income differences along these traits add to net inequality, and how their contributions have changed over time, we vet competing hypothesis for the growing earnings gap. Our findings suggest that changes in human capital accumulation, in particular, the returns to education, drove much of the recently observed changes.","PeriodicalId":210669,"journal":{"name":"Labor: Human Capital eJournal","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114715074","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Motivated by wide cross-sectional variations in intensity of care that are unrelated to quality of care, researchers and policymakers commonly claim that healthcare providers waste considerable resources, engaging in so-called “flat-of-the-curve” medicine. A key yet elusive prediction of this hypothesis is that providers ought to be able to cut back on care without sacrificing quality. This article examines the effects of a particular form of provider cutbacks—those generated by physicians working in high-pressure peer group environments. Using expansive, time-stamped discharge data from 137 hospital-based emergency departments, I document that physicians systematically alter their pace and intensity of care across frequently shuffled peer groups. Peer groups that induce a physician to work faster also induce her to order fewer tests and spend less money. Contrary to the flat-of-the-curve hypothesis, these cutbacks lead to large reductions in quality of care. This evidence, paired with the fact that slower physicians do not produce better average outcomes, suggests that cross-physician differences in resource utilization reflect substantial differences in physician productivity within a hospital.
{"title":"Haste or Waste? Peer Pressure and Productivity in the Emergency Department","authors":"D. Silver","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3588769","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3588769","url":null,"abstract":"Motivated by wide cross-sectional variations in intensity of care that are unrelated to quality of care, researchers and policymakers commonly claim that healthcare providers waste considerable resources, engaging in so-called “flat-of-the-curve” medicine. A key yet elusive prediction of this hypothesis is that providers ought to be able to cut back on care without sacrificing quality. This article examines the effects of a particular form of provider cutbacks—those generated by physicians working in high-pressure peer group environments. Using expansive, time-stamped discharge data from 137 hospital-based emergency departments, I document that physicians systematically alter their pace and intensity of care across frequently shuffled peer groups. Peer groups that induce a physician to work faster also induce her to order fewer tests and spend less money. Contrary to the flat-of-the-curve hypothesis, these cutbacks lead to large reductions in quality of care. This evidence, paired with the fact that slower physicians do not produce better average outcomes, suggests that cross-physician differences in resource utilization reflect substantial differences in physician productivity within a hospital.","PeriodicalId":210669,"journal":{"name":"Labor: Human Capital eJournal","volume":"27 2","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132938862","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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